Ukuqonda Izithiyo Ezingokomthetho Emithethweni Yokucwasa Amazwe

Ukumangalela uhulumeni wezwe ngokucwasa kungezinye zezici ezinzima kakhulu zamalungelo omphakathi. Nakuba isimiso somthetho waseMelika sinikeza amakhambi kubantu abalinyazwe ukuziphatha kobushiqela, isimo esiyingqayizivele sohulumeni bamazwe njengezinhlangano ezizimele sidala izithiyo ezingokwesiko nezingaphansi ezithi abamangalelwa abavamile bangazijabuleli. Abakhohlisi abafuna ukuba nombuso onecala ngenxa yobandlululo kumelwe bahambe phambili ngemibango yokugoma, izindinganiso ezihlukene, iziqondiso eziqinile, nezidingo ezikhandlekile ezinganqoba ngisho nokufaneleka ngaphambi kokuba bafinyelele ukuqulwa kwecala. Lesi sihloko sichaza izithiyo ezinkulu ezingokomthetho, iziteshi ezincane eziseduze kwabo, nokucabangela okufanelekile okumelwe zihlele lezi zimo.

Izinkulumo zokucwasa ezimelene nemibuso zivame ukuvela ngaphansi kwemithetho kahulumeni enjengethi The Thit VII of the Civil Rights Act ka - 1964, iMelika enoMthetho (ADA), iNkathi Yenkathi Yokucwasa Emsebenzini (ADEA), kanye neSigamu 504 soMthetho Wokuvikela Inguquko Yeshumi Nesine Kanye, kanye nangaphansi kweSiphendu seSiphendu se - 14 u-U.S. . .6 1983. Kodwa kungakhathaliseki inkolelo engokomthetho, i - Dempletementation of Elect (INguqulomentation) ishonementation Act (A) ishoshologoma enkulu kuzo zonke izindaba.

Imfundiso Yokuhlangana KoMbusi NeSichibiyelo Seshumi Nanye

Isisekelo sesivikelo sikahulumeni esubeni imfundiso yokuvikela ubukhosi bokuzivikela eUnited States, ebuyela emuva emthethweni wesiNgisi futhi yafakwa eMthethweni woMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ngeSichibiyelo se-Andeminth. ISichibiyelo seshumi Nenye sinikeza: [

[amandla eSivumelwano e-United States]
nakuba umbhalo ubonakala ungowezohlukana kuphela, iNkanto ephakeme ichaza ukuthi isamba sokumelana nemithetho noma i-ekhohla-yo, iqale noma imangalelwe omunye we-United States yizakhamuzi zeZwe elithile, noma i-izakhamuzi zanoma isiphi isiphi iZwe.[FLT]

Izinga Lesichibiyelo Seshumi Nanye

ISichibiyelo seshumi nanye asisebenzi nje kuphela esifundeni kodwa naseminyangweni yezwe, iminyango, nasemakhonzweni abhekwa njengezikhali zikahulumeni. Ukunquma ukuthi yini ukuthi into ethile ifanelekela njengengalo kahulumeni kuhilela ukuhlolwa kwamazinga amaningi okuhlola izinga lokulawula kukahulumeni, umthombo wezimali, nokuthi isahlulelo singakhokhwa yini emalini ewumnikelo wemali. Lendlela yokuvikela ikwehlisa isamba semali, ikwehlisa isilinganiso semali, futhi inciphise ngisho nokukhululeka ezimweni eziningi. Inkantolo ephakeme ibambe ukuthi ukuvikeleka akuphelele, kodwa, futhi iqophethe kathathu ngaphandle kwemithetho: (1) lapho i-Congressbeastry divitionstion isigaba se-Mfusion, (2) lapho isimo sokunciphiswa kwayo siletha isikhala, futhi (3) lapho iveza isamba esingokomthetho sokukhululeka esingokomthetho esingokomthetho esingaphansi kwemfundiso ye-Foctive.[F][0][0]

