Ukuzalwa kwe-"Sevate kodwa Lingane": Pnelly v. Ferguson neSithunzi Sayo Esihlala Njalo

Unyaka ka-1896 uphawula inkathi yenguquko enkulu emthethweni womthetho-sisekelo waseMelika, isikhathi lapho isithembiso sokulingana esibekwe eSichibiyelweni seshumi nane seNkantolo ePhakemekazi sincishisiwe ngokuphawulekayo ngesinqumo esisodwa. Plavery v. Ferguson [163] [163] U.S. 537) asizange sifake ubandlululo lobuhlanga eUnited States, kodwa sanikeza ukulingana okungokomthetho okungasekela isimiso sokucwasana okungokomthetho okuyo okuyo okuzosekela isimiso sobandlululo lwezwe cishe amashumi ayisithupha eminyaka. Ngokusekela uLounianastrianiana’s Act nokwakha "isigaba kodwa imfundiso elinganayo, umthetho owanika uGirrow, ukulingana nombuso womphakathi womphakathi. Ukuqonda inguquko, nokuhluphana kwenani elikame ngenxa yelungelo lokulwa kwezelelwe.

Umsuka Walendaba: Umongo We - Post - Reconst America

Ukuze aqonde ithonya le [[FLT: 0] Plaby v. Ferguson, umuntu kumelwe aqale aqonde isimo sezombangazwe nesobuzwe esiguquguqukayo ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. Inkathi yokuvuselelwa kwezwe ngemva kweMpi Yombango yathembisa i-ronalth yokulingana kohlanga. [[FLT:] ISichibiyelo se-Thintenth [[FLT]] isusa ubugqila, i-FONTY] ye-FONT iSinyuso se-FONT [ inike izakhamuzi yesizwe isivikelo esilinganayo nesivikelo esingaphansi komthetho, futhi i-DFLT] Fintententer [FF] ekhuliswe ngokungcono kumele abantu abaMsundu. Nokho, umbuso we-187777] wavumela ukulawulwa kwemithetho ehlangene, umongameli esiqinile, umlawuli owe-Democ.

Kwalandela ukuvuselelwa kwemithetho esheshayo nenobudlova yokuphakama kwabamhlophe. Izifunda zaseNingizimu zaqala ukudlulisa "Imithetho Emnyama" futhi kamuva "iJum Crow" imithetho eyayifuna ukubeka abantu base-Afrika esimweni esiphansi somphakathi nesomthetho. Lemithetho yayihlanganisa cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke, imfundo, indawo yokuhlala, umshado, nendawo yomphakathi. ILouisiana Perline Car Act ka 1890 yayiyisibonelo esivamile: yayidinga izinkampani zikajantshi ukuba zinikeze "indawo yokuhlala elinganayo kodwa ehlukene yezinhlangani ezimhlophe nezimhlophe." Ukuphulwa kwale zenzo zesenzo kwakuyicala elibi.

IComité des Citoyens Necala Lokuvivinya

Iqembu labashisekeli abavelele bobuBlack no-Creole eNew Orleans, elaziwa ngokuthi iComité des Citoyens (IKomiti ye-Citzingens]), izimisele ukubekela impikiswano yobukhomphyutho-bukhomfa bomthetho-mthethweni we-Car. Baholwa yizibalo ezifana [[FLT:]] Louis A. Martin , ummeli nomhleli wephephandaba, [[FLT]. [FLT] W. [FLT] [[FLT] [FLT:] [5:], ummeli omhlophe ovela eOwalwane ngokomthetho omhlophe, nakuba ayewuhlobo olumhlophe obelungene ngokomthetho, nakuba ayewuhlobo olumhlophe olumhlophe olungu-ude kakhulu. I-Cétmone "ultlet] [ult] [ultlet], yayiwuhlulwe i-ogluquluyisile-lunye yomthetho omhlophe, njengoba ingu

NgoJune 7, 1892, uPesby wathenga ithikithi lekilasi lokuqala eMpuma Louisiana Railway futhi wahlala emotweni emhlophe kuphela. Lapho ecelwa ukuba athuthele emotweni "yombala", wenqaba. Waboshwa futhi waboshwa. Icala lakhe ladluliswa eNkantolweni Ephakeme yase-United States, limisa isiteji ukuze kubekwe umthetho wezomthetho-mthetho.

Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme: Imfundiso ye "Izehlukanisa Kodwa Ilingana"

Icala laqulwa phambi kweNkantolo Ephakeme ngo-April 1896. Iqembu lomthetho likaParenby laveza izimpikiswano eziningana eziyisihluthulelo: ukuthi iSiphakamiso saseCar saphula iSichibiyelo seshumi nantathu (njengeSiphendu seSigqizo seMinyaka Eyisine soMcimbiso Olinganayo) kanye neSiphakamiso seSivumelwano seshumi Nane namalungelo oMbuso ka-Celasius. Baphikisa futhi ngokuthi ukuhlelwa komthetho wezakhamuzi ngokohlanga kwakuwumthetho ongenamthetho futhi kungenangqondo, kululaza lowomqondo wokulingana okungokomthetho.

INkantolo, esinqumweni 7-1 esanikezwa uMahluleli uHenry Billings Brown, yalahla zonke izimpikiswano zikaPessing. Oyedwa owayephikisa kwakunguMahluleli uJohn Marshall Harlan, owayengavumelani kwakhe namandla kamuva owayezothethelelwa. Umbono kaMahluleli uBrown wamisa uhlelo lomthetho oluzochaza indawo ehlukanisayo eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu nasibhozo elandelayo:

" Injongo yenguquko [yeshumi nane] ngokungangabazeki yayiwukuphoqelela ukulingana okuphelele kwezinhlanga ezimbili ngaphambi komthetho, kodwa ngokwesimo sezinto kwakungeke kuhloselwe ukuqeda ukuhlukanisa okusekelwe ebala, noma ukuphoqelela umphakathi, njengoba kuhlukile ekulinganini kwezombangazwe, noma ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlanga ezimbili ngokungagxegisi nganoma yiziphi izilinganiso.

Ngamanye amazwi, iNkantolo yaveza umehluko ocacile phakathi "kokulingana kwemithetho" no"kulingana kwezenhlalo" Isichibiyeli seshumi nane, ngokweningi, senqabela ukungalingani kweminye izinhlanga, kodwa ayisifuni izinhlanga ukuba zihlangane ezimweni zomphakathi. Uma nje izakhiwo ezinikezwa uhlanga ngalunye zazilingana," umthetho wanelisa uMthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kucabanga kwabangela ukuba kuvele imfundiso elinganayo, kodwa i- i-6" kodwa i-[FLT].]

Impicabadala yeJaji Harlan: "Umthetho-sisekelo wethu u-Color-Blind"

UMahluleli uJohn Marshall Harlan, umphikisi oyedwa, wasungula okunye kokungavumelani okudumile kakhulu nokungokwesiprofetho emlandweni wezomthetho waseMelika. Waphikisa ngokuqinile ukuthi ukucabanga kweningi kuwukuhlanekezelwa kweziNguquko. Wabhala:

" uhlanga olumhlophe luzibheka njengohlanga olulawulayo kulelizwe. Kunjalo futhi, ngesikhundla, ngempumelelo, ngemfundo, ngengcebo, nangegunya. Kodwa ngenxa yomthetho-sisekelo, lelizwe alikho eliphakeme, elibusayo, isigaba sezakhamuzi. Akukho isigaba sesizwe lapha. Umthetho wethu uyisimpumputhe, futhi akazinazi izigaba phakathi kwezakhamuzi."

UHarlan wabikezela ukuthi isinqumo sasiyothi "siqinise ubudlova bomjaho onamandla" futhi sibonise indlela ozizwa ngayo umjaho." Wayeqinisile kuzo zombili izici. Ukwenqaba kwakhe, nakuba engakwazi ukuthonya asebenza nabo ngo-1896, kwakuzoba yimpikiswano eyisisekelo yabameleli bamalungelo omphakathi ekhulwini lama-20.

