Uyini Umthetho Wesigebengu Futhi Kungani Ubalulekile?

Umthetho wesigebengu uyisisekelo sokuziphatha komphakathi owenqatshelwe. Uchaza ukuthi yini ewubugebengu, ihlela izinqubo zokubamba nokumangalela abantu abamangalelwe, futhi ugunyaza izijeziso ngalabo ababoshelwe. Ngaphezu kwesethi yemithetho, umthetho wobugebengu uhlanganisa isahlulelo somphakathi esihlangene ngokuziphatha okwamukelekayo nemiphumela yokuwela lowo mngcele. Kubafundi bomthetho, ochwepheshe bezimiso zobulungisa, nezakhamuzi ezibophele izakhamuzi, ukuqonda umthetho wobugebengu kubalulekile ekuqhubeni nasekuthuthukiseni isimiso somphakathi esisekela ukulondeka nomthetho womphakathi.

Lesi sihloko sihlanganisa izisekelo zomthetho wobugebengu, ukuhlanganisa izimiso zawo eziyisisekelo, izinhlelo zomthetho, izinqubo zokuvikela ezikhona, kanye nezindlela zomthetho-sisekelo ezivikela omangalelwe. Ngokukhipha lezi zakhi, abafundi bayothola ukuqonda okuwusizo, okusekelwe ekuqondeni indlela umthetho wobugebengu osebenza ngayo.

Izimiso Zomthetho Wobugebengu Eziqondiswa I - core

Lezi zimfundiso ziqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izimiso zokwahlulela kobugebengu zilungile, zilinganisela amandla kahulumeni, futhi zivikela abamangalelwa ekuphathweni ngokungafanele.

Umbono Wokungabi Nandaba

Ukucabanga ukuthi umsulwa kuyilungelo eliyisisekelo: wonke umuntu obekwa icala lobugebengu ubhekwa njengongenacala kuze kube yilapho ethola icala enkantolo yomthetho. Lesi simiso sibeka umthwalo enkantolo ukuze kufakazelwe isici ngasinye sobugebengu ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Akuwona nje umthetho ovamile − uguqula yonke inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala, kusukela eziyalweni zejaji kuya ezindinganisweni zobufakazi obudingekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe icala.

Umthwalo Wobufakazi: Ngaphandle Kokungabaza Okunengqondo

Ezimweni zobugebengu, ummangalelwa kumelwe ahlangabezane nendinganiso ephakeme kakhulu yobufakazi obaziwayo emthethweni: ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umthumeli weqiniso (umahluleli noma umsizi wejaji) kumelwe aqiniseke ngokuqinile ngecala lommangalelwa. Uma kukhona ukungabaza okunengqondo, okuvelayo ebufakazini noma ukuntula kwabo, ummangalelwa kumelwe akhululwe. Lendinganiso iveza ukukhetha komphakathi ukukhulula ongenacala ngokulahla onecala.

Ilungelo Lokumelela Ngokomthetho

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. siqinisekisa abamangalelwa ngecala ilungelo lokusiza ngeseluleko. Lelilungelo liqinisekisa ukuthi abamangalelwa bangafaka isivikelo esinengqondo, ngisho noma bengakwazi ukunikeza ummeli. Gideon v. Wainwright[ [1963], iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi kumelwe ikhiphe abavikeli bomphakathi ukuba bamangalelwe ngecala elingathi sína.

Isivikelo Engozini Ephindwe Kabili

ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sivimbela ingozi ephindwe kabili, kodwa umuntu akanakubekwa icala elifanayo ngemva kokulahlwa noma ukuvunyelwa.

Inqubo Yomthetho Efanele

Kokubili iziHlanzi zeSichibiyelo sesihlanu neseshumi nane ziqinisekisa inqubo efanelekile, okusho ukuthi uhulumeni kumelwe alandele izinqubo ezilungile ngaphambi kokuncisha noma ubani ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Emthethoni wobugebengu, inqubo efanele ihlanganisa ukuqaphela okufike ngesikhathi kwamacala, ukuqulwa kahle, inkantolo engakhethi, nelungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi nofakazi abanqamuleneyo.

