Indima Yombusi Ekunqandeni Ubugebengu Bentsha Nokulungisa Inguquko

Inselele yobugebengu bentsha nokuphumelela kwezimiso zobulungisa zentsha icindezela izimo ze-United States. Nakuba izihloko zezindaba zivame ukugxila ezigijimeni ezinkulu, umsebenzi wezinsuku zonke wokunciphisa ukuphazanyiswa nokuqinisekisa ukuthi kulungile, ukulunga okuqhubekayo kwenzeka ezingeni lezwe. Ababusi bezwe, njengabaqondisi abakhulu, baphethe amandla aphawulekayo okusebenzisa imali ("kusukela ekusebenziseni) ukuhlelwa kwezinhlelo zokushaya umthetho kanye nokumiswa kwezikhulu zezinhlangano zezinhlangano eziyinhloko. Amasu abo athonya ngokuqondile ukuthi izinkulungwane zentsha zibhekana kanjani nesimiso sobulungisa nokuthi zinethuba eliqotho yini lokuguqula ukuphila kwazo. Lesi sihloko sihlola ababusi abasondelenemi abasabelayo abaqalayo ekusebenziseni ubugebengu, ekungeneni nasekuvimbeleni izinhlelo zokuthumba nokuvimbela izinhlelo zokugcinwa kwezindawo, lapho zithuthukisa le zinhlangano zentsha.

Ukutshala Imali Kokuqala: Izimbangela Zokuthola Imsuka

Ukucwaninga kwangesikhathi esidlule kubonisa ngokungaguquguquki ukuthi indlela engcono kakhulu yokunciphisa ubugebengu bentsha nobunobuntu ivimbela ukuba bungaveli ekuqaleni. Abaphathi abakwelenye imigqa yeqembu baye basekela ngokuqhubekayo izinhlelo zokuvimbela ezithinta izici ezaziwayo zezingozi zokuziphatha kobuhlongandlebe: ubumpofu, usizi, ukuntuleka kwezibonelo ezibonisa impumelelo, ukudilikelwa kwezemfundo yesikole, nokungaqondi kahle kwempilo yengqondo. Lezinhlelo azizona nje izinkonzo zezenhlala-mphakathi, kodwa ziyizinzuzo eziphambili ekuvikeleni umphakathi.

Ukuvakashela Ekhaya Nokusekela Komkhaya

Izinhlelo zasekhaya zabantwana abasanda kuzalwa ezihambela izinhlelo, njenge-Monistry-Family Parneship, zinobufakazi obuqinile bokunciphisa ukuboshwa kwamuva kwezingane ezizalwa emikhayeni ephakeme. Ohulumeni basezifundazweni ezinjengoColorado noMichigan baye bandisa lezinhlelo besebenzisa izimali zikahulumeni ezihambisana nezibonelo ezihambisana nemithetho kahulumeni. Ngokusekela abazali abasha ngokuhambela kokunakekela abagugile, ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwezingane, kanye nokuxhumana nemithombo yomphakathi, lezi zinyathelo zithatha ukudluliswa okuphakathi kwezici eziyingozi eziholela emahlombeni. Ukwaziswa okusukela ezinhlolweni ezinde zomthetho kubonisa ukuncipha okuphawulekayo kokuziphatha kobugebengu phakathi kwezingane ezineminyaka engu-15 ubudala ezinkondlalo ezithola ukungenela okunjalo.

Ngemva Kwesikole Nezinhlelo Zehlobo

Amahora phakathi kwesithathu ntambama ne 6 ntambama, ikakhulukazi ezinsukwini zesikole, aqala ukudlondlobala kwezemfundo yezingane. Uma kuqashelwa lokhu, ababusi abaningi baye basebenzisa uhlelo lokufunda oluhlelwe ngemva kwesikole nasehlobo olunikeza ukuqondisa, ukucebisa, nokwakha amakhono. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Foundation School Education and Safety Program yaseCalifornia isebenza amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabafundi abasekela esikoleni, ezobuciko, ezobuciko, kanye nezokuzijabulisa. Ngokuvamile abalawuli baqondisa ingxenye yemfundo kahulumeni yemali noma iziphakamiso zezinhlelo, ukuhlobana ngezinhlangano ezisekelwe emphakathini. Imiphumela imbaxaxambili: ubusha bugcinwa endaweni ephephile, ekhiqizayo, futhi bathuthukisa ukukhangisa okunciphisa ukuheha kwezenzo zobugqila.