Ithonya Elisheshayo Elingokomthetho Nezenhlalo: Inkathi kaJim Crow

Isinqumo asizange sisungule ukuhlukanisa indawo, kodwa sayenza yaba semthethweni omusha onamandla. Ngamasonto ambalwa, amaphephandaba agudla ukubusa eNingizimu njengesiqinisekiso sokuphakama komhlophe. Amazwe athatha isinyathelo ngokushesha ukuze andise futhi abeke imithetho yokuhlukanisa, acaphuna imvume yeNkantolo Ephakeme.

Ukuwohloka Kwemithetho KaJim Crow

UJim Crow wayekhona ngaphambi kuka-1896/Ngokwesibonelo, iTennessee yayinomthetho wokuhlukanisa izitimela ngomzila wakudala kusukela ngo-1881. Kodwa ngemva Plessy[, ijubane nobubanzi bomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho olawulayo waqhushuzwa. I-United States yayidinga izikole ezihlukene, amagumbi okulinda ahlukene, imithombo ehlukene yokuphuza, izindlu zangasese ezihlukene, izibhedlela ezihlukene, izitebhili ezizimele ezisezindlini, futhi ngisho namaBhayibheli ahlukene ofakazi enkantolo. Ulimi "kabili kodwa olulinganayo" lwalusetshenziselwa ukuthethelela i-partumfont.

Izejwayezi, "ukulingana" kwakuyinganekwane enonya. I-pillities for Black America cishe yayiphansi emhlabeni wonke((iphakamile, incithakalo, futhi ngokuvamile ingekho). Izikole zabansundu zathola ingxenye yemali yezikole ezimhlophe. Izimoto zezitimela ezimnyama zazivame ukuba zidala, zingcolile, futhi zinganakekelwa kahle. Imfundiso yavumela amazwe ukuba asebenzise imali encane kakhulu ezinkonzweni zama-Afrika kuyilapho egcina ibala lokugcinwa ngokomthetho.

Ukungezwani Ngokomthetho Nezombangazwe

Ngaphezu kokwahlukaniswa ngokomzimba, iqinise imibuso esusiwe yokususa amaBlackvota ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezinjengentela yokuvota, ukuhlola ukufunda nokubhala, amagagasi, nokwesabisa okuqondile. INkantolo Ephakeme yayisiwakhisele kakade amalungiselelo okugcinwa kwezezigwebo zezentengiselwano ezifana [[FLT:] United States v. Cruikshank[[FT:3] [18] [18] ne- Plavesss.[FLT] V [enye] uphawu oluqhubekayo lokuthi i-junicdia angeke ingene ukuvikela amalungelo omphakathi aseMelika. Imiphumela yayiwumphumela oqinile wezakhamuzi eNingizimu ye-Deccut] [icen, lapho i-Mvulkt] enziswe khona ngenqubo yezombangazwe elandela iminyaka engamashumi amashumi amashumi ayisikhombisa.[5]

Imiphumela Yesikhathi Eside: Ukulibala Kobulungisa Bobuhlanga

Umphumela obhubhisa kakhulu we Plessy v. Ferguson kwakuyisigxivizo sokwahlulela esasenza sanikeza umbuso ubuhlanga obunciphile. Isinqumo savimbela intuthuko ekulinganiseni kwezinhlanga isikhathi esingaphezu kwengxenye yekhulu leminyaka futhi sadala isimo esingokomthetho nesomphakathi esenze ukulwela amalungelo omphakathi kube nzima kakhulu.

Imfundo nenganekwane ethi "Izehlakalo Kodwa Elinganayo"

Akukho ndawo lapho ukuhluleka "kokwehlukana kodwa kulingana" kwakukukhulu kakhulu kunezifundiswa zomphakathi. Ngaphesheya kweNingizimu, izikole zabamhlophe zathola imali enkulu yentela, kuyilapho izikole zabamnyama zazinganakwa. Ngokwesibonelo, eNingizimu Carolina ngo1997,0 kumfundi omhlophe kodwa uR6,40 kumfundi omnyama kuphela. Iholo lothisha, izincwadi, kanye nezakhiwo zazingalingani. Inganekwane yokulingana yagcinwa ngezindaba eziqanjiwe ezingokomthetho, kodwa iqiniso lalinonya futhi linenhloso.