Izigaba Zobugebengu: Imibono, Ama - Misdemeor, Nangaphezulu

Umthetho uhlukanisa phakathi kwezigaba ezihlukahlukene ezisekelwe ekuqineni, ekulimaleni okungabangelwa yikho, nasekujezisweni okungase kuvele.

Imikhosi

Izenzo zobugebengu ezingathi sína kakhulu, ngokuvamile ezijeziswa ngokuboshwa isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka noma ukufa. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukubulala, ukudlwengula, ukuthumba, ukuphanga, nokushushumbisa izidakamizwa. Phakathi kwezindawo eziphethe izikhali, imibuso eminingi ihlela phakathi kwezinga ngokwesilinganiso (umz., ukubulala kokuqala okungokokuqala). Ukubulala kokwesibili okusemthethweni ngokuvamile kunemiphumela engokwe-endial: ukulahlekelwa kwamalungelo okuvota, ukungagunyazi kwemisebenzi ethile, nokungagunyazi ukuphatha izibhamu.

Amaphutha

Amaphutha angewona amacala amakhulu kakhulu, ajeziswa unyaka wonke ejele (ngokuvamile ejele lendawo kunokuba libe ijele likahulumeni) futhi noma ifa. Izikhova ezivamile zihlanganisa ukwebiwa okuncane (ukuphanga), ukuhlasela okulula, ukuziphatha okungahleleki, kanye nenkathi yokuqala ye-DUI. Nakuba ukukhohliswa okungaqinile kungakabi kakhulu kunobufebe, ukukhohliswa okungafanelekile kungathinta umsebenzi, indlu, kanye nokuhlinzwa kwezingane okungochwepheshe.

Iziphambeko Nokuphula Imithetho

Ngaphansi kakhulu kuneziphazamiso noma ukuphulwa kwemithetho − amacala afana namathikithi omgwaqo, i-jay, noma ukulahlwa. Lokhu ngokuvamile kuphatha amaface kodwa akunasikhathi sasejele. Ababhekwa njengobugebengu ngomqondo ophelele futhi ngokuvamile abawenzi umlando wobugebengu.

Ubugebengu Obungalawuleki

Amacala angenayo ahlanganisa ukuziphatha okuhloselwe ukwenza ubugebengu kodwa kuphele. Amacala amathathu abangela ukungemthetho aphelelayo asho ukuthi (ukuthatha isinyathelo esiqondile sokuya ebugebengwini), [ ukuphambana [ [ukubopha] [ukubopha] [ukubopha] [ukubopha] [ukukhipha impoqo]] [ukushaya] [ukubopha] [ukubulala] [ngephula umthetho [ngemthetho]]], kodwa okuphawulekayo, [[FLT] kanye] [[FLT] [4] (impola noma ukukhuthaza othile ukuba enze ubugebengu]. Isijeziso ngenxa yobugebengu ngokuvamile sinzima kakhulu kunezenzo zobugebengu, kodwa namanje.

Ubugebengu Obumhlophe Nobuyi - Corporate

Akuwona wonke ubugebengu obuhilela ubudlova noma amacala asesitalatweni. Ubugebengu belanga obumhlophe buhlanganisa ukukhwabanisa, ukuhweba, ukuthumba imali, nokufumbathisa (izenzo) ezivame ukufezwa abantu emabhizinisini noma abaqeqeshiwe. Ubugebengu obungekho emthethweni bubhekisela ezenzweni ezingekho emthethweni zezinhlangano noma izinhlangano zabo ukuze kuzuze inkampani. Lokhu bugebengu ngokuvamile buhlanganisa ubufakazi obuyinkimbinkimbi, imithetho elawulayo, futhi bungaphumela ekuthengeni okukhulu nokukhokhwanywa kwemali.

Inqubo Yokwahlulela Kwesigebengu: Ukusuka Ekucwaningeni Kuya Ekukhangeni

Uhambo lokusuka ekusolweni ubugebengu ukuya ekuxazululweni kokugcina luhlanganisa uchungechunge lwezigaba ezicaciswe kahle. Isiteji ngasinye sinemithetho yaso siqu, izinhloso, kanye nesivikelo.

