Ubugebengu be-Cyber buye baba yinto ekhathaza kakhulu kohulumeni emhlabeni wonke. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka, kanjalo namasu obugebengu obubodwa. Enye yezimpikiswano ezibalulekile ezingokomthetho eziphikisa ubugebengu be-inthanethi ukusebenza kwesimiso sezemithetho ye- ngokuphindwe kabili [. Lesimiso sivimbela umuntu ukuba avinjelwe icala elifanayo, kodwa ukuyisebenzisa ezindaweni zobugebengu ze-inthanethi kuveza izinselele eziyingqayizivele ezivivinya imingcele yezimfundiso ezingokomthetho ezimisiwe isikhathi eside. Indawo ezungezile yezimiso zezokusebenza ngokwezimiso zezokuxhumana, izisulu eziningi, nemithetho edluliselwe kude, izinkantolo, izibondathano-mthetho, izibondabukiso zecala nezibondabukiso zokuhlola ukuthi isiphi isenzo somthetho "somusodwa" emqondweni lapho izenzo zokushaya isambaleleka kwecala zingaveza khona inqwaba yemiba ezindaweni ezihlukene.

Ukuqonda Ingozi Ephindwe Kabili

Ingozi ephindwe kabili imfundiso engokomthetho esekelwe ezimisweni eziningi zomthetho, kuhlanganise ne-United States, lapho ibekwe khona esiGuqulweni sesihlanu soMthetho-sisekelo. Ivikela abantu ukuba bangamangalelwa kaningi ngenxa yobugebengu obufanayo, iqinisekisa ubulungisa futhi ivimbele uhulumeni ukuba ahlukumeze ummangalelwa ngokuphindiwe ngokuqulwa okuphindaphindiwe. Isimiso sitholakala futhi emasikweni omthetho avamile nakweminye imikhakha engokomthetho yamanye amazwe amaningi, nakuba izinga laso eliqondile lihlukile.

Isu elinengqondo elibangela izingozi ezimbili linezinto eziningi. Ivimbela umbuso ekusebenziseni imithombo yawo ephakeme ukuze unciphise ummangalelwa, uvikele ukuphetha kwesinqumo, futhi usekele ubuqotho besimiso sobulungisa ngokuvimbela imiphumela engavumelaniyo. Ekujuleni kwayo, lemfundiso ibonisa inhlonipho eyisisekelo ngenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nenkolelo yokuthi uma umuntu eye wabekwa engozini yokukholwa nokujeziswa, akufanele aphile ngokwesaba ukuvuselelwa kabusha kwecala ngenxa yokuziphatha okufanayo.

Isivivinyo se-"Samese"

E-United States, uvivinyo olubaluleke kakhulu lokunquma ukuthi amacala amabili akha icala elifanayo ngezinjongo eziphindwe kabili yi-' ukuhlolwa komsizi , osungulwe i-hitburger v. United States [1932]]. Ngaphansi kwalokhu kuhlola, uma uvivinyo ngalunye ludinga ubufakazi beqiniso lokuthi enye ayilona, zithathwa njengeziphakamiso ezihlukene futhi izingozi eziphindwe kabili azibekelwe ngokulandelanayo. Nokho, uma ukuziphatha okufanayo kwephula umthetho kahulumeni nomthetho wezwe, imfundiso ehlangene ivame ukuhlukanisa ngoba izikhulu ezimbili zicatshangelwa ngokwezizwe ezihlukene.

Ukwehlukahluka Kwazo Zonke Izimiso Zezomthetho

Izingozi eziphindwe kabili ziyahlukahluka emhlabeni wonke. E-United Kingdom, isimiso sasingasho lutho ngokwesiko, kodwa ukulandela phezulu i-profile enecala elimsulwa ezimweni ezingathi sína, kwafakwa amacala athile lapho kuvela khona ubufakazi obusha nobunamandla (umz., Criminal Justice Act 2003). ECanada, R. Kienapple[[[FLL:1] Isimiso [i-"I-"I-"I-'isimendo] esimelene nezinkolelo-zinkolelo eziningi [[FLT] [i-all] [[1]] yamisa umthetho omelene nemithetho efanayo. Kuwo wonke amalungu asebenzayo ekugcineni imithetho ehlangene. Kuwo wonke lemithetho eyinkimbinkimbi yesizwe, imithetho engokwemithetho eyinkimbinkimbi yezemthetho.