Ukudlondlobala Kwenhlangano Ngaphansi Kwengxenye 5

Impoqo ingawedlula umthetho wesimiso sokuvikela izikhali lapho idlula ngaphansi kweSigaba 5 seSichibiyelo seshumi nane, esinika uMkhandlu amandla okuphoqelela ukuvuselelwa kwesiqinisekiso sokuvikela nokulandelana. Isidingo esiyinhloko siwukuthi umthetho kumelwe ube yi-[FL:0] "inxanxanxanxathela”[[FFL:][FFF:4][FF]][FLT][FFF:5] [1] [isimo esisekelwe kuhlelo olubhalwe phansi kwesigaba seNqophophophothi, iNkampepho ye-Huphomu elungiselelwe i-'isitshalo.[10] [indlela engathi i-FOT] [inkulu] [inkulu i-FF] [FF] ihlelwe inguquko enzima, inguquko ekhundleni lezimiso zezimiso zezimiso zezimiso zezimiso zomthetho] [[10][10] ihlelo lenguquase, isuke ihlelo lenguquagrount] ngenxa yesigaba sesigaba se-Esahlu:[19] ingu, inguqua

Abahlukile Nabahlaseli: Indlela Izwe Elivuma Ngayo Ukudukiswa

Ngisho noma iSishaya-mthetho singakanqandwa, uhulumeni ungase uvume ngokuzithandela ukuvumelana. Kumelwe kuchazwe ngokungagunci kakhulu `izindawo zokuvikela izikhali. Izwe lingaphazamisa ukuvikela ngezimiso zikahulumeni, iziqondiso, noma ngokususa icala enkantolo kahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, izifundazwe eziningi ziye zadlulisela iziphakamiso eziye zanikeza izigigaba ezithile zokumangalelwa ukuba ziqhubeke, kodwa lezizenzo zibeka imingcele eqinile ekulahlekeni, isaziso, nezinhlobo zezinkulumo ezivunyelwe.

Izenzo Nezindlela Zokuphatha Ezishiwo Uhulumeni

Ezindaweni eziningi, ukuqunga inxusa likahulumeni elifuna ubandlululo kuqala kudinga ukufaka isimemezelo sokuphatha ngebhodi noma i-applet ye-operation (ngokuvamile ngaphakathi kwefasitela elimfushane kakhulu (umz. 90 noma 180). Ukuhluleka ukuhambisana nalezi zimfuneko zesaziso kungaphumela ekususweni ngokushesha. Ngokwesibonelo, ngaphansi kwe-Tort Epionties Acts Act, i-paccoff kumelwe ibhale izikhangiso ze-Compation ne-Romagements Board ngaphambi kokufaka icala. Lesidingo sisebenza ngisho nasekufuneni komthetho-mthetho-mthetho owenziwe ngaphansi kwe-Hlelo 1983, nakuba imfuneko yokucola ingasebenzi ezenzweni ngokumelene nomthetho. Kubalulekile ukuba ababhidisi bezwe phakathi kwe-mthetho wezwe nenkantolo yombuso babaphathi benkantolo.

Imfundiso Ewujuqu Ewubusha

Mhlawumbe isikhombi esinamandla kakhulu ekuvikeleni ukuzivikela komthetho ngokusemthethweni yi-[FLT] Ex ex Young imfundiso evumela izikhulu zikahulumeni ukuba zimelane nomthetho osemthethweni emakhonweni azo okuthi zilindele ukunqanda ukuvinjelwa okuqhubekayo komthetho kahulumeni. Ngaphansi kwalemfundiso, umthathi-mthetho angafuna uhlelo lwenkantolo olufuna isikhulu sezwe ukuba sinqande isimiso sokuvimbela ubugebengu, futhi ikhiphe izinhlelo eziwubekezele, uma imvume yokuyeka ukusebenzisa inqubo yokuthola umsebenzi ongabandlulwayo engokohlanga ngokungemthetho. [FFFF4] isebenzisa imingcele yeSiphakathi seSikhundla. [For.] [effene] i-Express:[10]