Ukungenela Ukwengamela

Izikhulu ngokuvamile zisekela ukusungula kobuqeqeshi obuphakathi kobusha obuhlangene nezisebenzi zokuzithandela eziqeqeshiwe ezikhulile. Izinhlangano ezinjenge Big Brothers Big Scheedes of America zithola izimali zikahulumeni ezindaweni eziningi zokwandisa oyedwa kuthisha oyedwa. Ukucwaninga okuvela ku iHhovisi lo Juvenile Justice noDelinquisel Prevention (OJDP) kubonisa ukuthi umfundisi owelulekzekile wezidakamizwa oqalayo nokuziphatha kobudlova. Izikhulu ziye zasebenzisa futhi amandla azo okuziphakela ezingqungqutheleni zothisha, zithola abafundisi, futhi ziqokomisa izindaba zempumelelo ekukhuthazeni ukuhileleka kobulungu.

Ukulungisa Ubulungisa Obuyisijeziso: Ukusuka Ejezini Kuya Ekulungiseni

Isibonelo esivamile sobulungisa bentsha, ngokuvamile esibonisa izinqubo zenkantolo yabobulili abadala, siye saqashelwa kakhulu njengesithi hluleka. Ukubophela intsha emacaleni amancane kungabalimaza, kubachaye ephulamthetho abangathi sína, futhi kuphazamise imfundo nezibopho zomkhaya, cishe kwandise amathuba okucasulwa esikhathini esizayo. Ohulumeni baye bahola inguquko ebangela ukuvuselelwa kwezindawo, ezinye izindlela ezisekelwe emphakathini, nokulunga komphakathi.

Ukwandisa Inkathi Yenkantolo Yamajuvenile

Ukuthambekela okukhulu kokulungisa kuye kwaba “ukuqinisekisa ubudala,” ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ekuqaleni imisha eneminyaka engu-17 futhi ngezinye izikhathi engu-18 iphathwa ngenkathi yokuqala esimisweni sentsha kunokuba ibekwe icala njengezingane. Izwe njengeNyakatho Carolina, iNew York, neVermont liye lamisa umthetho, ngokuvamile lilwelwe ababusi, ukususa intsha endala ezinkantolo zobugebengu. Lemithetho iqaphela ukuthi ukukhula kobuchopho bentsha kuqhubekela phambili kuma-20, futhi ukuthi intsha iyakwazi ukuvuselela isimo. Imiphumela iye yaba mikhulu: ukubekwa emajele abantu abadala, incishisiwe incishisiwe i-recivis, futhi ikhokhiswe ekugcinweni kwezinhlelo zezomthetho ezimfushane. [FOLD:] Ingqungqungquthelane yesizwe ye-Scractives (FS)[FFF] izikhululiwe futhi izikhululiwe kakhulu izikhulume ngokulingana nakuzo zonke izikhulu zenkantolo. [FON.]

Izinhlelo Zokuphendulela Ikhanda Nezindlela Ezihlukile Zokukhohlwa

Ohulumeni baye basekela izinhlelo ezikhuthazisayo ezivimbela intsha ukuba ingadluli enkantolo engokomthetho. Ukuguqulwa kwecala kungahlanganisa amabhodi okulandisa komphakathi, izinkantolo zentsha, noma izingqungquthela zobulungisa lapho intsha ihlangana khona nesisulu namalungu omphakathi ukuze ilungise umonakalo. Ukutuswa kwezinhlangano ezinjengeze JJ'SD'S Model Guide Guide[ Izinhlelo ze-Model Directives [[[FLT:]]] zikhonjiwe njalo. Amazwe amaningi abekelwe ezinye izindlela ezisetshenziswa ekuvaleni ngaphambi kwenkundla, njengokuqondisa ngemishini, noma ukunakekela kokugcina izikhala ezilondekile kunezindawo ezilondekile. Lezi zinhlelo zinciphisa imiphumela yokugcinwa kwejele, njengokulahlekelwa kwesikole, noma ukuhlukaniswa kwemisebenzi, noma ukwehlukana kwemikhaya enkantolo.