Ukungezwani Kobugebengu Obumbaxa - mbili Nobugebengu Obungalawuleki

Ubugebengu be-Cyber buhlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zemisebenzi engekho emthethweni, kuhlanganise nokukhohliswa kwemininingwane, ukuhlaselwa kwesihlengo, ukuphulwa kwemininingwane, ukukhwabanisa nge-inthanethi, nokuphucwa kwempahla okungokwesayensi. Lokhu macala ngokuvamile ahilela izisulu eziningi, amaqembu amaningi angokomthetho, futhi angabekwa isigwebo esihlukene-hlukene, kusukela ekukhwabaniseni nge-computer kuya ekukhwabaniseni kwemininingwane. Lokhu kudlanga okungokomthetho kubangelwa yizinselele eziphindwe kabili.

Umbuzo oyinhloko uwukuthi: uma umenzi wobugebengu kuyi-inthanethi ethatha inkambo eyodwa yokuziphatha, njengokuphula i-net nokweba ukwaziswa kwamakhadi okuthenga ngesikweleti, bangazanywa ngesenzo esifanayo ngezindawo ezihlukene noma ngaphansi kwamacala ahlukene ngaphandle kokwephula izingozi eziphindwe kabili? Impendulo ayicacile. Izwe ngalinye, isifundazwe, noma ngisho nesifundazwe singachaza ukuthi i-"icala elilonke" lihlukile, futhi isenzo esifanayo sobuchwepheshe singavezwa ngezindlela eziningi kuye ngelens elakhiwe ngomthetho.

Izinselele Eziyinhloko

Izimpikiswano Eziningi Nobukhosi Obuningi

Ubugebengu be-Cyber buqabukela buhloniphe imingcele engokomzimba. Ochwepheshe baseZweni A angayekelela iziphathi-mandla eZweni B abese eba ukwaziswa ezisulwini ezisezweni C, D, nase-E. Ngaphansi kwemfundiso ehlangeneyo, i-costaver(couverry noma State) ngayinye ibhekwa njengenhlangano ehlukene ngezinjongo eziphindwe kabili. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ummangalelwa angabekwa icala ngenxa yokuziphatha okufanayo okungaphansi kwezindawo eziningi ngaphandle kokwephula izingozi eziphindwe kabili, ngoba "icala elinjalo" lichazwa ngokuhlobene nemithetho yenkosi ngayinye. Lokhu kwakha ingozi yokuhlukunyezwa ngokuphindaphindiwe nokuphambana okusemthethweni kwezelelwe izigebengu ze-inthaneti ezingase zibekwe phansi kakade ngenxa yempikiswa futhi ziqulwe kabanzi, ukuze zibhekane nokumangalelwa kwezinye izindawo ngenxa yezenzo ezifanayo.

Ngokwesibonelo, icala elibi lomuntu owenqabela isimiso samanzi sedolobha lingabekwa icala ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni waseU.S. lokukhwabanisa nge - computer nomonakalo, ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni wokuphanga kobugebengu, futhi ngaphansi kwemithetho yelinye izwe lapho izisulu zihlala khona — zonke ngenxa yochungechunge olulodwa lwezinkinobho. Izinkantolo ziye zashikashikeka ngokuthi ukumangalelwa okunjalo okuhlukahlukene kuhilela inqubo engafanele, futhi ezinye izazi ezingokomthetho ziphikisa ngokuthi ukungezwani okuhlangene nokunye okubangelwa ubugebengu be - Internet kufanele kusetshenziswe kancane kancane emkhakheni wobugebengu bembulunga yonke.