Izindinganiso Ezingokomthetho Nemithwalo Ewubufakazi Emacala Obandlululo

Ngisho noma umthathi-mfashini enqoba ukuzivikela kobuso begazi, kumelwe bahlangabezane nezindinganiso ezifunayo zomthetho wobandlululo. Uhlelo oluvamile yindlela yokulungisa umthwalo emiswe ku-[FLT][FLT]] Mcnell Douglas Corp. v. [FLT] [1973] [773] [i-1973] [i-FLT], esebenza ku-ADEAA, ne-ADA. Ngaphansi kwale paradigm, i-fradigm kumelwe iqale imise i-trimacie. I-ftiffactieacs ngokubonisa ukuthi: bangaba sesigaba esivikelelwe; (2) basebenzisa futhi bafanele ukuzuza isikhundla; bahlupheka naphezu kwezimfanelo zabo; (4) nokukhuphuculwa kwe-am. (igticed proced produced producesssss (ip) i-seqed produced proced, isigaba, ishoshoshosho ka-

Ukubonisa Ukubandlulula Okungenazinhloso

Ezimweni ezingaphansi kwe-Uncility Protection Clause, umkhohlisi we-compal Kumelwe afakazele ukuthi umbuso wathatha isinyathelo ngenhloso yokuhlukanisa. Hhayi nje i-Court in[FLT][FLT]] u-Sahington v. Davis[ [1976] [66] [66] wakholelwa ukuthi umthetho noma umthetho othinta ngokungenakulinganiswa isigaba ongawuphuli umthetho ngaphandle kokuba umkhandi we-tejiki wesinqumo ubonise ukuthi umenzi wesinqumo wenza ngokukhetha. Lokhu kudinga ubufakazi bezinkulumo, umongo womlando, ukusuka ezimisweni ezivamile, noma obunye ubufakazi obubonisa izisusa izisusa ezingeni eliphansi. Umphumela womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho owenziwe ngezindlela eziqinile, futhi ongenakuveza ukuvithwa kwe-ANS. Ngaphandle kokuba umthetho ohluliwe, uveza umbangoso oluqinile, futhi unyazahlulele ngaphandle komthetho.

Ukukhishwa Kwezindlela Zokuqondisa

Phambi kokuqulwa kwecala ngaphansi kwesihloko VII, ummangalelwa kufanele aqale afake icala lobandlululo nge-Aumelt Opportunity Commission (EOC) noma i-mode efanayo ye-octive commentation mentment. Icala kumelwe libekwe phakathi nezinsuku ezingu - 180 zobandlululo oluthiwa (izinsuku ezingu-300 ezisezikhundleni ezinezikhundla zezisebenzi). I-EEOC kufanele ihlole futhi ikhiphe i-acerrective-omment Option Committee (inkonzo yasobala). Ngaphansi kwe-AAAAAI's, zonke izimfuneko ze- VII zisebenza. Ngaphansi kwesihloko II (imisebenzi yasobala), incwadi ewumthombo we-oral, ingadinga ukukhipha imvume yokulawula, nakuba inkantolo idinga ukuhlukana.[0]

Icala Lamuva Nentuthuko Engokomthetho

Izwe lokugwema ukugwenywa liyaqhubeka liguqukela. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, izinkantolo ziye zalwa nokuhlangana kwesimiso sokuvikela ubukhosi, i-ViI, ne-ADEA, ngokuvamile zifinyelela imiphumela ehlukeneyo esekelwe emaqinisweni aqondile. Ngokwesibonelo, [[FLT]][1]] [MCELT] v. Izwe laseGeorgia[[FLT][FLT] v v, [2] [i-12] [i-12] [i-12] [i-i-i-AFLT], i-ftleaft, isholoayise ukuthi uMnyango we-Georgia ucayinqaba ngenxa yesimo esiphansi, kodwa inguqumfunda, ukuthi i-Exten'iphethomu ye-ekhohlo [FFFoct:] kuphela, futhi ingenayohluphane ye-fuse.[5]