Impilo Yengqondo Nokusebenzisa Imithi Eyisisekelo

Isilinganiso esikhulu sentsha elungiselelweni lezokulunga kwentsha ezidinga impilo elinganiselwe. Abalawuli baye basunduzela ukuhlolwa kwengqondo nokusetshenziswa kwezempilo ezikhungweni zokugcinwa kwezingane ezivalelwe. Ezizweni ezinjenge Texas ne-Ohio, iziqondiso eziphethe ziye zafuna ukuba bonke abasha abangene esimisweni ukuba bathole ukuhlolwa okunzima. Ukuxhasa izinkonzo zempilo zengqondo ezisekelwe emphakathini, ngokuphambene nokuncintisana nokubekwa kwezindawo zokuhlala, kube yindawo yokuqala. Izikhulu ziye zasebenzisa futhi uMdididid Raiters ukuze zandise ukuhlolwa kobufakazi obusekelwe ku-Multralitic Syologicalologicalology and Fomitaltation Commentaloguemental ment, okuye kwaboniswa njengokunciphisa ukufakwa kwe-ikhdictionation ngo-30%.

Ukuphoqelelwa Komthetho Nohlelo Lomphakathi

Ukwethembana phakathi komthetho nomthetho nentsha kubalulekile ekuvimbeleni ubugebengu nokulunga. Abalawuli baye bathatha izinyathelo ezishintsha indlela amaphoyisa asebenzelana ngayo nentsha, ngokuvamile ngokugcizelela ukuncishiswa kwemithetho, ukugcinwa kwemithetho yezentengiselwano, nokuthembisana kwentsha.

Izikhulu Zomphakathi Nezengcebo Zesikole

Ukuba khona kwamaphoyisa ezikoleni kuye kwaba yindaba eyimpikiswano, kodwa ababusi abaningi basebenzela ukucwengisisa indima yama-Offaice eSiko sezezimali (SROs) ukuze bagxile ekwakheni ubuhlobo futhi bavimbele ukubophana kunokubopha iziphazamiso ezincane. Ukuqeqeshela ama-SRO ekukhuleni kwentsha, ukusabela kokukhubazeka, nemikhuba yokuvuselela idingeka kakhulu ngemithetho kahulumeni. Ohulumeni emazweni anjenge-Maryland ne-Connecticut baye basekela umthetho wokulinganisela ukuboshwa ezikoleni ngenxa yezenzo eziphansi zokuziphatha okungahlelekile, ukuqondisa izikhulu ukuba zisebenzise izindlela zokuphatha amakilasi noma izimemezelo zokwelapha isikole esikhundleni.

Imikhandlu Yentsha Ekhuthazayo

Ababusi abaningana baye badala imikhandlu yentsha enikeza intsha iziqu zentsha − kuhlanganise nalabo abanolwazi oluqondile esimisweni sobulungisa − awezwi ezingxoxweni ezingokomthetho. Lemikhandlu ihlangana njalo nezisebenzi zikambusi, inikeza imvume engokomthetho ohlongozwayo, futhi inikeza amasu okulungisa amasu omphakathi wentsha. Ngokufaka izinhlelo zentsha ezisemthethweni, ababusi baqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlelo ziyasabela ezidingweni zangempela zomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Juvenile Juvisory Advisory Committee yamazwe aseWashington ihlanganisa amalungu entsha aye asebenzisa isimiso sezimiso zokwakha, futhi imibono yawo iye yaholela ekushintsheni izinhlelo zentsha ekuboshweni kweziboshwa, ukuthi zisetshenziswa kanjani futhi kunikezwa kanjani izinkonzo zobungameli.

