Isingeniso

Ukuthutha kwabantu ababaleka ngokuphuthumayo edolobheni kuphakathi kwezinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ezibhekene nabahleli bedolobha kanye nabaphathi besimo esiphuthumayo namuhla. Inani labantu abakhubazekile, izakhiwo ezisezingeni elilinganiselwe, kanye nesimo esingenakubonwa kusengaphambili sezinhlekelele zihlangana ukuze zakhe izimo lapho izenzakalo ezilandelayo zikhona. Ngokwe-Federal Emergency Management Management Agency Agency (FEMA), uhlelo oluphumelelayo lwesimo esiphuthumayo kumelwe lubhekane nakho kokubili ukuhamba kwabantu okungokomzimba kanye nezimiso zokuxhumana ezibaqondisayo. Lesihloko sinweba amasu ayisisekelo okususa ngokufaka inqubo engcono kakhulu ekwandimeni yamuva nje, intuthuko yezesayensi yezokuhlela, nokungena komphakathi. Ngokuqonda ngokugcwele ukuhlelwa kwengozi kwe-post - baccuance .

Ukuhlola Izinqubo Zasemadolobheni Nezingozi

Ukuqondwa okuphelele kwezindawo ezihlala idolobha kuyisici esiyinhloko sanoma iliphi icebo lokuthutha. Lokhu kudlulela ngalé kokumane ubala izigodi zezikhukhula noma amaphutha okuzamazama komhlaba; kudinga ukuhlolwa okunamandla kwezindlela zesakhiwo (izindawo zesakhiwo) , amabhuloho, izimiso zezokuthutha, kanye ne-ochinetics (izinto ezihambayo) ezizosebenza ngaphansi kokucindezeleka.

Ukuphumelela Nokuphumelela

Kusetshenziswa izimiso zokwaziswa (GIS) ezihlangene nemishini yendawo eyingozi, abahleli bangafaka inani labantu ngokwedlulele, izakhiwo ezibucayi (hospital, izikole, izikhungo zamandla ambane), kanye nezimiso zokuhamba. Ingozi ne-Vulteration Assessment (RVA) etuswa [indlela yokuhlola i-FLT:0] FEMA[FLT] [[FLT]] isiza ukutshala izimali ezingeni eliqinile nasekwazini amaphuzu avinjiwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kweSiphepho uKatrina, iNew Orleans yakha kabusha isimiso sayo se-levee nemishini yangempela ehlanganisayokuhlelwa kwemigwaqo ehambayo. Amadolobha ase-Mian manje asebenzisa imibusweni yolwandle ephakeme ukunquma phakathi nokwehla kwemvula.

Ukudweba Izindawo Eziphakeme ZeRisk Nesici Senani Labakhona

Ukubona izindawo ezichayeke kakhulu ezingozini ezingokwemvelo − njengezindawo ezihlanganisa imisele yemililo yasendle yasendle, izindawo eziminyene ezizungeze ukuzamazama komhlaba, noma izindawo zokuncibilikisa ukuzamazama komhlaba (-"zivumela izinqubo zokuthutha ezilandelanayo"."oPlaners kumelwe futhi bachaze ukuthi izakhamuzi zasebusuku zikhona; isifunda sebhizinisi singaba nezinkulungwane zezisebenzi emini kodwa sibe nezakhamuzi ezimbalwa ebusuku, kuyilapho amadolobha ahlala khona anendlela ehlukile. Ukusebenzisa amapheshana okubala kanye nemishini yeselula ye-athonsi, amadolobha anjengeLos Angeles akha izinglaye zezindawo zokukhosela abantu abahlala emini ethengisa izindawo zokukhosela amapulane kanye neziyalo ezithulo ezithukayo.

Ukuhlola I - Internet Yokuthutha

Imigwaqo yasedolobheni namabhuloho ngokuvamile kuyizixhumelane ezibuthakathaka kakhulu. Ukuhluleka kwebhuloho elilodwa kunganqamula yonke indawo. Inhlangano ye-National Institute of Difects and Technology (I-NIST) itusa ukwenza ukuhlolwa kwenethiwekhi ukuze kuhlolwe ama-node abucayi nama-redundancia. Amadolobha futhi ahlole amandla ezindlela zokuphuma ezihlobene nesidingo esilindelekileyo sokuphuma. Ngokwesibonelo, I-NATSSIS ibika ngeSiphepho sase-201717ricry Harvey[[[ iqokomele ukuthi i-houston-arearea ekhululekile i-tracerouted tracesss zaze zakwazi ukunyakaza okulindelekile.