Ukucwaninga Nobufakazi

Imithetho egunyaza umthetho iqala uphenyo olusekelwe ekumangalelweni, ekuqapheleni, noma emakhopheni. Abaphathi baqoqa ubufakazi obungokoqobo (umzk., iminwe, iDNA, izikhali), ofakazi bokuxoxa, izindawo zokuphenya (ngokuvamile ezidinga imvume), kanye nokwaziswa kobuchwepheshe. Umgomo ukusungula inkolelo enengqondo yokuthi ubugebengu buye benziwa nokuthi umuntu othile ubenzile. Iqoqo lobufakazi obungakhomba ekuqulweni kwecala ngaphansi komthetho owenziwayo.

Ukuboshwa Namalungelo Emiranda

Uma nje ikhona imbangela, amaphoyisa angabopha umuntu osolwayo. Uma efaka umuntu ejele, izikhulu kumelwe ziwafundele izixwayiso ezijwayelekile Miranda [ (ilungelo lokuhlala buthule, libotshele ummeli, njll.). Izinkulumo ezitholakele ngokwephula kukaMiranda zingaba ezingenakubonwa kamuva. Ukuboshwa kungenzeka ngemvume, kuye ngezimo.

Ukubhala Nokubukeka Kokuqala

Ngemva kokuboshwa, kukhishwe incwadi, kubhalwe iminwe, futhi kuqedwe. Esikhathini esifushane (ngokuvamile amahora angu- 48 noma ngaphansi), kumelwe zilethwe phambi komahluleli ukuze zivele okokuqala. Umahluleli utshela ummangalelwa ngamacala, umisa ibheyili noma ukukhululwa kwemibandela, futhi umisa iseluleko uma kudingeka. Umahluleli angase anqume ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthi kunesizathu sokuqhubeka evalelwe.

Ukudonsana Nezindlela Eziphambili

Umshushisi uhlola ubufakazi futhi anqume ukuthi kufanele abhalise amacala angokomthetho. Lokhu kungahilela ukunikeza ubufakazi kumphathi omkhulu (ofuna amaphutha) noma ukufaka ukwaziswa ngokuqondile. Ibhukwana elikhokhileyo lisho amacala aqondile. Ngemva kokumangalelwa okungokomthetho, icala lidlulela ekuthatheni inqumbi yangaphambi kokuhlolwa, okungase kuhlanganise nokuthatha isinyathelo ukuze kuncishiswe ubufakazi, ukulahla amacala, noma ukushintsha indawo. Ukuqulwa kwecala kwangaphambi kwezikhathi lokuhlola nakho kwatholakele(ukuncintisana kobufakazi phakathi kokuqulwa nokuvikela).

Ukudla I - plagang

Ukuncintisana kuyisigaba esibucayi lapho ummangalelwa engase akhulume khona ngokufaka isikhalazo esinecala kumacala amancane noma ngesigwebo esincishisiwe, ukuze athole ilungelo lokuthola icala. Icala elikhulu lobugebengu (cishe i-90-95%) lixazululwa ngokunxusa, hhayi ngokuqulwa kwecala. Umahluleli kumelwe aqinisekise ukuthi isicelo singesokuzithandela futhi ummangalelwa uqonda imiphumela. UPlea ufaka ijubane lesinqumo kodwa futhi ukhulisa ukukhathazeka ngempoqo nangendlela engafanele.

6. Ukubekwa icala

Kumthetho, ummangalelwa ufundwa izikhalo ezingokomthetho futhi ucelwa ukuba angene esicelweni: unecala, engenacala[[, noma [[[FLT:]] i-anolo iphicone [ [ukuncintisana] [ukungathathwa njengesifungo somthwalo wecala kodwa okungavunywa icala]. [[Ummangalelwa] ufaka isigaba sokuqulwa kwecala. Uma ummangalelwa engangeni ekuceleni, inkantolo ingena "ngenecala" ngenxa yabo.