Ukumangalelwa Okuhlukile Okubangelwa Ukuziphatha Okufanayo

Abashushisi bavame ukuba nenkomba yokukhokha izimali ezikhona ukuze kuhlanganiswe ukuziphatha okufanayo kobugebengu nge-inthanethi. Ngokwesibonelo, isenzakalo esisodwa sokweba izimpawu zokungena singaqulwa njengemvume engagunyaziwe (i-Computer Prix and Abuse Act), ukweba imininingwane, ukukhwabanisa kocingo, nokungenwa kwemininingwane ekhudlwana. Nakuba lokhu kuvela emaqinisweni afanayo, ukuhlolwa kweBlockburger kungaphatha njengecala elihlukene ngoba idinga ubufakazi bengxenye ethile abanye abangayenzangakhonzi (umz., ukukhomba, kudinga ukukhomba okubonisa ukuthi isisulu singumuntu wangempela, kuyilapho ukukhwaba kocingo kudinga ukuxhumana phakathi kwezentengo ebhizinisini engaphandle). Lokhu kungaholela ekuqulweni okukathandweni okukathayo okuka kaningi.

Abalweli baye baphikisa ngokuyize ukuthi amacala anjalo angenayo aphula umoya wengozi ephindwe kabili ngoba wonke asekelwe "ekuthathekeni okufanayo" kodwa izinkantolo ngokuvamile ziye zathi uma ilungiselelo ngalinye lomthetho livumela isijeziso esihlukile nezici ezidingekayo, akukho ukwephulwa komthetho-sisekelo. Umphumela uwukuthi isigebengu se-social comnetic singabekwa inqwaba yamacala abangela isenzakalo esisodwa, kanye nethuba lokuhlanganisa imisho edlula isijeziso esivamile sobugebengu obubodwa.

Ubuchwepheshe Obushintshayo Nencazelo Engokomthetho

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bushintsha, kuvela izindlela ezintsha zokuhlasela nge-website, eziholela ezincazelweni ezintsha ezingokomthetho ezingase zingavumelani kahle nasebekhulile. Ngokwesibonelo, ukunyuka kwe-farealware . lapho umkhohlisi eqamba amanga futhi efuna ukukhokhwa (hhayi) angamangalelwa njengokuphanga, ukulimala kwe-computer, noma ngisho nokukhwabanisa kocingo. Kodwa uma ummangalelwa ayekhululwe ngaphambili ngokuphangwa ngenxa yesenzo esifanayo, angalingwa kamuva ngenxa yomonakalo we-computer? Izinkantolo kumelwe zinqume ukuthi ukumangalelwa okusha kuyi-"icala eliyimpela" noma ukuphinde nje abhalwe icala lokuziphatha okufanayo.

Inkinga ehlobene nento ethatha isikhathi esengeziwe [. Ubugebengu be-Cyber buvame ukuhlanganisa ukuziphatha okuqhubekayo: u-crector angalondoloza ukungenela okuphikelelayo esimisweni sezinyanga eziningi, ukudlulisa ulwazi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ingabe isenzo ngasinye esisha sokungena sihlanganisa icala, noma iyingxenye yenkambo eqhubekayo yokuziphatha okufanele iphathwe njengecala elilodwa? Impendulo inganquma ukuthi ukushushisa okuphindaphindiwe kuyavumelekile yini. United States v. Gaglidi, isifunda sesibili siphikisana noma yizenzo eziningi zokungena okungavunyelwe kokungena komthetho ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezihlukene noma ukuphindiwe komthetho oqhubekayo. Inkantolo isebenzisa ingqikithi ye-[FTPULT] ephuma ekuhlolweni okusobala, kodwa ekuhlolweni okusobala.

