I-United States Constitution ayiyona ikhanyiswa iqhwa ngo-1787. Yaklanywa ngenqubo eyakhelwe ukwenziwa kwendlela yoshintsho: inqubo yokulungisa. Emakhulwini angaphezu kwamakhulu amabili, ama-7, ama-stences angu-7 aye afakwa, ngalinye elibonisa isikhathi esibaluleke kakhulu ekulweleni kwesizwe ukwakha isibopho esiphelele ngokwengeziwe. Lezi zinguquko ziye zaba yimoto yokuqala yokwandisa amalungelo abantu ngabanye, ukulungisa ukungalungi okungokomlando, nokuvumelanisa isimiso sikahulumeni ukuze kuhlangabezane nezidingo zomphakathi oshintshayo. Kubafundisi nabafundi, ukuqonda umsuka, ukuvalelwa, nokuthinteka kwalokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni injongo yezakhamuzi zaseMelika, inkululeko, nokulingana.

Lesi sihloko sihlola ushintsho oluyinhloko lomthetho-sisekelo oluye lwaguqula isimo saseMelika samalungelo, kusukela ku-Bill of Rights kuya ku-distual Coviil Irting induquations eziguqulayo ngemva kwempi yempi yamashumi amabili nokwanda kwe-20 kwe-frantance. Sizohlola ukuthi inguquko ngayinye yenzani kodwa futhi nomongo womlando owashukumisa ukuthathwa kwayo kanye nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngencazelo yayo. Ngokuhlola lolu shintsho lomthetho, singabona ukuthi le mbhalo uye wasetshenziselwa kanjani ukuvikela nokubekela inselele, usebenza njengendawo yempi yemibono ephakeme kakhulu yesizwe.

Inqubo Yesichibiyelo: Yaklanyelwa Ushintsho, Yakhelwe IConsensus

AmaFramers oMthetho-sisekelo aqonda ukuthi akukho mbhalo ongabona kusengaphambili yonke inselele yesikhathi esizayo. ISiphakamiso V soMthetho-sisekelo simisa inqubo yokulungisa, sikwenza kube nzima ngamabomu kodwa kungenzeki. Inqubo ye-Framestep idinga ukuhlongozwa okulandelwa ngokuhlohlwa. Ukulungisa kungahlongozwa ngenani elikhulu elingu-2939 lenani lamavoti eNdlu yabameli naseSigqeni, noma ngomhlangano wesizwe obizwa ngama-2 933-31 ezindlu zomthetho zikahulumeni. Kuze kube manje, zonke iziphakamiso ezingu-77 zihlongozwa yi-Congress; indlela yomhlangano ayizange isetshenziswe.

Ngemva kokusikisela, ukulungisa kumelwe kugunyazwe ama-triam ezwe, kungaba ngezishaya-mthetho zawo noma ngemihlangano yesifundazwe, njengoba kunquma iSishaya-mthetho. Le bhar ephezulu `ifuna izakhiwo ezinkulu kakhulu emagabeni womabili(iziqinisekiso ezibonisa ukuma okubanzi, ukuvumelana okuhlala njalo kunokudlula kwezikhulu zezombangazwe. Kusho futhi ukuthi ukuphumelela kwenguquko kungumkhiqizo wezinhlangano eziqhubekayo zezenhlalo nokwezombangazwe. Inkinga yalenqubo iye yalondoloza ukuqina koMthetho-Cestition kuyilapho iwuvumela ukuba ukhule uma isizwe sisafuna ukucaca. Ukubheka okujulile kweSiphakathi V, iZibonelo zeZibonelo zezwe zinikeza [FLD:] umbhalo ogcwele nomlando.[FFL:1]

I - Bill of Rights: Izinqumo Zokuqala Eziyishumi Njengesivikelo Senkululeko

Ngo-1791, iSikhathi Samalungelo Abantu samiswa ngokushesha ngenxa yesidingo esiqondile se-Antiāferalist sesivikelo kuphambano lukahulumeni. Lezi zinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi zibala inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye futhi zilinganise amandla kahulumeni omusha oyinhloko. Ukulungisa ngakunye kwalo lonke icebo lalomthetho omusha kwalokhelwa izikhalo zamakoloni ngokumelene nokubusa kwaseBrithani nokwesaba ukuthi uhulumeni wesizwe onamandla angawanyathela amalungelo ezakhamuzi. Nakuba iSimemezelo samaLungu samalungelo esabelweni sokuqala sasebenza kuhulumeni wombuso, iSiphendulo seshumi nanye kamuva sasizonweba isivikelo esikhulu salezi zizimele zikahulumeni ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-pligion.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: Insika Yokubonakaliswa Kwentando Yeningi