7. Ukuqulwa kwecala

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha siqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwamacala amakhulu abahluleli. Inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala ihlanganisa:

  • Ukukhetha (ingozi) - abameli babuza abameleli abangathola ubandlululo.
  • [[[I] izinkulumo ezivulayo - uhlangothi ngalunye lukhomba lokho ubufakazi obuzokubonisa.
  • Ukunikezwa kobufakazi – ukushushisa kuhamba kuqala, ukubiza ofakazi nokunikeza imibukiso; ukuzivikela kulandela nendaba yakho siqu.
  • Cross ukuhlolwa [ - ohlangothini oluphikisayo lubuza imibuzo yobufakazi ukuze kuhlolwe ukwethenjelwa.
  • Izimpikiswano ezivezayo - Ohlangothini ngalunye lufingqa ubufakazi futhi luphikisa incazelo yalo.
  • Iziqondiso ze-JURY - umahluleli uchaza umthetho ijaji okumelwe liwusebenzise.
  • Icala – amajaji azenza ngenhloso futhi abuyisa isinqumo. Isinqumo esinecala kumelwe sihlangane ezimisweni eziningi.

Uma abahluleli bengenakukwazi ukufinyelela isinqumo esivumelanayo (“ijaji elingakuqondisi kahle"), ijaji lingase likhiphe icala elingafanele, futhi umshushisi angalilungisa leli cala.

8. Ukugwetshwa

Uma isinqumo sinecala, inkantolo ithatha icala. Izigwebo zingahlanganisa ukuboshwa, ukugwetshwa, ukuhlawuliswa, ukuhlawuliswa izisulu, inkonzo yomphakathi, noma inhlanganisela. Abahluleli bacabangela iziqondiso zomthetho, isimo somthetho, umlando wobugebengu wommangalelwa, nokuvala icala noma ukuququda. Uma kuvela emacaleni abulalayo, isigaba sesijeziso esihlukile sinquma ukuthi isigwebo sokufa sibekwa yini.

9. Ukudlulisa Amacala Nokusiza Ngeposi

Ummangalelwa angadlulisa icala noma isigwebo enkantolo ephakeme, aphikisa amaphutha angokomthetho athinta umphumela. Izikhalo zigxila embhalweni wokuqulwa kwecala, hhayi ebufakazini obusha. Inkantolo yokudlulisa icala ingaqinisekisa, ibuye iphendule, noma ifake isikhalazo esisha. Ngalé kokudlulisa isikhalo, abamangalelwa bangase bafune usizo lwangemva kokuqulwa (umz. habeas corpus) ezisekelweni zomthetho, njengosizo olungaphumeleli lweseluleko.

Ukuvikela Okuvamile Emthetho Wesigebengu

Ukuvuma izinto eziningana ezivikelayo kubenza bagweme noma banciphise icala lobugebengu.

Ukuzivikela Nokuvikela Abanye

Umuntu angasebenzisa amandla anengqondo ukuze azivikele ekulimaleni okuseduze komzimba. Amandla asetshenziswayo kumelwe alinganise usongo. Izifundazwe eziningi zilandela "imfundiso yecastle" (awukho umsebenzi wokubalekela ekhaya lakho) noma "ubambe imithetho yakho". Ukuvikela kwabanye kuyasebenza uma othile engenela ukuze avikele umuntu wesithathu ekulimaleni.

Ukuzivikela Ebumnyameni

Ukuzivikela okuhlanekezelayo akuwona amazwi "ongenacala" kodwa okungekhona ukuqunjelwa ngengqondo. Ummangalelwa kumelwe abonise ukuthi ngesikhathi sobugebengu, babengakwazi ukuqonda isimo sezenzo zabo noma ukuhlukanisa okulungile nokungalungile. Izindinganiso ziyahlukahluka ngokwemithetho (umz., ukubusa kwe-M’Naghten, ukuhlolwa kwe-Model Penal Code). Ukuvikela kokusangana akuvamile ukusetshenziswa futhi kuphumelela kakhulu, kodwa kungaholela ekuzibopheleni esigungwini sengqondo kunokuba kuholele ejele.

Albi

I-alibi iyisivikelo esiyiqiniso, kodwa inikeza ubufakazi (ubufakazi, amarekhodi, ukuqapha) obubonisa ukuthi zazikhona kwezinye izindawo lapho ubugebengu buqhubeka. Umshushisi kumelwe abese ephikisa i-alibi ngokunengqondo. Ukuqaphela i-alibi ngokuvamile kuyadingeka kusengaphambili.