Izisulu Eziningi Nenkinga Yokwethulwa Kwezinqubo

Isenzakalo esisodwa se-inthanethi yolwembu jikelele singathinta izinkulungwane noma ngisho nezigidi zezisulu. Ngaphansi kokuhlaziywa okuvamile okuphindwe kabili, inani lezisulu aliyilethi "ama-offenses"""" ngokunjalo ligxile esenzweni esinqatshelwe, hhayi inani labalimele. Nokho, imithetho eminingi ye-computer ichaza icala ngokubhekisela esisulwini (umz., "ukwenza ikhomphyutha ngaphandle kokugunyaza umnikazi ngamunye othintekile"). Lokhu kuvula umnyango ukuba ubeke icala lokuthi ukwanda kwesisulu ngasinye, kuholela ekumangalelweni okungaba khona ngezenzo zodwebo. Abavikeli baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kubajezisa kaningi ngenxa yenkambo efanayo, kuyilapho abashushisi besekela ukuthi isisulu ngasinye simelela ukwephulwa umthetho obanzi.

Icala Elingokomthetho Nezenzakalo Eziphawulekayo

Amacala amaningana angokomthetho aqokomisa lezi zinselele futhi anikeze isiqondiso futhi angahambisani ngaso sonke isikhathi — ngenxa yendlela izinkantolo eziyisebenzisa ngayo ingozi ephindwe kabili ebugebengwini obubangelwa i - Internet.

United States v. Miller (9th Cir. 2021]

Kulendaba, ummangalelwa waqanjwa ukuba angene emkhakheni wezemfundo yaseyunivesithi futhi wantshontsha imininingwane yokucwaninga. Waqala ukubekwa icala ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni ngenxa yokuphambana ngamacomputer futhi kamuva wabekwa icala ngomthetho ngenxa yokukhwabanisa ngocingo nokweba izimfihlo zokuhwebela. Inkantolo yesifunda yawalahla amacala kahulumeni ngezindawo eziphindwe kabili, kodwa iSifunda seNinth sawalahla. Sathi isifunda sasinezinto ezihlukene, futhi izivumelwano zomthetho zinezici ezihlukene, nokuthi ama-consicsbecs avunyelwe ukuqulisa izinkantolo ezihlukene. Inkantolo yagcizelela ukuthi ukulimala kwenyuvesi (icala elingokomthetho) kanye nokulimaza abaxhasi bezenziswa ukucwaninga kwakusobala. Abagxeki besinqumo babethi izaba yizekeli bokugcina, njengoba izigebengu ze-ikhilo-webhusayithi zingaphoqelelwa ukuba zilwe imfundiso ezindaweni ezihlukene ngaphansi kwesenzo esifanayo.

[[UMTL:0]R. v. Vail (Inkantolo yokudlulisa Amacala, 2019)

Lapha, ummangalelwa wabekwa icala lokufinyelela okungagunyaziwe (isilinganiso esisodwa) futhi kamuva ngokukhwabanisa kwekhomphyutha (ukunye ukubala) okuvela esimweni esisodwa sokungena. Inkantolo yasebenzisa i- KIonapple[ isimiso (inani elilingana nengozi ephindwe kabili) futhi yasekela ukuthi lamacala amabili ayewama "Ikhombénzi" ngoba ukukhwabanisa kwakuyisifakela esingaphansi kwecala lokungena. Icala libonisa ubunzima bokwahlukanisa phakathi kwamalebulathesi ahlukene obugebengu be-webhsayithi kanye nesidingo sokuchaza ngokucophelela.

State v. Johnson (New Jersey, 2020)

Ummangalelwa wakhipha i-sihlenga ethonya abasebenzisi abangu-3000. Abashushisi bammangalela ngaphansi komthetho we-computer (izibalo ezihlukene zesisulu ngasinye) nemithetho kahulumeni yokuphanga. Ngemva kwesivumelwano sikahulumeni, uhulumeni wafuna ukuphinde ammangalele ngokuhlasela okufanayo kwesihlengo. Inkantolo yalahla ukumangalelwa kukahulumeni, yakhipha isinqumo sokuthi isifundazwe namacala kahulumeni ayesekelwe kumthetho ofanayo "obugebengu" futhi ukuvumela icala lesibili liyokwephula ilungelo lommangalelwa ukuba akhululwe ezingozini eziphindwe kabili. Icala liyisilinganiso esingavamile ekumangalelweni okukasha okukanyanti okukabili.