Izinhlelo Zokungenela Ngobudlova Emphakathini

Emadolobheni anobudlova babantwana abagcwele izibhamu, ababusi baye baqondisa izimali ekungeneleni kobudlova obusekelwe emphakathini emaqhingani. Lezi zinhlelo zisebenzisa izithunywa ezithembekile − ngokuvamile izaphulamthetho − khasethi, futhi zigxile ekuphazamiseni imijikelezo yokuphindisela. Umthetho weCalifornia kaDolence Intervention and Prevention Program, oxhaswe ngemali yezwe, uye wasekela imizamo yendawo yeCVI emadolobheni anjenge-Oakland ne Los Angeles. Abaphathi bama-CVI baye bahlobana noqeqesho lomsebenzi namathuba okufundisa, beqaphela ukuthi umsebenzi oqinile uyisivikelo esinamandla sobugebengu. Ubufakazi, obufingqwayiswe yi-[[FLT:] i-Proporac [FLD], ibonisa ukuthi izinhlelo zeCV zinganciphisa ukudubula ngo-3050%.

Imfundo Nentuthuko Esebenza Ngezisebenzi: Izindlela Eziholela Empumelelweni

Ubugebengu bentsha ngokuvamile buhlobene kakhulu nokudilizwa kwesikole nokungabi namathuba ezomnotho.

Izikhungo Zokubuya Nokululama Kwezimali

Intsha eningi eboshwayo noma ehileleke ezinkantolo iyahluleka ezifundweni futhi ingase iphelelwe. Abameli baye baxhasa izindlela zemfundo ezihlukile, njengezindawo zokuqeqeshela ukubuya, ezinikeza izimiso ezivumelanayo, ukululama kwesikweleti, nokuqeqeshelwa imisebenzi. Lezi zikhungo zivame ukusebenza ngamakholiji angezona ezenzuzo noma ezomphakathi asebenzelana nezifunda-zifunda zesikole. I-Oregon’s Reengageragement Program, ngokwesibonelo, ivumela abangu-16 kuya kwabaneminyaka engu-21 ubudala abashiye isikole noma abasengozini yokulahlekelwa yizikweleta idiplo noma i-GED ngesikhathi bethola izinkonzo zesikole. I-DMergilenethi ephuma kuhulumeni ibonisa ukuthi abafundayo abanezingalo eziphansi kakhulu kunalabo abangangeni ezisezintlwini ezinjalo.

Umsebenzi Wentsha Nezikhundla Eziwusizo

Izinhlelo zentsha yemisebenzi yasehlobo (SYEP) ziye zaboniswa zinciphisa ukuboshwa kobugebengu ngobudlova ngokukhuthaza okuhlangenwe nakho komsebenzi nangezimiso ezihleliwe. Ohulumeni baye basebenzisa izimali zikahulumeni ukuze bandise intuthuko yezisebenzi zikahulumeni ukuze bandise i-SYEP emitholaneni yentsha ewuntanga. I-SYEP yaseDolobheni laseNew York isekelwa ngemali kahulumeni engokomthetho cishe i - 100 000 abahlanganyeli abahlanganyelayo ehlobo ngalinye. Ngalé kwehlobo, ababusi baye basekela izinhlelo zentsha ezibhaliswe ngokwezempilo, ezobuchwepheshe, ezobuchwepheshe zezokuxhumana. Laba bahlanganisa iziyalezo zesikole nemfundo yesikole ezikhokhelwa i--job, benikeza intsha indlela esemthethweni yokuzisebenzela ngokwezomnotho. Kumazwe anjengeNingizimu Carolina, ihhovisi lombuso lisebenza ngokuqondile ngezinhlangano zezokulungisa izinhlangano zentsha ezisezintsha ezingeni ezingeni elifanele lezi zisebenza ezingxenyeni zezinhlelo zabo zezokulungisa.

Ukwenza Isinqumo Semininingwane Nokulandisa

Ukubusa okuphumelelayo kudinga ukwazi ukuthi yiziphi izinto ezisebenzayo. Ohulumeni baye bafaka izinhlelo zemininingwane yentsha ezilandela izinhlelo zobulungisa, imfundo, nezinkonzo zabantu. Lezi zimiso zivumela abenzi bezimiso ukuba baphawule izilinganiso, baqaphele ukusebenza kwezinhlelo, futhi bashintshele imithombo yemali emacebweni aphumelela kakhulu.

