Isisekelo Esiphilayo Senkululeko YaseMelika

UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States waklanywa njengencwadi yemithetho elawulayo, isakhiwo esikwaziyo ukuzivumelanisa nezidingo zesizwe esikhulayo. Nakuba izihloko zaso zokuqala eziyisikhombisa zimise uhlelo lukahulumeni, yilezo ezivikelayo ngqangqa izimpawu zenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, okuthi ngokwengxenye zinikeze umbhalo amandla aso okuziphatha. Lezi zinguquko zisebenza njengezivikela ezihlala njalo ekuphathweni uhulumeni, zichaza imingcele yamandla ombuso namalungelo abantu angenakuvinjelwa. Ukuqonda lezi sivikelo akuyona nje inqubo yemfundo yemfundo yezemfundo; kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokuba isakhamuzi esiboshelwe ukukhokha eRiphabliki yentando yeningi.

Inkululeko yomphakathi yiziqinisekiso nenkululeko yomuntu siqu uhulumeni angeke ayibekezelele ngomthetho noma ngencazelo yokwahlulela. Ibekwe eSigqeni samaLungelo nakushintsho olulandelayo, isenza itshe lenkululeko yaseMelika. Kusukela elungelweni lokukhuluma nengqondo yomuntu kuya ekuqinisekiseni ukuqulwa ngokulunga, lamalungiselelo avikela abantu egunyeni elingenamthetho. Lesi sihloko sihlola iziphetho eziyinhloko ezivikela lenkululeko, zinikeza ukuhlola ngokunzulu emlandweni wabo, incazelo, kanye nenkonzo yamanje.

Ngemibhalo ephelele yenguquko okuxoxwe ngayo, Izinqolobane zesizwe zinikeza izitatimende ezigunyaziwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) inikeza ukuhlaziywa okuqhubekayo kwendlela lamalungelo asetshenziswa ngayo ezimpini zanamuhla ezingokomthetho.

I - Ibheli Lamalungelo: IziNguqulo Zokuqala Eziyishumi

I-Anti-Federalist, eyamiswa ngoDecember 15, 1791, imelela ukuvumelana phakathi kwamaFederali, eyayikholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni wesizwe onamandla wawudingeka, futhi abaqondisi be-Anti-Fedalist, ababesaba ukuthi amandla ayinhloko ayezonyathela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Lezi zinguquko eziyishumi zazingezona isiqalo kodwa zaziwukwenezelelwa ngamabomu ukuqinisekisa amalungelo abalulekile ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala wawungawavikeli ngokuqondile. Basebenzisa ngokuqondile kuhulumeni wombuso futhi, ngeSiphendulo se-1459 se-SClausstion's Processom Claus, baye bafakwa embusweni wezwelo nohulumeni bendawo ngokufanayo.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: Inkululeko Eyisihlanu

ISichibiyelo sokuqala siyisisekelo sentando yeningi yaseMelika, sivikela inkululeko eyisisekelo yokukhuluma, inkolo, imithombo yezindaba, ingqungquthela, nesicelo. Lamalungelo ancintisanayo: inkululeko yokukhuluma ivumela ukuphanana ngemibono, uhulumeni okhululekile ukubeka icala, nelungelo lokuhlanganisa izakhamuzi ukuba zihlele ushintsho. I-Pregiment Clausle ivimbela uhulumeni ekuvimbeleni noma iyiphi inkolo, kuyilapho i-Free Express Claus evikela ilungelo labantu lokusebenzisa ukholo lwabo.

Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yachaza lenkululeko kabanzi. Brandenburg v.O. [1969], iNkantolo yathi inkulumo esekela isenzo esingekho emthethweni ivikelekile ngaphandle kokuba ikhuthaze "isenzo sokungabi namthetho somthetho." INkantolo futhi iye yavikela inkulumo yenzondo ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala, ebusa [FLT] ku-Snyder v. Phelps (20) u-20) ukuthi ngisho nokuphikisa okucasulayo ezindabeni zomphakathi kuyavikelwa. Inkululeko yaqinisekiswa ku- i-New York Times. v. United States [FLT:]

Izinselele zanamuhla zihlanganisa imithetho yezindawo zezokuxhumana, ukulinganisela phakathi kokukhuluma ngokukhululekile nokuphepha emakolishi, kanye nokungezwani phakathi kwenkululeko engokwenkolo nemithetho emelene nokuhlukana. ISichibiyelo sokuqala sihlala siyisici esiphambili sempikiswano engokomthetho, njengoba ubuchwepheshe bulokhu bushintsha indlela amaMelika asebenzisa ngayo lenkululeko eyisisekelo.