Ukucindezelwa Kwemiphakathi Nempucuko Yabansundu

Ukuhlangana futhi kwasiza ekugxiliseni ingqondo emiphakathini yabamnyama ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwe-Black, enciphisa amathuba ezomnotho nokuhamba komphakathi. Isiyaluyalu sohlanga sasongela imiphakathi yaseMelika futhi sabangela ukungajeziswa. Isinqumo sasithumele umyalezo ocacile: uhulumeni wezwe ngeke uvikele izakhamuzi zabaNsundu. Lokhu kwabangela isimo sokwesaba esacindezela amashumi eminyaka ezezombangazwe ukuthatha isinyathelo.

Ukumelana Nenhlangano Yamalungelo Omphakathi Yakuqala

Naphezu kwamandla amakhulu esimiso sikaJim Crow, ukwenqaba akuzange kuphele ngokuphelele. Izinhlangano ezinjenge- Inhlangano yesizwe yeNkathi yeNkathi ye-Colored of People (NAACP), eyasungulwa ngo-19909, yenza umsebenzi wayo wokususa e-"imfundiso kodwa ilingana". Izinselele zomthetho zaqala kusukela kuma1910, zigxile ekuphathweni kwemithetho ngokuqondile, ngokubhekisa egractions [“ngokwephulwa okungalinganiyo, ngokwesibonelo, izenzakalo lapho izakhiwo zazingalingani kahle khona. Kodwa iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela njalo inqubo [[FLT:]

Inkathi yokushintsha yafika Missouri ex rel. I-Fomes v. Canada (1938), lapho iNkantolo yanquma khona ukuthi uma umbuso unikeze abafundi abamhlophe isikole kodwa hhayi kubafundi abamnyama, kumelwe avume umfundi omnyama esikoleni esimhlophe noma adale indawo elinganayo. Lena kwakuyicrack yokuqala ku "ilingana" kodwa isakhiwo". I-NAACP, eholwa [[FLT:] i-Marshall [[FFFLT:]] enhle[FFLT:], khona -khona iqala uchungechunge lwezimelo oluhlelelweyo oluklanywe ukubonisa ukuthi i-Exyonverse futhi lungasoze lwanelisa isilinganiso se-"FLTB][FLT]

Ukuncipha Kwe - Plesty: Brown v. Board of Education

Ukufa kokugcina kwemfundiso "yohlukene kodwa elingana" kwafika ngo-1954 kanye namacathulo aqiniswe ayaziwa ngokuthi .Brown v. Ibhodi yezemfundo yeTopeka[. [FLT] . Ongaphezulu [[FLT:]] P [[FLT]

" Siphetha ngokuthi emkhakheni wemfundo yomphakathi imfundiso 'yokwehlukana kodwa elinganayo' ayinandawo. Izakhiwo zemfundo ezihlukene azilingani ngokwemvelo.

IJaji eliyinhloko u-FL Earren Warren, ebhalela iNkantolo, wancika kakhulu ebufakazini bezenhlalakahle (njengokuhlolwa konodoli kukaKenneth noMamie Clark) ukuze abonise ukuthi ukuzihlukanisa ngokwako kwalimaza ngokwengqondo kubantwana abamnyama. INkantolo yalahla [ u-Prefy [ ukucabanga futhi yamemezela ukuthi ubandlululo oluvela kuhulumeni lwawuphula uMvikeli Olinganayo u-Clausle. Onyakeni owodwa kamuva, Brown [FLT] II] , iNkathi yeNkathi yeNkathi ye-deuve "ngesivinini sawonke]."