ISichibiyelo sokuqala siqinisekisa inkululeko emihlanu: inkolo, ukukhuluma, ukunyathelisa, ukuhlangana, nokunxusa. Kuyisisekelo sentando yeningi yaseMelika, sivikela amalungelo abantu okuziveza ngaphandle kokucusumbulwa uhulumeni, ukukhulekela (noma ukunganqunywa) njengoba bekhetha, nokubuthana ngokuthula ukuze bafune ushintsho. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yachaza lokhu kulungiswa okukhulu, ivikela ngisho nenkulumo engathandeki noma ehlazisayo, nakuba izigaba ezithile ezifana nokugqugquzela, ukuhlanjalazwa, nokuhlanjalazwa kuthola isivikelo esincane. Isivikelo sephepha likagesi esikhululekile siye sadingeka ekubekeni uhulumeni ukuba ulandise futhi sazisa umphakathi.

ISichibiyelo Sesibili: Ilungelo Lokugcina Nokuthwala Izikhali

ISichibiyelo Sesibili sithi: "I-Militia elawulwa kahle, njengoba idingekile ekulondekeni koMbuso okhululekile, ilungelo labantu lokuphatha futhi bathwale izikhali, ngeke lishaywe." Emlandweni omkhulu waseMelika, lokhu kwaqondwa ngokuyinhloko ngokomongo wenkonzo yamabutho. Nokho, ku 2008 iDiality of Columbia v. Heller [iNkantolo], iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi ivikela ilungelo lomuntu lokuba nezikhali zakhe siqu ekhaya. Lokhu kuhlala kungumunye wezindaba eziphikiswana kakhulu, ngezingxoxo eziqhubekayo eziphatheleneze izinga lomthetho kanye nokuphepha komphakathi.

Okwesihlanu, Isiphazamiso Sesithupha Nesesishiyagalombili: Ukuvikela Ummangalelwa

Lokhu kulungisa ndawonye kwakha isivikelo somthetho wobulungisa. [[FLT:] Isichibiyelo sehora lesibili abaqaphi ngokumelene nokuseshwa okungacabangeli nokuquleka, okudinga izivumelwano ezisekelwe ngokunokwenzeka. [] ISiphakamiso seSiphendu [[FLT:] seSiphendu siqinisekisa inqubo efanele yomthetho, isivikelo kuwedwa (isokungathuli), futhi izingozi eziphindwe kabili. [[FLT:]] ISiphakamiso [[FLT:]] [[FLT:]] [5] iqinisekisa ukuvikelwa kwecala nomphakathi ngokuvikelwa imvume engokomthetho, nokukhokhwanywa kofakazi abangakhethi. [FLT] [FLT] [5] [exma]

Izinqumo Ezisele: Okweshumi Neshumi

Isichibiyeli seNguquko se-Ninth sicacisa ukuthi uhlu lwamalungelo athile kuMthetho-sisekelo alusho ukuthi abantu abawagcini amanye amalungelo, angangeni ndawo. Isichibiyeli seSimende [ sigcinelwe amazwe noma abantu noma yimiphi imibuso engaphathiswa uhulumeni wezwe ngoMthetho-sisekelo. Baqinisa umqondo wegunya elilinganiselwe nomthetho ohlala njalo.

Izinqumo Zempi Zangemva KweMpi: Ukusungulwa Kwesibili Kokulingana

Ngemva kweMpi Yombango, lelizwe labhekana nomsebenzi omkhulu wokuhlanganisa izigidi zama-Afrika aseMelika ayesanda kukhululwa emphakathini waseMelika. Izivumelwano ezintathu zokulungisa isimilo se-(we-13, 14th, no-15) zazihloselwe ukuqeda ubugqila nokumisa uhlelo olungokomthetho lokulingana kwezinhlanga. Igebe lazo laphawula ukwanda okuphawulekayo kwamalungelo kusukela ku-Bill of Rights, nakuba isithembiso salo sasizothatha elinye ikhulu leminyaka ukuba liqale ukugcwaliseka.

Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nesithathu (1865): Ukuvinjelwa Nokuphela Kobuqotho Obuzenzekelayo

ISichibiyelo sekhulu le-13 sabuqeda phakade ubugqila nesibopho esiboshweni e-United States, ngaphandle kwesijeziso sobugebengu. Kwakuyinguquko yokuqala eyagunyazwa ngemva kweMpi Yombango futhi ime njengokulahlwa okuqondile kwenhlangano eyayihlukanise isizwe. Inguquko yanikeza futhi uMkhandlu amandla okuphoqelela amalungiselelo ayo ngomthetho ofanelekile, ivulela indlela imithetho engokomthetho yomphakathi. Nokho, ukukhishwa kwayo yesijeziso sobugebengu kuye kwaholela ezimpikiswaneni eziqhubekayo ngokuphathelene nokugqilazwa kwezisebenzi emajele, ifa eliyinkimbinkimbi elisaqhubeka lihlolwa namuhla.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nane (1868): Ukuba isakhamuzi, Inqubo Efanele, Nesivikelo Esilinganayo

ISichibiyelo se-14 cishe siyinguquko ebaluleke kakhulu eyanezelwa ngemva kweSiphakamiso Samalungelo Abantu. Ingxenye yaso yokuqala ichaza izakhamuzi ngokwezinga lesizwe: "Bonke abantu abazelwe noma abangokwemvelo e-United States, futhi ngaphansi kwegunya layo, bayizakhamuzi zase-United States naseHulumeni lapho behlala khona." Lokhu kwasiguqula isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme esinedumela elibi] uScott [[ u-1857]

Ukulungisa futhi kwenqabela ukuncishwa kwanoma yimuphi umuntu "ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho" futhi kuqinisekisiwe "ukuvikelwa ngokulinganayo kwemithetho." Lemisho iye yasetshenziselwa ukukhipha imithetho yezemfundo, ukuhlanganisa iSigqi Samalungelo Amalungelo Awodwa, nokusebenza njengesisekelo somthetho-mthetho sokunquma igebezo lwezinhlanga (umz., brown v. ibhodi lezemfundo[]), ukulingana komshado ([[FLT:]] OF:berge. v [FLT].f.f.f.f."

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nanhlanu (1870): Ilungelo Lokuziphilisa Ngaphandle Komjaho

ISichibiyelo se-15 samemezela ukuthi ilungelo lokuvota "ngeke linqatshwe noma livinjelwe i-United States noma yinoma yimuphi uHulumeni ngenxa yobuhlanga, ibala, noma isimo sobugqila bangaphambili. Kwakuwumzamo wesibindi ukuhlanganisa abantu Black Black, ikakhulukazi endaweni eyayiyiConfestertacy. Nokho, ukumiswa kwemithetho ngokushesha kumiswe imingcele enjengezivivinyo zokufunda nokubhala, intela yokukhokha intela, kanye nokwesatshiswa ngobudlova kokususa i-Black Councict. Kwakuseze ku-Oting Rights Act ka-196565 ukuthi uhulumeni uphethe isithembiso se-Hluntellimente. I-Andment ihlala iyithuluzi eligxekayo empini yokulwa nodwelisholo.

Ukwandisa I - Franchise: ISichibiyelo Se - 19, Se - 24 Nese - 26

Nakuba iSichibiyelo se - 15 esasihloselwe ukuvikela amalungelo okuvota amadoda amnyama, abesifazane babesakhishwa ekuvotelweni. Umzabalazo wokulwela abesifazane wawususuka eSivumelwaneni seMpophoma iSeneca ngo - 1848 kuya ekuhlawulweni kokugcina kweSichibiyelo se - 19. Kamuva ukulungisa kwasusa eminye imigoqo yokuvota, okwabonisa ukwanda okude kwentando yeningi.