Imvume

Impicabadala yenzeka lapho umthetho ubangela umuntu ukuba enze ubugebengu abengeke balwenze. Isivikelo sigxila ekuziphatheni kukahulumeni, hhayi ekuthambekeleni kommangalelwa. Uma ummangalelwa esekulungele kakade futhi ezimisele ukwenza lobu bugebengu, ukugwenywa kuyahluleka. Ukuhlola ngokuvamile kuyacupha (ubhekisa esimweni sengqondo sommangalelwa) noma umgomo (ubhekisa phambili ekuziphatheni kwamaphoyisa).

Izikhathi Nesidingo

Izenzo ezingathi sína ziyasebenza lapho umuntu enza ubugebengu ngenxa yosongo lokufa olusheshayo noma ukulimala okungathi sína komzimba komunye umuntu. Isidingo sisebenza ezimweni lapho ukwephula umthetho kuvimbela khona umonakalo omkhulu (ngokwesibonelo, ukweqa ukuze uphunyuke umlilo). Zombili izisekelo zifuna ukuba ukulimala okugwenywe kudlule umonakalo owenziwe futhi akukho okunye okungokomthetho okukhona.

Ukuphamba Iqiniso

Uma umuntu eqonde iqiniso ngokwethembeka nangokunengqondo, lelophutha lingasijikijela isimo sengqondo esidingekayo (amadoda aphinde). Ngokwesibonelo, ukuthatha impahla yomunye umuntu ekholelwa ukuthi iyiyakho kungase kujikije inhloso yakho ukweba. Nokho, ukuthatha umthetho ngokungafanele akuvamile ukuba ukuzivikela.

Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo Nesivikelo Semvelo

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. uqukethe izivikelo eziningi ezibumba inqubo yomthetho wobugebengu. Amalungiselelo ayinhloko ahlanganisa:

  • Isichibiyeli sesine:[ Isivikelo ekuphenyeni okungacabangeki nokuquleka; kudinga izimfuneko ezisekelwe ekubangeleni okungenzeka.
  • Isichibiyeli se-F5th: Ilungelo ngokumelene nokuzixazulula; inqubo efanele; ukwenqabela ingozi ephindwe kabili.
  • Isichibiyeli se-xxte:[ Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo nokuyikhomba umphakathi, amajaji angakhethi, ukumangalelwa, ukuphikisana kofakazi, inqubo ephoqelelwe, nosizo lweseluleko.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Isichibiyeli sobubanzi: Isivikelo ekubekeni ibheyili ephakeme, amafashini eqile, nesijeziso esinonya nesingavamile.
  • Isichibiyeli seshumi nane:[ inqubo elindelekile nesivikelo esilinganayo esisetshenziswa ezizweni.

Lamalungelo awakho enziwa afunyanwe − aphoqelelwe ngezindlela zokuthatha izintambo ukuze kuncishiswe ubufakazi, ukuxoshwa kwamacala, noma ukubuyiselwa ekudlulisweni. Ukuze ubheke ngokujulile indlela lezinguquko ezisebenzelana ngayo, bheka i- I-Chonational Service of Research Service yeSichibiyelo sesihlanu[.

Ubufakazi Nendima Yabo Emacaleni Ezelelesi

Ubufakazi buyimali yenkantolo. Imithetho yobufakazi ilawula lokho okunganikezwa, indlela ubufakazi obunikezwa ngayo, nokuthi imiphi incazelo evunyelwe. Imiqondo eyinhloko ihlanganisa:

  • Ubufakazi Ukubekelwa i-releving: kumelwe buthambekele ekufakazeleni noma ekuphikiseni iqiniso lomphumela.
  • izindlebe zizwa: izitatimende ezinikezwayo zeqiniso lendaba ngokuvamile azinakufinyelelwa, ngaphandle okuningi (umz., amazwi avusa amadlingozi, amarekhodi ebhizinisi).
  • uFakazi oncintisanayo: Kumelwe babe nolwazi lomuntu siqu futhi bakwazi ukuxoxa ngalo; abantwana nabantu abakhubazekile engqondweni abazenzisi.
  • I-Chain yelungelo lokuhlala: ubufakazi obungokomzimba kumele bubelwe kusukela ekuqoqweni ukuya ekuqulweni kwecala ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi buyiqiniso.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Ubufakazi obungaqiniseki:[ Isayensi noma ubufakazi obukhethekile budinga ochwepheshe abafanelekayo abafakaza ngezindlela ezithembekile (ezishiwo [[[QT]2]]] i-Daubert noma [[FLT]]Frye] izindinganiso).