ISichibiyelo Sesibili: Ilungelo Lokuphatha Izikhali

ISichibiyelo Sesibili sithi: "I-Militia elawulwa kahle, njengoba idingekile ekulondekeni kukaHulumeni okhululekile, ilungelo labantu lokuphatha futhi bathwale Izikhali, ngeke lishaywe." Emlandweni weMelika, lokhu kulunga kwachazwa njengelungelo elihlangeneyo eliboshelwe inkonzo yezempi. Nokho, ku-Diality of Columbia v. Heller [2008], iNkanto ephakeme yaqaphela ilungelo lokuba nebhamu lomuntu siqu ngaphakathi kwekhaya. Lokhu kwanwetyelwa kumazwi [FLD] [FLT] [FFFFF:] [F]

Impikiswano iyaqhubeka ngobukhulu balelilungelo, kuhlanganise nemithetho evimbela izinhlobo ezithile zezikhali, ukuhlolwa kwezindawo, imithetho ebomvu yefulege, kanye nokuphatha izibhamu obala.ISichibiyelo Sesibili singenye yezindawo ezimangalelwa kakhulu ngomthetho - sisekelo, okubonisa ukungavumelani okukhulu ngokuphepha komphakathi nokuzibusa komuntu siqu.

Isichibiyelo Sesithathu: Amasosha Ahamba Neqembu

ISichibiyelo sesithathu sinqabela uhulumeni ukuba uphoqelele izakhamuzi ukuba zihlalise amasosha emakhaya azo ngesikhathi sokuthula ngaphandle kwemvume yazo, futhi kuphela ngendlela egunyazwe umthetho ngesikhathi sempi. Nakuba kungavamile ukubekwa, lokhu kulungisa kubonisa ukungathemba kwaBasunguli bamabutho amile kanye nesifiso sazo sokuvikela ubungcwele bekhaya. Liye lashiwo ezindabeni ezihlobene nezindaba eziyimfihlo, njengaye Griswold v.Connecticut[[FL:1] [1955], njengoba kubonisa ilungelo elibanzi lomthetho-mthetho-mgamestol lokuvikela ubungcwele bekhaya.

Isichibiyelo Sesine: Ukuvikelwa Ekucwaningeni Nokukhohlisa

ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela abantu ekuphenyisweni okungenangqondo nasekuqulekeni uhulumeni. Kudinga ukuqiniswa komthetho ukuze bathole isiqinisekiso esisekelwe endodeni okungenzeka ikhona, sisekelwe ngesifungo noma isiqinisekiso, futhi sichaze ngokukhethekile indawo okumelwe iphenywe futhi abantu noma izinto okumelwe ziphathwe. Lokhu kulungisa kuyisithiyo esinzima ngokumelene namandla amaphoyisa azimele nomgcini wezindaba zomuntu siqu.

Mapp v.O. (1961]), iNkantolo Ephakeme yamisa umthetho wokuhlukanisa, ovimbela ubufakazi obutholakele ngokwephulwa kweSichibiyelo sesine ekusetshenzisweni ekulingweni kwesizwe. Ukufika kobuchwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe kuye kwasungula ubunkimbinkimbi obusha: iNkantolo yabusa Ry v. California [2010] (U-2010] idinga isiqinisekiso sokuhlola isenzakalo socingo sokubopha, ukunika inani elikhulu lemininingwane yemininingwane yomuntu siqu equkethe lemishini. [[FLT]][FLT]]

Umthetho weSichibiyelo Sanamuhla Wesine ulwisana nezindaba ezinjengokugada, ubuchwepheshe bokuqaphela ubuso, ukuhlola imishini yobuchwepheshe evimbela ukuxhumana nomngcele, nokuthola ukwaziswa kukahulumeni okufakwe abantu abesithathu abanjengabasizi be - Internet.

ISichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Amalungelo Ecala Lobugebengu

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sinikeza iqoqo lesivikelo esibalulekile kubantu abamangalelwa ngobugebengu. Siqinisekisa ukuthi akekho ongancishwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo yomthetho [. Ivikela ekutheni [[[FLT:]] uqobo lungahlangani [[[FLT:]] [[FLT:]] lungaphindeki kabili [[5]] ngenxa yecala elifanayo. Kufuna futhi ukuba ubugebengu obungathi sína buphathwe yi-miklidilidio ye-mivio enkulu futhi bunqandwe impahla yanganyelwa ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa komphakathi. [FLT:]

Ilungelo lokuzihlukanisa lalibalulekile Miranda v. Arizona (66], eyagunyaza ukuba abasolwayo batshelwe ngamalungelo abo. Inqubo efunekayo isetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa iBill of Rights isivikelo samalungelo ezwe. Ukuthatha u-Claus kuqinisekisa ukuthi uma uhulumeni elawula indawo edumile, kumelwe kukhokhe inani elifanele lempahla ethathweyo, nakuba Klo v. City of New London [2005]] (indlela ephikiswayo yandisa incazelo ka-"public" ekuthuthukiseni kwezomnotho."ukuhlanganisa ukuthuthuka kwezomnotho.

Isichibiyelo Sesithupha: Ilungelo Lokuqulwa Kwecala Okufanele

ISichibiyelo seSithandathu siqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala nomphakathi ngenqubo yokungakhethi yesizwe nesifunda lapho ubugebengu benziwa khona. Siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuthola [ ofakazi abaqashelwe [ (Umbango ka-Claus]]), [ku- inqubo yokuthatha impoqo [ ukuze uthole ofakazi abahle, futhi unikezele [ ukunikeza iseluleko [[FLT]] [FLT] [FLT] [inte] [impe] [impertiwe] ukuze kuvinjelwe ngokufanele. Iseluleko sokuvikela [Foct:Gene] v.[FT]

Imfuneko yokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi ivikela ekuqulweni kwamacala ayimfihlo, nakuba izinkantolo zingase zivale inkantolo ukuze kuvinjelwe isivikelo noma izizathu eziyimfihlo ngaphansi kwezimo ezilinganiselwe. Ilungelo lejaji elingenacala liye lagxekwa ngokukhetha ubuhlanga ekukhetheni ijaji kanye nethonya lokusakazwa kwangaphambi kwenkantolo. ISichibiyelo sesithupha sisemqoka emizamweni yokulungisa isimiso sobulungisa esiye sahlolwa ngokuboshwa kwezixuku nobandlululo.

ISichibiyelo Sesikhombisa: Ukuvivinywa Kombango

ISichibiyelo seSembete silondoloza ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lejaji emacaleni omphakathi lapho ukubaluleka kokuphikisana kungaphezu kwamaRandi angamashumi amabili. Futhi kuvimbela ukutholwa okuyiqiniso kwejaji ukuba kuphinde kuhlolwe kabusha enye inkantolo ngaphandle kwemithetho evamile. Nakuba lesi sivumelwano singafakwanga ekusebenziseni ezizweni, imithetho eminingi yombuso inesivikelo esifanayo. Iveza isibopho esijulile sokuhlanganyela enqubweni yokwahlulela, ivumela abantu abavamile ukuba banqume izimpikiswano kunokuba babashiyele kubahluleli kuphela.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili: Unya Nesijeziso Esingavamile

Isichibiyelo sesishiyagalombili senqabela [ ibheyili ye-apply , izihlawu-zimali [, [[FLT:] ne [FLT]] isijeziso esingavamile [[[[FLT:]. Lempinda iye yaba imoto yezindinganiso ezikhubazekayo zesijeziso saseMelika. Inkantolo Ephakeme iphethe ukuthi isijeziso sokufa asisebenzi ezigabani ezithile zezaphula umthetho, kuhlanganise nalezo ezibangelwa ukukhubazeka kolwazi ([[FLT:]6]]]].[FLT] v[FLT7]], 2002],[FLT],[FLT],[5]][5]]]

Ukubuyiselwa futhi kulinganisela ubude besigwebo sasejele: Graham v. Florida (2010), iNkantolo yavimbela ukuphila ngaphandle kokukhipha isigwebo sezingane eziboshelwe amacala angangeni ndawo. Ukwenqatshelwa kwemali ehlasidi engeziwe, kwaqiniselwa [ku- u-Timbs v. Indiana[ (2029), kusebenza kuhulumeni nakohulumeni bendawo, kuvikela abanikazi bempahla ekulahlekelweni isijeziso. Izingxoxo ziyaqhubeka noma izindlela ezithile zokubulala noma izimo zokuvalelwa ziveza isijeziso esinonya.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalolunye: Abantu Bathola Amalungelo