Ukuthuthukisa Izimiso Zokukhulumisana

Phakathi nenhlekelele, ukwaziswa kubaluleke njengokuhamba. Ukuhluleka ukuxhumana kungaholela ekudidekeni, ukusabela okuthatha isikhathi, nokulahlekelwa ukuphila. Isimiso sokuxhumana esinezingxenye eziningi siqinisekisa ukuthi imiyalezo ifinyelela imidanti ehlukahlukene ezindleleni eziningi.

Izimiso Eziqashelwe Nomphakathi Ezixwayisiwe

Isimiso se-Emergency Emergencys (WEA), esilawulwa yi-FEMA ne-FCC, sivumela izinhlangano ezigunyaziwe ukuba zithumele izixwayiso ezihloselwe ukufundwa kwezwe ezimishinini ehambayo. Nokho, izixwayiso kumele zicace, zisebenze, futhi zifinyele. Amadolobha amaningi andisa i-WEA enemisebe yemisebe engaphandle, izimpawu zomgwaqo omkhulu we-wilture, kanye nokugada i-webrowea. Ngokwesibonelo, Ukufunda.gov kutusa ukuthi abaphathi bemiyalezo yesimo esiphuthumayo basebenzisa izinkonzo zokwaziswa eziphuthumayo zokwaziswa ezisemgwaqweni ukuze balungise indawo engaphandle.

Ukunqoba Ulimi Nezithiyo Ezitholakalayo

Kubantu abahlala emadolobheni ahlukahlukene, ukuxhumana kwesiNgisi kuphela kungashiya izingxenye ezinkulu ezingaqondi lutho. Imiyalezo yokuphuma kwemidanti kufanele ihunyushelwe ezilimini zokuqala ezikhulunywa emphakathini, kusetshenziswa ama-pictogram alula kanye nokubona. AmaMelika ane-dial Diculture Act (ADA) afuna ukuba ukwaziswa kutholakale kubantu abazwayo noma abangakwazi ukubona. Imikhuba ihlanganisa ukuchaza kwangempela kwesikhathi sokudla kwe-vidiyo, izincazelo zemisindo zamabala, nokusayina kwe-mephu emizini ehambayo. Amadolobheni anjengeSan Francisco adala izintambo zokuxhumana eziqondisa abantu abasebenzisa i-milligams ezisekelwe endaweni yabo.

Ukusungula Ukukhulumisana Okunemingcele

Kubalulekile ukuyala nokulawula okuphakathi, kodwa imibhoshongo yamangqamuzana kanye nemigogodla ye-Internet ingahluleka. Izimiso zokusebenza kwe-messh ezincibilikayo . ukusebenzisa imisakazo yamandla aphansi noma ngisho nokuthumela okusekelwe emotweni ephansi kulondoloza ukuxhumana kwendawo. Ukuqeqesha okaputeni abasendaweni ukuba basebenzise imisakazo emibili ngezindlela ezimbili kwakha isisekelo esingasebenza ngaphandle kwezimiso ezisemthethweni. Ukusabela kwenhlekelele kwaseJapane kuxhomeke kakhulu “kusizo lwaso siqu” lwesifunda.

Izindlela Zokuhamba Ezishintshashintshayo

Ukususa akusona ikhambi elilingana nesayizi. Amasu asebenzayo asebenzisa izindlela eziningi, ahlalisa izindlela ezihlukene zokuhamba, futhi avumelane nezimo zesikhathi sangempela.

Imigwaqo Ehambayo Nokuphathwa Kwezimoto Okunamandla

I-contration − i-creams eboshelwe imizila eboshelwe izimoto ezisogwini − idinga ukunyuswa ngokuphawulekayo amandla. Nokho, kudinga ukuhlela okucophelela: izimpawu ezifanele, imingcele eziphambanweni, nemithetho elandelwayo yezimoto zezokwelapha ezidinga ukunyakaza ngokuchasene nokugeleza. Amadolobha afana noCharleston, South Carolina, aye ahlela ukunyakaza okugunyaziwe okugunyaziwe kusengaphambili kweziphepho zasogwini futhi azihlole njalo phakathi namahora okulawula kwezimoto. Izimiso zezimoto ezinamandla, ngokusebenzisa amakhamera nokulawula izimpawu ezisebenzayo, kungabuyisela izimoto ezisezindaweni ezigcweleyo noma ezigcweleyo ngesikhathi sangempela.