ISichibiyelo Se - 19 (1920): Ukuthungatha Kwabesifazane

ISichibiyelo sekhulu le-19 sithi "ilungelo lezakhamuzi zase-United States lokuvota alisoze laphiwa noma lavinjelwa i-United States noma yinoma yimuphi uHulumeni ngenxa yobulili. Ukudlula kwalo kwakuyisiphetho samashumi eminyaka angu-3365 ubude benhlangano eholwa amanani afana noSusan B. Anthony, uElizabeth Cady Stanton, noAlice Paul, owasebenzisa amasu asukela ekuceleni ukungalaleli komphakathi. Ukuncishiswa kwamelela ukwanda okukhulu kwezombangazwe ezikhethiwe neziyisisekelo zaseMelika. Nokho, ayizange iqinisekise ukufinyelela kokwenza bonke abesifazane bakhethelwe, njengoba abesifazane baseMelika eyindabukweni nasebangeni elivamile nabesifazane abaningi bebhekenemingcele engokomthetho nakwengeziwe kuze kube sehlulele kamuva.

ISichibiyelo Se - 20764 (1964): Ukwenqatshwa Kwentela Engcolile

Intela yokunyenyelisa yayisetshenziswe ngokuyinhloko emazweni aseNingizimu ukuze kuvinjelwe ama-Enican aseMelika kanye nabamhlophe abampofu ekuvoteni. ISichibiyelo sama-24 saqeda ukusetshenziswa kwentela yokuvota kukhetho lukahulumeni. Nakuba singakhulumanga ngokhetho lukahulumeni, iNkantolo Ephakeme kamuva Harper v. Virginia Board of Evolutions [196] yaqeda izintela zokuvota zikahulumeni njengesephula isigwebo sesivikelo se-14 seSiphendulo. ISiphendulo sama-24 sasiyisihluthulelo sokunqoba kwe-Polivial Rights Movement futhi sasusa isithiyo ebhokisinithiwe.

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha Samashumi Amabili (1971): Ukuncishiswa Kwenkathi Yokushintshwa Kuye Kuyi - 18

Phakathi neMpi yaseVietnam, ukumemeza okuhlanganisayo "kwanele ukuba kulwe, kudala ngokwanele ukuba kuthathwe i-offail" yathola isilinganiso sombuso. ISichibiyelo sama-26 sehlisa iminyaka yokuvota kusukela ku-21 kuya ku-18 kukho konke ukukhetha. Kwagunyazwa emlandweni ngesikhathi esingaphezu nje kwezinyanga ezintathu . Ukuveza ukuvumelana okunamandla kokuthi intsha eyayibuthelwa ukuyokhonza izwe layo kumelwe ibe nezwi ekukhetheni abaholi bayo. Lokhu kuncishiselwa phambili izigidi zabasha abavoti ezicushweni, nakuba uvoti ehliswa phakathi kwe 182424249595 kuya 249,polds bekulokhu kuhleli ngaphambili kuneminye iminyaka yobudala.

UMthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo: Iziphendu Nezinhlangano Zomphakathi Eziqhubekayo

Izinguquko ze-Constitution aziveli emoyeni omncane. Ziwumkhiqizo wezinhlangano eziqinile zezenhlalo ezifuna ushintsho, ezakha izibopho zezombangazwe, futhi zishintshe umbono womphakathi. Umbutho wokunqanda ukuqedwa kwemithetho yamazwe waveza iSichibiyelo sekhulu le-13. Umza wabesifazane waveza iSichibiyelo sekhulu le-19. I-Civil Rights Movement yaveza i-24 futhi yasiza ekuphoqeleleni iZinguquko ze-14 ne-15. Muva nje, ukuqhubekisela phambili i-LGBTQ+ ukulingana kwaholela eNkabeni Ephakeme yeSinyulu sombuso sokuqinisekisa ukulingana kwenkululeko yomshado [iRG.[FLT] V. [FLT] [FLD1], futhi iyaqhubeka ukuphonsa intelo ye-odrustmentationstions. Isiqinisekiso se-systrumplementummentances (iementmentmentmentation Reformation Regreverdition, noma i-Empletemental Regation, futhi i-

Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ukuthi inqubo yokulungisa akuyona nje indlela engokomthetho; inqubo yezombangazwe nempucuko. Izinhlangano kumelwe kuqala zakhe icala ukuze zishintshe izinga lotshani, bese zincenga izikhulu ezikhethiwe nomphakathi obanzi. Ubunzima benqubo busho ukuthi impikiswano esekelwe kakhulu iphumelela. Kodwa izinguquko akuzona kuphela eziyindlela yokuhlanganisa amalungelo. Inkulumo yamajaji ngokuvamile ichaza ukuncitshiswa kwenqubo efanelekile ye-14 kanye nemithetho elinganayo yesivikelo. Lokhu kuveza amalungelo amasha kuphela.