ISichibiyelo se-Ninth sithi: "Umthetho-sisekelo, wamalungelo athile, awuzukuthathwa njengophika noma ohlukanisa abanye abantu. Lokhu kulungisa kwakuhloselwe ukumisa impikiswano yokuthi uma ilungelo lingahlelwanga ngokuqondile, alikho. Kuye kwacelwa ukusekela ilungelo elingokomthetho lokukhipha imfihlo, ikakhulukazi [[FLT:] [[0] Grislold v.[FLD][FL:1] [1955] ngokuphathelene nokuvimbela inzalo, futhi [[FLT:] v.[FLT] impikiswano esele [[FLT].[5]

Isichibiyelo Seshumi: Amandla Agcinelwe Elase - United States

ISichibiyelo seshumi siqinisa isimiso sombuso wezwe: "Amagunya angaphathi i-United States ngoMthetho-sisekelo, noma anqatshelwe yiwo e-United States, agcinelwe i-Estance ngokulandelana, noma abantu." Lokhu kulunga kulinganisela imingcele yegunya likahulumeni futhi kugcine indawo yombuso. Ikhankanyiwe ezimweni eziphikisayo eziphikisayo izivumelwano zikahulumeni, njengomthetho we-Affordcaid Act Inhlangano yesizwe ye-Intellicssion v. Selius, 2012]. ISivumelwano seshumi siyaqhubeka siveza ukuma kwempikiswano ngomthetho owesizwe, ukuncitshiswa, nokulingana kwamandla ezindaweni ezinjenge-nabibis.

ISichibiyelo Samalungelo Abantu Esandisa Inkululeko Yomphakathi

Ngemva kokulungisa okuyishumi kokuqala, uMthetho-sisekelo walungiswa kaningana ukuze kunwetshwe inkululeko yomphakathi nokungalungi okungokomlando. Lezinguquko zibaluleke ngokufanayo ekuqondeni ngokugcwele inkululeko yaseMelika.

Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nesithathu (1865): Ukuqedwa Kobugqila

ISichibiyelo seshumi nantathu savimbela ubugqila nokugqilazwa ngaphandle kwesijeziso sobugebengu. Lokhu kwakungokokuqala kweZichibiyelo zenguquko futhi kwamelela ukushintshwa okukhulu emphakathini waseMelika. Nakuba kwaphela ngokusemthethweni ukugqilazwa kwezingxoxo, "ukujeziswa ngenxa yobugebengu" kuye kwasetshenziselwa ukuqhubekisela phambili ukusebenza ngempoqo phakathi kwesimiso sasejele, inselele yezinselele eziqhubekayo ezingokomthetho. Ukuhlengantengwa kwanikeza futhi uMkhandlu amandla okuphoqelela amalungiselelo awo ngomthetho ofanele, kuholela ekusebenziseni amalungelo omphakathi eminyakeni eyalandela.

Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nane (1868): Ukuba isakhamuzi, Inqubo Efanele, Nesivikelo Esilinganayo

ISichibiyelo seshumi nane mhlawumbe siyisinqumo esibaluleke kakhulu sokulungisa uhulumeni ngemva kweSikhathi Samalungelo Abantu. Umphakathi waso waguqula iNkantolo Ephakeme [[FLT: 0] uDred Scott ngokumemezela ukuthi bonke abantu abazelwe noma abadalwe eUnited States bayizakhamuzi zezwe nezwe lapho behlala khona. [[FLT:] [FLT]] I-Batting Procession Clause [ Isivikelo sikaBill samaLungelo sandisa isifundazwe ngemfundiso yokuhlanganisa. [[FLT:] i-Equal Protection Claus [[FLT]]] ifuna ukuphatha bonke abantu ngaphansi komthetho.