Ukukhishwa Kwemisebe Ehlukahlukene: Amabhayisikili, Izitimela, Nezimbila

Akuwona wonke umuntu onemoto. Amapulani okuthutha asedolobheni kumelwe ahlanganise umphakathi ngokukhanyayo uthutho olungenazimoto. Amanxusa anika i-Transit angaguqula izindawo zokuthutha amabhasi neziteshi zesitimela zibe impahla ehambayo ngokulungisa futhi izimoto ezihleliwe. EDolobheni laseNew York, amabhasi esikole asetshenziselwa ukuthutha izakhamuzi ezisengozini phakathi neziphepho zogu. Ama-Fretray angagxeka emadolobheni asogwini asemanzini; phakathi nokuzamazama komhlaba kwango-Rort-au Prince, ukuntula kwezindlela zokuthutha abantu ngenkathi ehamba ngemoto kwayandisa inhlekelele. I-Planners kufanele ibone ukuthi i-copp-e no-offant kanye nezindawo ezisukayo ezisendleleni ezihambayo ezihambayo.

Izindlela Ezifinyelelekayo Zabantu Abakhubazekile

Izindlela zokususa kumelwe zibe ezidlulayo ngokomzimba kubantu abasebenzisa izihlalo zabakhubazekile, abahamba ngezinyawo, noma ezinye izinsiza-kuhamba. Amasiteji kufanele athinte izikwele, izindawo zokukhosela kumelwe zibe yi-ADA-complium, futhi izimoto zokuhamba kufanele zihlonyiswe ngephake. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhubazeka kwengqondo kudinga indlela ecacile yokuthola: izimpawu eziphakeme zokucalula, izimpawu ezingaguquki, neziqondiso zomlomo. Ukukhubazeka . ikhasi le-AGAB linikeza iziqondiso zokuhlela ukuphuma okuzimele, kuhlanganise nokumisa “Isekela Inethikithanethi lokuxhumana” ukuze kusize.

Ukusebenzisa Ukulingisa Nokulingisa Ukuze Kuvinjelwe Iminwe Yamabhodlela

Amathuluzi okulingisa ama-octal avumela abahleli ukuba bafanekise izimo zokubaleka − kuhlanganise nokuhamba kwabahamba ngezinyawo, ukuhamba kwemoto, kanye nesidingo sokukhosela. Lemiboniso ingaveza amaphuzu angalindelekile ahluziwe, njengendlela ewumngcingo ehambisa izinyawo ngesikhathi sezimo eziphuthumayo. Ngokwesibonelo, FPA] FPA isebenzise ukuhlala emininingwaneni ukuze ihluze iziteshi zenkundla. Lapho amadolobha ehlola lemidwebo yangempela, angalungisa indlela yokudweba, ukubekwa kwezimpawu, ukubekwa kwe-opera, namazinga okulungisa ukugeleza.

Ukuhlanganyela Nokuqeqesha Komphakathi

Icebo lokuthutha linamandla kuphela njengoba nje abantu abalenzayo. Umphakathi ulungiselela izakhamuzi ezingawusebenzi uguqula izakhamuzi ezingasebenzi zibe abangane abakhuthele.

Ukwakha Isiko Lokulungiselela Ngezimbobo

Izindlela ezivamile, ezingokoqobo ezihlanganisa wonke amaqembu amanani abantu ajwayele izakhamuzi ngezindlela, izindawo zokukhosela, kanye nokuziphatha okulindelekile. I-Great Shake Up, ukuqeqeshelwa ukuzamazama komhlaba kwaminyaka yonke okuhilela izigidi zabantu abathatha igalelo, kubonisa indlela umkhuba ophindaphindwayo onciphisa ngayo izikhathi zokusabela. Amadolobha angathatha “ikhalenda elibi kakhulu” elihlangene nezikole, amabhizinisi, nezinhlangano zenkolo. Ngemva kokubhola, ukubhoboza, ukuthatha izifundo nokudla okungadilishwa kufanele kubuye kubuye kulungiswe.

Amaqembu Afuna Ukusabela Ngokuphuthumayo Emkhakheni (U - RT)

Izinhlelo zeCERT ziqeqesha izisebenzi zokuzithandela emakhonweni ayisisekelo okusabela enhlekeleleni, njengokufuna ukukhanya nosizo, okokuqala, nokulawula izimoto. Lamaqembu aba abasebenzi abacindezela abaqeqeshiwe. EHouston, Seary.Gov CERT[[FL:1] izisebenzi zokuzithandela zasebenza njengabaxhumanisi abahlengi bendawo phakathi neSiphepho iHarvey, isiza izakhamuzi esezikhulile ukuba zifinyelele ezindaweni ezicashile. Ukumisa amangqamuzana eCERT esifundeni ngasinye kuqinisekisa ulwazi lwasendaweni yasekhaya.