Izenzakalo Zasezweni Lonke

Ku-European Union, i-bitne bis ku-intem isimiso siye sahlolwa ezindaweni ezinqamulene ne-commercat à commark. Ngokwesibonelo, Goti v. i-Spain[ [Inkantolo yase-European yeJaji, 2017], ummangalelwa owaye wakhululwa ngecomputer edashwidryclern transtings eFrance, ngokungenwa ngecala kamuva eSpain ngenxa yokuziphatha okufanayo okuhilela izimiso ezifanayo zecomputer. Inkantolo yanquma ukuthi ukushumayeza aseSpain aphula [[FLT:]] amabine ku-intem[[FLT] [[FLT:] [5] ngenxa yokuthi izinto ezibonakalayo zazingahlangene namacala aseSpain ayengasekelwe kubufakazi obusha. Lokhu kugcizelela ukuvikelwa okunye okunye okunye okuvumelana nezimiso ezingokomthetho ezifana nezokuvini, kodwa futhi kuveza i-EUR.

Amakhambi Nezinguquko Ezasikiselwa

Izazi zezomthetho zisikisela izindlela eziningana zokuxazulula le zinselele. Umgomo uwukulondoloza izingozi ezisemqoka ezimbili kuyilapho uzivumelanisa namaqiniso obugebengu obusetshenziswa ngemishini.

Ukuvumelanisa Imithetho Yomhlaba Wonke

Elinye lamasu athembisa kakhulu ukusungulwa kwezivumelwano zomhlaba wonke ezihlanganisa izincazelo ezivamile nezinqubo ezihlobene nobugebengu be-inthanethi. [umthetho we-Bhudapest] kuyi-Cybercrime (Umthetho we-Conuncil waseYurophu, 2001) kakade unikeza uhlelo lomthetho wezephulamthetho owenziwe ngemuva kanye namathuluzi okusebenza, kodwa awudingi ukuhlelwa ngokuphindwa kabili. Isivumelwano esisha noma isivumelwano singamisa isimiso se "impikiswano, icala elilodwa" ngenxa yokudlulisela izimemo eziningi zezimpawu zesibonakaliso. Lokhu kudinga izizwe ukuba ziqaphele izahlulelo zokugcina zomthetho kanye nebhangezomthetho owe-produralidis ngaphansi kwendlela efanayo [FL:2] emoctene phakathi kwe-ictive.[FFOL]

Izindinganiso zomthetho ezicacile ze-"Icala elicazululiwe"

Izishaya-mthetho zingacacisa uma izigebengu eziningi zikha amacala ahlukene kanye nawomthetho ofanayo. Izimiso eziningi manje zisebenzisa ulimi olubanzi, olungenalutho. Ukuguqulwa kungadinga ukuba amacala obugebengu obungokwe-inthanethi asekelwe ezenzweni ezihlukene noma ezisulwini ezihlukene kunokuba zithathwe ngendlela efanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho ungagunyaza ukuthi lapho isenzakalo esisodwa sokungena ngaphandle komthetho siholela ezisuluni eziningi, ummangalelwa angabekwa icala lokwephula isigwebo esisodwa kuphela ngaphandle kokuba umshushisi abonise ukuthi isisulu ngasinye sihileleke esihlukene, sithatha isinyathelo esihlukile (umz., sihlukanise amalognion angedwa esisulu ngasinye). Indinganiso enjalo inganciphisa ingozi yokungena kwabantu abaningi futhi ihlelwe ngokuphindizela kabili.