Lokhu kuye kwaba isisekelo sokunqoba kwamalungelo omphakathi okuphawulekayo, kuhlanganise Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954) eyaqeda ukuhlukanisa izinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi, isuka ku-v. Virginia [1967]) eyaqeda ukuvinjelwa komshado wezinhlanga, kanye no-Obergefell v. Hodges (20) (20) owaqaphela umshado owe-expressurend revorand. i-codential Claus ihlala iyithuluzi elinamandla lokubekela imithetho ye-desikiyo kanye nemikhuba yokuvota, imisebenzi enjengezindawo, izakhiwo, nemfundo.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nanhlanu (1870): Ilungelo Lokusekela Uhlanga

ISichibiyelo seshumi nanhlanu seSichibiyelo sobudlova sinqabela ohulumeni bamazwe nohulumeni bamazwe ukuba bangamvumeli isakhamuzi ukuba sivote ngokomthetho wesizwe osekelwe ebala, noma esimweni sangaphambili sobugqila. Naphezu kwalokhu kulungisa, izintela zokuvota, ukuhlola ukuhlolwa, nokuhlolwa kobudlova, nokunyelisa ukunciphisa amanani aseMelika e-Afrikan cishe iminyaka eyikhulu. I-Voting Rights Act ka-65 yabekwa ukuba iphoqelele iSiphendulo se-Prence, futhi izinqumo ezilandelayo zeNkantolo ePhakathi ziyaqhubeka zimisa umthetho wokuvota amalungelo okuvota. Nokho, imithetho yamuva enjenge- County v. Haker [2013]) ithene isihluthulelo sokukhipha i-votioct, ihosa ukuhlanganisa i-Active mayelana ne-votor.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nesishiyagalolunye (1920): Ukuthungatha Kwabesifazane

ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesithoba samemezela ukuthi ilungelo lokuvota "ngeke liphiwe noma livalelwe i-United States noma u-Alice Paul ngenxa yanoma yimuphi uHulumeni ngenxa yobulili. Lokhu kulungisa kwaba isiphetho sokulwa kwamashumi eminyaka nomzabalazo wabesifazane, owawuholwa amanani afana noSusan B. Anthony, u-Elizabeth Cady Stanton, no-Alice Paul. Kwandisa ukuvolontiya futhi kwaba isibonelo samalungelo omphakathi alandela. Inguquko ayizange izenzeke yabangela ukuba bonke abesifazane bangenele ngokwabo bonke, njengoba amaMelika, amaMelika, ama-Asiya nabesifazane abamnyama base-Eblain, futhi nabesifazane base-Black babhekene imigoqolo kwaze kwaba khona umthetho womphakathi kamuva.

ISichibiyelo Se - 20 - Fourth (1964): Ukwenqatshwa Kwentela Engcolile

ISichibiyelo samashumi amabili nane savimbela ukusetshenziswa kwentela yokuvota kuhulumeni. Izintela zokuvota zazisetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ezindaweni eziseningizimu ukuvimbela ukuvota amaMelika aphansi angenile. Ukulungisa kwasusa lomngcele wezomnotho wokuhlanganyela, nakuba amazwe athola ezinye izindlela zokuvimbela levoti. INkantolo Ephakeme yandisa ukuvinjelwa kokhetho kuhulumeni Harper v. Virginia State Board of Evolutions [1966], inquma ukuthi ingcebo ayiyona imfanelo esemthethweni yokuvota.

ISichibiyelo Sesithathu samashumi amabili nanhlanu (1971): Ukusakaza inkathi ka-18

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha sehlisa iminyaka yobudala yokuvota isukela ku - 21 kuya ku - 18, sashoshozelwa yimpikiswano yokuthi uma abantu abasha babebadala ngokwanele ukuba balwe eVietnam, babebadala ngokwanele ukuba bavote. Ukuncishiswa ngezinsuku eziyikhulu nje kuphela, lokhu kushintsha kwabonisa ukukhula kwezenzo zobusha nokuhlanganyela okukhulu ezigidini zamaMelika.

Indlela Lezi Zichibiyelo Ezihlangana Ngayo Nokuphila Kwanamuhla

Izinguquko azikho ekungabini nalutho; zihlolwa nsuku zonke ngokumelene nobuchwepheshe obusha, izinhlangano zomphakathi, nezenzo zikahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, iSichibiyelo seMiyalo Yesine sibhekana nemfuneko eyimfuneko engokomthetho yeSinambuzane ehambisana nemibandela enjengeqoqwa kokwaziswa yizinkampani zobuchwepheshe nezinhlelo zokuhlola uhulumeni. ISichibiyelo sokuqala sibhekene nemibuzo mayelana nomthetho wokukhuluma ngenzondo emapulatifomu ezenhlalo, ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho yokuhlanganisa izindaba, nokusekela imikhankanyiso yezombangazwe njengendlela yokukhuluma.