Ukunika Abenzi Bezingosi Zomakhelwane Amandla

Izakhamuzi ezikhuthazayo ukuba zakhe “amaqembu alungele umakhelwane” akha inhloko - dolobha yezenhlalo engavezwa enhlekeleleni. Lamaqembu angasiza omakhelwane abangavikelekile ngaphambi kokuba bakhululeke − njengabantu abanezimo zezokwelapha noma abangenazo izinto zokuhamba(*) futhi adale isimiso sohlelo lweMapu Yokwakhela Indawo, olusetshenziswa kakhulu esifundazweni saseWashington, aqondisa omakhelwane ngomhlangano ohleliwe ukunikeza imithombo yemali (abaqondisi, amathuluzi, amakhono ezokwelapha) futhi ahlele ukusabela kwendawo.

Ubuchwepheshe Nokwaziswa Okusetshenziswayo

Ukuhlelwa kokuthutha kwamadolobha kwanamuhla kuqhubeka ngokwandayo, kunezinzwa zangempela, ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, namawele asebenza ngemishini kunikeza ukuqapha okungakaze kube khona.

Ukuhlolwa kwesikhathi Sangempela nokuphathwa kokulungisa

I-Internet of Things (IoT) izinzwa ezisebhulohweni, emigwaqweni, naseminyango yesikhukhula zinikeza ukwaziswa okuqhubekayo mayelana nokwakheka namazinga amanzi. Amabhodi ezikhungweni eziphuthumayo abonisa ijubane lezimoto, indawo yezimoto, nendawo yokuhlala. Idolobha lase-Austin lisebenzisa isiteji ehlangene exhumanisa amakhamera ezimoto, i-radar, kanye nozwela lwezezokuxhumana kubantu ababaleka ezigijimisweni zezehlakalweni.

Izenzakalo Ezibikezelwayo Nokuhlelwa Kwezigaba

Imishini yokuhlola ukukhishwa kwemoto ingabikezela isidingo sokuphuma ngenxa yesenzakalo esiwubukhulu, isikhathi sosuku, nezindlela ezingokomlando. Ngokwesibonelo, uMnyango woMlilo weLos Angeles usebenzisa i-project elinganisela ukuthi bangaki abantu abangazibalekela ngaphansi kwezimo eziphiwe, ukusiza ukuhlelwa kwemithombo yezindawo zokukhosela nokulawula izimoto. Abaklami bangahamba behamba “kungathi uma ibhuloho liphahlazeka?"

Amawele Emishini Ebonisa Ukuphuma

Ubuchwepheshe bemishini budala umshini wedolobha ongahlolwa ngezinhlekelele ezihlukahlukene. I-Hugue Land yaseSingapore ibilokhu yenza iwele elifana nokuhamba komuntu nezimoto, livumela abahleli ukuba babone ukuthi izinguquko zezimiso zomgwaqo zithinta kanjani izikhathi zokuthutha. Lokhu kuvumela ukuba amacebo asheshiswe ngaphandle kokuphazamisa izimoto zangempela.

Ukuthutha Komphakathi Nezidingo Ezikhethekile Zezakhamuzi

Noma iliphi icebo lokubaleka elingalinaki ithonya elihambayo, elibampofu noma elingenazo izimoto zomuntu siqu aliphelele. Ukugxila kulamaqembu akuqinisekisi ukuthi avikeleke ngokulinganayo.

Abantu Abakhokhelwayo Ababhaliswayo Nabethuma

Ohulumeni bangagcina ubhaliso lokuzithandela lwezakhamuzi ezizodinga usizo lokubaleka. Phakathi nezimo eziphuthumayo, laba bantu bayathintwa futhi bathathwe ngezimoto ezimisiwe noma izinkonzo zezimo eziphuthumayo. Ukubhalisa kufanele kuvuselelwe minyaka yonke futhi kuhlanganise nokwaziswa okuthintana nomnakekeli. Amadolobha anjenge Boston asebenzisa uhlelo oluthi “Usizo no Hoist” kubantu abalele noma abasekela ukuphila.