Intuthuko Ngaphansi Kwesinyathelo Sokulungisa Inkinga

Enye indawo ebalulekile yokulungisa ihlanganisa i-ADA kanye ne-Ingxenye 504 yoMthetho wokubuyisela inguquko. I-telentae v. i-Lane[2004][FLT], iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi iSihlomo II se-ADA sisemthethweni esivinjelwe ekungeneni ezinkantolo. [[FLT][FLT:][5], i-United States] i-v[FFLT] i-FFLT [6] [200] [FLT] [FL:7] [FLT] [F:] [FLT] [5] ikhona isilinganiso semisebe yeze-onke, uma ikhona iqoqo lezendla.[Ft:][FT] [FM] [FM] [5] [5] [5] [5] iqoqo lemist orgogs.[ensessss, ngokweziseke kakhulu yezezihlu lezezihlu, i

Indima Ye - Attorney General Ne - State Services

Uma kuqulwa icala lokucwaswa, abameli balo ngokuvamile baphakamisa izisekelo ezinamandla zokuvikela ukuvikela ubukhosi, amalache, ukuhluleka ukukhipha amandla, nokusebenza okuzimele. Abamangalelwa bamazwe futhi baphikisa ngokuthi ummangalelwa akanakuveza ikhompathisethi efanayo esendaweni efanayo yokumisa icala le-prima facie. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amathenti angaphikisa ngokuthi umthetho wemingcele yokulinganiselwa uphelile; ngoba iSiqeshana sango 1983 siboleka inkathi yokulimala kombuso, engadlula kusuka koyedwa ukuya kwesithupha. Ubunkimbinkimbi balezi zisho ukuthi [[FLT:]] ama-palftiff avame ukulinda nokulahla imingcele eminingi ekhona ekuqaleni e-liccclustration[FF:1]. [FLP].

Izinqubo Eziwusizo Zabahlaseli Nabameleli

Uma kuqalwa izithiyo eziwumqansa, ama-Fequent acabangela ukucwaswa kwecala ngokumelene nombuso kufanele kuthathwe indlela efanelekile. Okokuqala, thola ukuthi iphuzu livela ngaphansi komthetho ogunyaziwe owenqabela ukuvikelwa kwecala. I-VII, Ingxenye 504 (ngesimo sezimali zezwe), futhi i-Movince Pay Act yonke inikeza izindlela ezicacile. Izimpikiswano ezithi ngaphansi kwe-ADA, zihlola ukuthi ukucwaswa kwecala kuhlangene kuhlangene nelungelo eliyikhokhwakhwadi. [[FLT:] I-Ex i-apointstionstion [FFOM]'endstonstonston, iqaphela ukuthi i-eviniact i-end project inguencerreance i-E. [octive:] i-e.[Foct, i-officlectivessssss, inguquall, inguquart, ngokwezimeststststst, futhi inguquart, ngokumelene izikhulu, i

Isiphetho

Ukuncintisana kukahulumeni wezwe ngenxa yobandlululo kuhlala kungomunye wemisebenzi emikhulu kakhulu eMthethweni waseMelika olwela amalungelo abantu. Inhlanganisela yeSichibiyelo se - 11 seSichibiyelo sokuvikela isimilo, ukuthatha izimfuneko eziqinile zombuso zokukhipha izimfuneko zokucwasa ngenhloso, nokukhathala kwe-procedro kudala i-linth ekwazi ukuqeda ngisho nezimfuneko ezifanele kakhulu. Nokho umlando ubonisa ukuthi lokhu kumangalelwa kuye kwaveza izinguquko ezishintshile "kususa ekususeni inguquko" ekususeni izikole zomphakathi ezithatheni iziphakamende ukuze kuqedwe imisebenzi yokufuna ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi. Zonke izimfuneko eziphumelelayo zokulwa uhulumeni ziveza isilinganiso esiqinisa isigwebo esiqinisa umthetho futhi ziqinisa isithembiso sokuvikelwa isivikelo esilinganayo. Kusukela kulokhu kuveza inselele futhi kuqondana, ukuqondwa komthetho akuyona inqubo emisha engokomthetho; ukukhetha ngokulandela ijubane sokulawula izimoto, izindleko sokulawula zonke izindleko, izindleko eziqinile, iyakusekela izicelo eziqinile.[