ISichibiyelo Sesibili sisalokhu sisenkabeni yezimpikiswano eziphikisanayo ngokuvinjelwa kwezibhamu, nezinkantolo zilinganisela amalungelo abantu ngokumelene nezimiso zomphakathi zokuphepha. ISichibiyelo se-8h siyaqhubeka kwazisa ukushintshwa kwemithetho yomthetho, kuhlanganise nezingxoxo ngesigwebo esiphoqelelwe ukuba sifakwe isigwebo esincane, ukuvalelwa wedwa, nesigwebo sokufa. ISiphendulo se - 144th Expressial Protection Claus sicelwa ekulweni kwe-LGBTQ, ukuvuma, nenkambiso yokufuduka.

Ukuze kuhlaziywe ngokujule kakhulu emacaleni amanje eNkantolo Ephakeme ehilela lezinguquko, i- Project inikeza ukufushaniswa kwecala nokuqoshwa kwemisho kwezingxoxo zomlomo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i- iSikhungo soMthetho-sisekelo sesizwe [ inikeza imithombo ehambisanayo nencazelo engochwepheshe.

Umshikashika Oqhubekayo Wokulondoloza Ukukhululeka Kombango

Inkululeko yomphakathi ayikona ukuzilawula; idinga ukuqapha, ukuqapha, nomthetho wejaji ozimisele ukusekela izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ngisho naphambi kombono othandwayo. Izinguquko ziye zaba izimpi ezishicilelwe izimpi eziningi zeMelika ezichaza kakhulu izingxabano zezenhlalo. Ukusongela lamalungelo kungavela kunoma yiliphi iqhawe likahulumeni nabadlali abaqaphile, nakuba uMthetho-mthetho ulinganisela ngokuyinhloko inyathelo likahulumeni. Izinhlangano zobulungisa bobuhlanga, ukulingana kwenani, iLBTQ, namalungelo abafuduki bonke bathembele kulimi lwe-Bill of Rights and the Reconstruptions.

Othisha, abafundi, nezakhamuzi akumelwe baqonde nje kuphela umbhalo walezinguquko kodwa futhi nomongo ongokomlando abathathwa kuwo nezincazelo eziye zaguqula incazelo yabo. Umthetho-sisekelo ongafundwayo nongavikelwanga uwumthetho-sisekelo ofaka izingozi zokuwohloka. Ngokuhlanganyela kulezi zincwadi zesisekelo, amaMelika ahlanganyela emsebenzini oqhubekayo wokwakha isibopho esiphelele ngokwengeziwe.

Isiphetho: Amandla Ahlala Njalo Esivikelo Somthetho - sisekelo

Isihluthulelo sokulungisa uMthetho-sisekelo we-United States asizona izinsalela zenkathi edlule; ziyizithembiso eziphilayo okumelwe zivuselelwe esizukulwaneni ngasinye. Kusukela ekuvikelweni kweSichibiyelo sokuqala sokuphikisa amazwi kuya ekuqinisekiseni kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane seSichibiyelo seSiphendulo, lamalungiselelo akha isakhiwo esingokomthetho senkululeko yaseMelika. Nakuba izimpikiswano eziphathelene nesilinganiso sayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwazo ziyoqhubeka, injongo yazo eyisisekelo ihlala ingashintshiwenziwa: ukunciphisa amandla kahulumeni nokuvikela isithunzi esingokwemvelo sawo wonke umuntu.

Ukuqonda lezinguquko kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zigcine icala lazo likahulumeni, ukuqaphela lapho amalungelo ephulwa, nokusekela izinguquko ezidingekile. Ukulwela inkululeko yomphakathi akupheli, kodwa uMthetho-sisekelo unikeza amathuluzi okulwa. Njengoba uMahluleli weNkantolo Ephakeme uWilliam Brennan ake waphawula, uMthetho-sisekelo "umthetho wenkululeko ephambene" usho lokho amazwe angenakukwenza kuwe. Ukuvikela labo "inkululeko" kuyisibopho esiqinile kubo bonke abayazisa inkululeko.

Kulabo abafisa ukuqhubekela phambili, [[QUT:0] Inhlangano yolwazi e-Cornell Law [[FTL:1] inikeza inguquko ebhaliwe yoMthetho-sisekelo ehlangene nezikhombi eziphawuliwe.