Ukusebenzelana Nezinkonzo Zokweba Imali Nezentengiselwano Zeteksi

Ukuze kufakwe imvume yokuthutha umphakathi, amanye amadolobha anezivumelwano ezingokomthetho nezinkampani ezithwala abagibeli abazothutha ngokuthungatha abantu abadala noma abantu abakhubazekile. U-Uber uye wanikeza izinkonzo ezinjalo phakathi nemisebenzi yequbula lomlilo eCalifornia. Ama-Contract asho amagama, icala, kanye nokwaziswa okuhlangene ukuze aqinisekise ukusabela okungenamthungo kwegunya.

Ukususwa Kwezindawo Zezokwelapha Nezilungiselelo Zokuhlanganisa

Izibhedlela, izindawo zokunakekela asebekhulile, namajele zidinga amapulani akhethekile. Iziguli zingadinga ukuthunyelwa nge-ambulense noma ngebhasi lezokwelapha, futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ziyaqhubeka zinakekelwa. Lamacebo kumelwe ahlolwe minyaka yonke, kuhlanganise nokubambisana nezindawo zokwamukela. I-Joint Commission ifuna izibhedlela zibe namasu aphambili alezi ziguli ezibucayi.

Ukuhlela Nokululama Ngemva Kokuhlinzwa

Ukulawula ukubuyela ekhaya nokusekela izakhamuzi ezifudukile kuyingxenye ebalulekile yebhayisekili elithuthayo.

Ukuphatha Iqolo Nokufuya Izihlahla

Izindawo zokukhosela ezimfushane kumelwe zigcwaliswe ngokudla, amanzi, izivalo, kanye nezindawo zezokwelapha. Abahleli kufanele baphawule izikhungo eziningi ezisakazekela kulo lonke idolobha ukuze bagweme ukukhuliswa ngokweqile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkonzo ezibalulekile ezinjengokunakekela izilwane, izinto ezihunyushwe, nokusekela impilo yengqondo kumelwe zitholakale. i-American Red Cross inikeza iziqondiso zokuvikela nokuqeqesha kokuzithandela.

Ukubuya Kweqembu Nokubuya Kwama - Phased

Ngemva kokudlula kosongo olusheshayo, izakhamuzi zidinga iziyalezo ezicacile zokuthi zingabuya nini futhi kanjani. Ukubuya kwezingane kuvame ukuvela ngokwezigaba: abaphendulayo nezisebenzi zezemisebenzi, bese kuba izakhamuzi zezindawo ezingathintekanga kakhulu, futhi ekugcineni ezisuka ezindaweni ezonakalisiwe kakhulu. Ukugcinwa komthetho kumisa izindawo zokuhlola ukuqinisekiswa nokuphepha. Izinkinga ezivamile zokungena zihlanganisa ukuphanga, ukuminyana kwezimoto, kanye nokungaqondi kahle, konke okungancishiswa ngokuhlela kusengaphambili.

Ukuqoqwa Kwemininingwane Nokuthuthukiswa Okuqhubekayo

Ukuhlola kwangemva kokuthatha ukwaziswa ngezikhathi zokuhamba, ukusebenzisa indawo yokukhosela, ukuxhumana okuphumelelayo, nemibiko yezenzakalo. Lokhu kwaziswa kungena emjikelezweni olandelayo wendlela yokuhlela inguquko. Amadolobha amaningi enza “ngemva kokusabela” ahlanganyelwa obala ukuze akhe ukwethembana nokukhuthaza ukuhlanganyela. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kwemililo yequbula yaseCalifornia ka-2019, uSanta Clara County wasebenzisa i-GPS ku-makhalekhukhwini ukuhlaziya ukuthi izifunda ezisuka kuma-mende zihambelana kahle kangakanani nezindlela zangempela zokuhamba, okuholela ekuklameni okungcono.

Isiphetho

Ukuthuthukisa amapulani okuthutha asemadolobheni adinga okungaphezu kwamabalazwe asheshayo neziqondiso ezivamile. Kudingeka isimiso sokuphila esihlanganisa ukuhlolwa ngokucophelela kwezingozi, imishini yokuxhumana eqinile, ukuklanywa komklamo wezokuthutha, ukuhlangana okujulile komphakathi, kanye nokugawulwa kwemishini yobuchwepheshe yokuvimbela ukudlula kwezindawo ezisengozini. Ngokubheka ngalé kokuhamba ngokushesha ukuze kuhlanganise ukulungiselela nokuthuthukisa kwangaphambi konyaka, amadolobha angakha amasu anzulu okusindisa ukuphila futhi athuthukise isikhathi eside. Amasu aphumelela kakhulu ayoba yilawo aqhubeka ehlolwa, ecwengwa, futhi alungiselwa ezingozi ezimweni ezisedolobheni.