Izinselele Nezimpikiswano Zanamuhla: Ikusasa Lamalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

Nakuba ukulungisa kuye kwasiza ekwandiseni amalungelo, lenqubo ihlala inzima kakhulu esikhathini sanamuhla sokubekwa kwezombangazwe. ISichibiyelo sama-77, esagunyazwa ngo-1992, sanikezwa iholo lenhlangano futhi sathatha iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-200 ukulisebenzisa. Akukho nyundelwa okukhulu kwamalungelo kusukela eSichibiyelweni sama-26 ngo- 1971. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ezinye izazi nabashisekeli ukuba zibize inguquko enqubweni ngokwayo, njengokunciphisa umnyango wokwakheka kwe-ratituation noma ukuvumela ukunwetshwa okuthandwayo okungokwezwe nge-rendendums.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kunezinkambiso ezisebenzayo zokulungisa izinguquko ezintsha ezindabeni ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise neSichibiyelo Esilinganayo samaLungelo, umkhankaso wenguquko yezezimali eWashington D.C., nelungelo lokuzifihla ngenkathi yobuchwepheshe. Incazelo eguquguqukayo yeNkantolo ekhona iyaqhubeka ilungisa amalungelo. Ngokwesibonelo, izinga leSichibiyelo sesibili, imingcele yenkululeko yokukhuluma kwimithombo yezezenhlalakahle, kanye nencazelo yesivikelo esifanayo ngemfundo nangokhetho, zonke izindawo zincintisana.

Enye inselele yimpicabadala phakathi kwamandla kahulumeni namalungelo emibuso. Isichibiyelo seshumi sigcina imibuso ebanzi, nezimpikiswano eziningi zanamuhla − njengalezo ezithinta impilo, ukukhipha isisu, nezimiso zendawo ezungezile − guqula ukuthi uhulumeni wezwe unegunya elingokomthetho yini lokuthatha isinyathelo. Ukuhlelwa kwamanje kweNkantolo ePhakeme nendlela yokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo (imfundiso yokuqala. inqubo esemthethweni) izothonya indlela kokubili okusha nokushintsha okusha okusebenza ngayo iminyaka eminingi.

Isiphetho: Ukuzithoba Okuhlala Njalo KweziNkambiso Zomthetho - sisekelo

Izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho ziyithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu loshintsho olungokomthetho esimisweni saseMelika. Zibonisa ukuzimisela kwesizwe ukulungisa ukwehluleka kwaso, ukunweba izinhloso zaso, nokuzivumelanisa namaqiniso amasha. Kusukela kumthetho wesivikelo samalungelo abantu kuya ekulungiseni isithembiso sokulingana, kusukela ekulungiseni ukufakwa kwemizabalazo yemizamo eqhubekayo yokulungisa amalungelo amasha, ukuguqulwa kubonisa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uyincwadi ephilayo ngomqondo ongokoqobo wenguquko yesithembiso sokulingana, kusukela ekulungiseni ukufakwa kwemiyalulo esekelweni yesisekelo.

Kuthisha nabafundi, ukucwaninga ngokulungisa akuyona nje indlela yokuzivivinya emlandweni. Kuyisimemo ukuqonda umsebenzi oqhubekayo wentando yeningi yaseMelika. Ukulungiswa ngakunye kulandisa abantu abalwa, abahlelekile, futhi banxenxa abanye ukuba benze isizwe sibe nokulunga ngokwengeziwe. Njengoba kuphakama izinselele ezintsha, inqubo yokulungisa ihlala ikhona, isikhumbuzo esihlala njalo sokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo awulona uphahla kodwa umgangatho owenziwe phansi.