Imithetho Yokubambisana Kwezobuchwepheshe Nobufakazi Bezinombolo

Ukubambisana phakathi kwezindawo kuyingozi. Izivumelwano zosizo olungokomthetho (MLAT) namaqembu okuhlola ahlangene kungasiza ekuhleleni ukuqulwa kwecala ukuze kuqashelwe i - Internet, uma kuqiniswa wonke amacala. Izindlela ezingcono kakhulu ezisetshenziswayo ezimisweni ze-minustry ze-unstics. Njengezingosi ze-watel kanye nezimiso zezimiso ze-'millimetics'. Kusiza abashushisi ukuba babonise ukuthi izenzo ezihlukene zihlukene ngempela ziwubugebengu, ukunciphisa. Izindikimba zomhlaba zonke ezinjenge-INTERPOL ne-UROUROP kakade sezisebenza eziqondiswe iziqondiso ezihambisana nezimiso ze-webhusayithi ezibonisa ukulahlekelwa okuphindwe kabili.

Imithetho Yobuchwepheshe − Nemithetho Engahambisani Nezwe NoClaus

Ukuze baxazulule inkinga yobuchwepheshe obuxubene nobuchwepheshe, izishaya-mthetho zingahlela imithetho ngolimi lwezobuchwepheshe. Esikhundleni sokubala izindlela ezithile (umz., "ukukhwabanisa" kanye ne-intern àquwirement yayo), bangachaza amacala asekelwe emphumeleni oyingozi (umz., "ukuphazamisa okungagunyaziwe kwesimiso sekhompuyutha esibangela ukulahlekelwa kwezomnotho"). Izincazelo ezinjalo zingezeke kakhulu ukuba ziphelelwe isikhathi njengemibazwelo entsha yokuhlasela okuvelayo, futhi zinciphise ukukhucubuthwa kwamacala adlulele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imiba yangaphandle edinga ukubukezwa ngezikhathi ezithile kwemithetho yobugebengu nge-i - Internet ingasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuba bangangeni izimoto eziyingozi.

Isiphetho

Ubugebengu be-Cyber buyaqhubeka bushintsha ngokuphambana kwemigqa, kanye nomthetho okhuluma ngayo. Ukusetshenziswa kwengozi ephindwe kabili emacaleni obugebengu obungokwezingosi kungenye yezimpikiswano eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ezibhekene nomthetho wanamuhla. Ukulinganisa izimiso zobulungisa kanye nokulunga namaqiniso obugebengu bamanani kuwumsebenzi oyinkimbinkimbi kodwa obalulekile wezimiso zomthetho emhlabeni wonke. Nakuba i-soversignety ne-Blockburger inikeza isiqondiso esithile, ngokuvamile zinezinkinga zokusingatha imbulunga yonke, i-international victim, izingozi eziningi zeze-electim. Ingozi yokumangalelwa kwemiba, engaphezulu kakhulu emhlabeni wonke, engaphezulu kakhulu, engaphezulu kakhulu kwe-cregion, ezindaweni eziphezulu, ezindaweni eziphezulu, ezindaweni eziphezulu zomthetho, futhi eziphethe i-ogalomel isongela imfundiso eyingozi kakhulu yesivikelo yaklanywe ngokuphindwa kabili.

Intuthuko idinga umzamo ohlangene: ukuhlanganisa izimiso zomhlaba wonke, ukucophelela imithetho yasekhaya, nokuthuthukisa ukubambisana okukhulu phakathi kwabashushisi. Kungalapho singaqiniseka khona ukuthi labo abenza ubugebengu be-inthanethi babekwa icala ngaphandle kokulahla isimiso esiyisisekelo sokuthi akekho okufanele avivinywe kabili ngenxa yephutha elifanayo. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubekisela phambili imingcele yalokho okungenzeka, umthetho kumelwe ujwayele ukulondoloza izivikelo ezichaza umphakathi onobulungisa.