Imidlalo Yezobulungisa Eshaqisayo

Ababusi abaningana baye bamisa amabhodi aveza umphakathi abika izibalo eziyinhloko zobulungisa bentsha, njengamazinga okuboshwa, ukuvalelwa ejele, ukubuyiselwa kobuhlanga, nokwakheka kohlanga. I-Juvenile Justice Distboard ka-Utah, ngokwesibonelo, ibuye ibuye ivuselele futhi ihlanganise ukuwohloka kwesifundazwe, iminyaka yobudala, ukucaphuka, nomphumela. Lokhu kuveza izinhlangano ezifaka izaba zokuzilungisa futhi kuzenze zikwazi ukusekela izinguquko lapho kuvela izigebengu. Izikhulu ziye zasebenzisa lezi zigxazulu zamabhodi ezithina ukubeka imigomo ethile, njengokunciphisa inani lentsha ekuvalweni ngeminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20%, futhi zingabika intuthuko kuleyonhlangano yomthetho nomphakathi.

Ukugqama Kobuhlanga Nokulingana

Inselele eqhubekayo ekwahluleleni kobulungisa bentsha ukudluliselwa kwentsha enemibala ngokweqile kuzo zonke izinqumo. Ababusi abaningi baye bazibophezela ukusingatha lezi zimo ngokuyala ukuba kuqedwe iqoqo lohlanga/ubuzwe, kudinga ukuqeqeshwa okuphelele kubo bonke abasebenzi bobulungisa, kanye nokusekela izinhlelo ezisiza ekunciphiseni imingcele ethintekayo. EMinnesota, ithonya lomphathi loshintsho lwezeluleko lwentsha ngemithetho yentsha likhiphe ukutusa ukunqanyulwa kwemishuwa kwemishuwa kwemiyadi engu-14 neshumi nanhlanu leminyaka enkantolo endala, futhi kudilize intsha enemithetho ephansi emiphakathini. Izimiso ezilindele ukunciphisa ukuncitshiswa kwezindlela zobuhlanga zokuhileleka kwesimiso sezimiso.

Ukwenza Iminikelo Esekelwe Ebufakazini

Abalawuli baye bashintsha ukuxhaswa kwezimali zezingane zemali kusukela ekutholeni izindleko ezisuka nje ekuncintisaneni ezisekelwe ebufakazini bokuphumelela. Izifundazwe eziningi manje zifuna ukuba izinhlelo ezithola izimali zikahulumeni zibekwe embukisweni wobufakazi oqhubekayo, kusukela ekuthembiseni ukuqinisekiswa. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Family and Children Fir Councils inikezela izimali ezisekelwe ebufakazini bokuhambela ekhaya kanye nokungenela kwempilo yengqondo. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi isilinganiso semali yombuso sibekwe ezindleleni ezibonisa ukuthi kunemiphumela yokunciphisa ukuncitshiswa kwe-recid nentuthuko yemiphumela yentsha.

Isiphetho: Impikiswano Ewubufakazi Yokunakekelwa Nokulandisa

Ababusi bezwe basebenzisa izinqubo eziningi zokulwa nobugebengu bentsha nokuthuthukisa ubulungisa bentsha, kodwa lamacebo aphumelela kakhulu lapho behlangene phakathi kwezinhlangano nemiphakathi. Izinhlelo zokuvimbela eziqinisa imikhaya nezikole, izinguquko ezithathela indawo ukuboshwa ngezindlela zomphakathi, izimo ezibambisanayo ezakha ukuthembana, nemfundo nezindlela zokusebenza ezinikeza ithuba langempela. Lezi zingxenye aziwona amanani ahlukene. Njengoba ubufakazi obusezingeni lokuqhubeka okubanzi okuqaphela ukuthi intsha iyakwazi ukushintsha nokusekelwa. Izikhulu eziye zahola ngokuphumelelayo kulendawo ngempumelelo ngezindlela zokweshelwano, abasebenzi abakha izimali, abafaka izimali ekwazini ukubhekana nokwaziswa, futhi bagxilise ukubheka izinto ngezindlela ezingcono. Njengoba izinselele ziqhubeka zikhula futhi ziveza izinselele ezintsha ezisezimpikiswayo ezimpikiswaneni.