Isinqumo [[FLT]'srown sasiwukunqoba okukhulu okungokomthetho, kodwa asizange silungise ngokushesha iminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa yokuhlukaniswa kwabantu abaqinile. Ukwenqaba kokuzitika kwaququzelela kwaqubuka eNingizimu/Imikhandlu yezakhamuzi zamhlophe, ukuma kwezombangazwe, nezixuku ezinobudlova zonke ezalwa ukuze zilondoloze uJim Crow. Kwakungathatha enye ishumi leminyaka lezenzo ze-livism", iMontgomey Busboncott, inkululeko, i-Ribes, i-March eWashington (Isivumelwano somthetho sangowe-644 kanye neSivumelo samaLungelo sika-656) ekugcineni ukuchitha uhlelo olungokomthetho lwe-Crevotion.

Ifa LikaPlesby . Ferguson

Ifa le Plessy v. Ferguson iyinganekwane eyisixwayiso yendlela iNkantolo Ephakeme, ngokuchazwa ngayo kabi koMthetho-sisekelo, engagunyaza ngayo ukungalungi futhi ibambezele ubulungisa izizukulwane ngezizukulwane. Icala lilokhu liyisibonelo esiqinile sokuhluleka kwendima yalo njengomvikeli wamalungelo amancane.

Izicelo Zanamuhla

Nakuba imfundiso engokomthetho "ehlukene kodwa elingana" yapheliswa ngo-1954, izimpikiswano eziphathelene nokulingana kwezinhlanga nendima yomthetho ziyaqhubeka zenanela izihloko zezihloko ze- Pnety. Izindaba zanamuhla njengeResevation, ukungalingani kohlanga esimisweni sobulungisa sobugebengu, nezinselele zokuvuma isenzo esiphakamisa imibuzo efanayo ngencazelo yesivikelo esilinganayo. [ Isinqumo sesikole sigcizelela futhi ingozi yokuvumela ubandlululo oluyinhloko ukuba luvumela ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo wezwe, nesifundo esisalokhu sibalulekile namuhla. [[FLT]

Ngokomlando, isikhumbuzo sokuthi ukunqoba komthetho kungalula futhi intuthuko idinga umzamo ongapheli. Ukungavumelani kukaMahluleli weHarlan yedwa, eyake yabekwa ngokwezingalo, manje kugujwa njengombono olungile woMthetho-sisekelo. Amagama akhe `" Umthetho-mthetho wethu awuboni umbala"" cishe uye wanxuswa yizinhlangothi zombili zezombangazwe, kodwa umongo wawo wokuqala wawuwukucela ukwenqaba ukucindezelwa kwesimiso sesigaba sesigaba sezesigaba.

Insalela engokoqobo yenkathi ye izimpawu ezicushiwe ``````Izinga lokukhulula'''''''''' ne "Ibala"") inyamalele kakhulu, kodwa ukungalingani okungacaci okuye kwaphoqelelwayo kuyaqhubeka. Indaba ilokhu iyingxenye ebalulekile yezifundo zomlando waseMelika ngoba ifundisa ukuthi umthetho ungasetshenziswa njengethuluzi lenkululeko noma njengethuluzi lokucindezela. Ukuqonda lesisinqumo sinyathelo esibucayi ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi isizwe asiwaphindi amaphutha aso esikhathi esidlule.

Isiphetho

[[FLT: 0] Isinqumo sango1896] sasiyisehlakalo esibhubhisayo esithembisweni somthetho-sisekelo sokulingana. Ngokudala "ukuhlukanisa kodwa kulingana" imfundiso, iNkantolo yanikeza isembozo esingokomthetho kuhlelo lwe-Jim Crow olunqobile amaMelika ezizukulwane. Isinqumo savimbela intuthuko, isigaba sobuhlanga, futhi sabekela amalungelo omphakathi isikhathi esingu-sigamu sekhulu. [i-FLT:2] Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo yezemfundo yaba yimpumelelo, kodwa isithunzi [[FLC:4] esiqinile] [FLT] [FLT:] futhi ekugcineni ayisebenzi ekwakheni i-intergov.[Fom] [f]

Ukufunda Okwengeziwe Nemithombo Yangaphandle