Umthwalo wobufakazi usalokhu ukhona enkantolo. Ukuvikela akudingekile ukuba kunikeze noma yibuphi ubufakazi, nakuba ngokuvamile kuphakamisa ukungabaza okunengqondo. Imithetho ebanzi yobufakazi [ inikeza uhlelo olubanzi olusetshenziswa nasezinkantolo eziningi zesifundazwe.

Amalungelo ezisulu esimisweni sobulungisa bobugebengu

Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, izisulu zobugebengu ziye zathola amalungelo angokomthetho nangokomthetho-sisekelo. Izifunda eziningi ziye zamukela izisulu izindleko zamalungelo, eziqinisekisa ukuthi:

  • Qaphela ukuqulwa kwenkantolo kanye nesikhundla sommangalelwa.
  • Ilungelo lokuba khona lapho kuzwakala nalapho kuvivinywa.
  • Ilungelo lokukhuluma lapho ugweba (izinkulumo ezithinta imizwelo).
  • Ukufeba ngenxa yokulahlekelwa ngokwezimali.
  • Ukuvikelwa ekuhlukunyezweni noma ekwesatshiswa.

Lamalungelo awathatheli indawo yendima yomshushisi kodwa aqinisekisa ukuthi izisulu ziyazwakala. Ezingeni likahulumeni, i-Crime's Rights Act [[[FLT: 1] inikeza izivikelo ezifanayo.

Imibono Eqhathaniswayo: UMthetho Ovamile uphikisana noMthetho Wangaphakathi

Izimiso zomthetho wobugebengu ziyahluka emhlabeni wonke. I-United States kanye namanye amazwe avamile (u-UK, Canada, Australia) zithembele kakhulu ezicini ezilandelanayo, ezandulela ezejaji, neziqu zamacala. Ngokuphambene, izimiso zomthetho womphakathi (izwekazi le-Europe, i-Latin America, iJapane) zisebenzisa isibonelo sokuqulwa kwamacala lapho abahluleli bephenya ngokuzikhandla, futhi zikhomba. I-United States futhi inezici ezikhethekile ezifana nabashushisi abakhethiwe nezibopho zokuthola izinto eziningi. Ukuqonda lokhu kuphikisana kusiza ukuba umthetho wobugebengu waseMelika ulwelwelwe ngokwemithetho yomhlaba wonke.

Isiphetho: Isizathu Sokuba Wonke Umuntu Abaluleke Ngomthetho Wesigebengu

Umthetho wesigebengu awuwona nje umthetho wabameli nabahluleli. Uthinta amalungelo esakhamuzi ngasinye, ukuphepha, nezibopho. Ngokuqonda imiqondo eyinhloko ```umbono wobumsulwa, ukuhlelwa kwezigaba zobugebengu, izinga lokuvikela, nezikhungo ezikhona, nezimiso zomthetho-mthetho okwazi ukulandela izinqubo ezingokomthetho ngokuqonda kangcono futhi uhlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo enkulumweni yezomthetho yokulungisa. Ukuba ungumfundi olungiselela isikole somthetho, umfundisi okhulayo, noma isakhamuzi esikhathalelayo, izisekelo ezibekwe lapha, isisekelo esiqinile sokuhlola izakhiwo ezijulile. Njengoba uqhubeka ufunda, cabangela ukuqhathanisa imithetho yombuso nemithetho eqondile nezinye izigaba ukuze ubone indlela izimiso ezisetshenziswa ngayo. Ukuqala iphuzu elibanzi, [FL:] [FUS]