Ukuqonda Umthetho Wesigebengu Nenqubo Yokuqulisa

Umthetho wesigebengu wakha umgogodla womthetho womphakathi, uchaza ukuziphatha okunqatshelwe futhi unike labo abephula imithetho yomphakathi izijeziso. Kubafundi nabafundisi ezifundweni zomthetho, ukuqonda indlela ubugebengu obuqulwa ngayo kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukusebenza kwesimiso sobulungisa. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlolwa okuphelele komthetho wobugebengu, kusukela ezincazelweni zesisekelo ngokufaka isisekelo esiphelele somthetho wokuvinjelwa kokuphila, kuhlanganise nokuphenya, ukuqunga icala, nokugweba. Ngokuhlola isigaba ngasinye nendima yabafundi abayinhloko, abafundi bayozuza ukuqonda ngokugcwele indlela isimiso sokuphepha komphakathi ngamalungelo abantu ngabanye.

Uyini Umthetho Wesigebengu?

Umthetho wesigebengu uyindikimba yemithetho nezimiso ezichaza amacala obugebengu, zimisa izinqubo zokubamba nokusola abasolwayo, futhi zihlele izijeziso kulabo ababoshiwe. Izinjongo zawo eziyinhloko ziwukugcina ukuhleleka komphakathi, ukuvikela abantu nempahla, ukunqanda ukuziphatha kobugebengu, nokuguqula izigebengu. Ngokungafani nomthetho wesizwe, oxazulula izingxabano zangasese, umthetho wobugebengu uhilela isenzo sikahulumeni ngokumelene nomuntu ngokwephula imithetho esemthethweni. Uhulumeni .

Imithombo Yomthetho Wesigebengu

Umthetho wesigebengu eUnited States uvela emithonjeni eminingi: imithetho kahulumeni emiswe yiKhongolosi, imithetho yokujezisa kahulumeni, nezimiso zomthetho ezivamile ezizuzwe ngefa emasikweni angokomthetho aseNgilandi. UMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S. futhi ufeza indima ebucayi ngokulinganisela amandla kahulumeni ngokuwavikela njengeSichibiyelo Sesine (okungenangqondo nokuquleka), iSichibiyelo Sesihlanu (esinelungelo lokuhlala sithule futhi sifanelekile), iSichibiyelo Sesi - 6 (ilungelo lokuvivinywa nokwelulekwa ngokushesha komphakathi), kanye neSiphendulo Sesi - 8h (intengiselwano nesijeziso esingavamile).

Ukwakheka Kwezenzo Zobugebengu

Ubugebengu ngokuvamile buhlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko ezisekelwe ekuqineni:

  • [[FLT: 0] Icala elingathi sína: Amacala abekelwe isigwebo sokuboshwa isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka, ngokuvamile ejele likahulumeni noma likahulumeni. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukubulala, ukudlwengula, ukuphanga, nokushushumbisa izidakamizwa.
  • Izenzo zobugebengu ezingathi sína zinciphise: Ubugebengu obungathi sína obuvame ukuphatha izijeziso zonyaka owodwa ejele, inhlawulo, inkonzo yomphakathi, noma isigwebo. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukweba okuncane, ukuhlasela okulula, ukuziphatha okungahleleki, kanye nokuphatha izidakamizwa okuncane.

Ezinye izifundazwe ziyaqaphela futhi [ iziphazamiso noma iziphetho, njengamathikithi omgwaqo, abhekwa njengobugebengu futhi avame ukuphumela ekukhokheleni.

Izici Zobugebengu

Ukuze athole isiqinisekiso, umshushisi kumelwe afakazele izici ezimbili ezibalulekile ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo:

  • Actus Reus (isenzo sobugebengu): Isenzo esingokomzimba noma ukuphulwa okungokokuzithandela okuphula umthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, ukudonsa imvuculo (isenzo) noma ukuhluleka ukubika isimo esiyingozi (umlomo) kungakha i-actus reus.
  • Izimo ze-Rea (umqondo onecala): Isimo sengqondo sommangalelwa ngesikhathi sesenzo. Lokhu kungasukela ekubeni nenhloso (injongo) kuya kukwazi, ukunganaki, noma ukunganaki. Ubugebengu obuhlukahlukene budinga amazinga amadoda ahlukene adinga izinhloso, kuyilapho ukuhleka kungahilela ukunganaki.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele kube khona [[FLT: 0] ukuhlanganisa phakathi kwe-tictus reus ne-man rea, futhi kwezinye izimo, ukuhlanganisa isenzo [ nokulimaza okuvelayo. Amacala aqinile (umk., ukudlwengula, ukudayisa utshwala kwizingane), akukho madoda adingekayo, isenzo sobulula sanele ukukholisa.

Ukulandela Inqubo Yokuqulwa Kwamacala

Uhambo lokusuka eqenjini elisolwayo lokulahla icala kuya ekutholeni isigwebo sokugcina luhilela izigaba eziningi ezihlukene.

Uphenyo

Izinhlangano eziqapha umthetho . . . . . . . . izinhlangano zezokuphoqelela umthetho, izikhulu zikahulumeni (FBI, DEA, ATF) . Ukuphenya okusekelwe emibhalweni, izingcaphuno zobufakazi, noma ukuhlola okuqhubekayo. Abangenisi baqoqa ubufakazi obungokoqobo (DNA, iminwe, izikhali), ofakazi bengxoxo nabasolwayo, futhi bangase basebenzise ukuqapha, iziqinisekiso, noma izigebengu zokuthola ukwaziswa okwengeziwe. ISiphendulo sesihlanu sidinga ukuphenya nokuquleka okunengqondo; ukuphenywa okuningi kwekhaya noma umuntu kudinga isizathu esisekelwa yisizathu esilindelekile. Ubufakazi obungatholakelelwe ngokungekho emthethweni bungakhishwa ngaphansi komthetho owenzi.

Ukuboshwa

Uma phakathi nokuhlolwa komthetho kubangela ukuba umuntu othile owenziwe ubugebengu, kungaboshwa. Ukuboshwa kungavela noma ngaphandle kwemvume, kuye ngezimo. Uma eboshiwe, umsoli kumelwe atshelwe ngamalungelo akhe (ilungelo lamaManda), kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuthula nelungelo kummeli. Ukuhluleka ukunikeza izixwayiso ze-Miranda kungaphumela ekucinyweni kwanoma yikuphi ukuqulwa kwamagama okuye kwatholwa lapho kuphenywa ngelungelo.

Ukubhala Nokubukeka Kokuqala

Ngemva kokuboshwa, abasolwayo bayiswa esiteshini samaphoyisa sokubhala: ukuqopha ukwaziswa komuntu siqu, ukudweba iminwe, ukuthatha izithombe, nokufaka esitokisini esisefweni. Phakathi namahora angu-48 (ngokuvamile), abasolwayo kumelwe balethwe phambi komahluleli we- ukubukeka okungahambisani nomthetho [. Kulokhu kuqulwa, umahluleli utshela ummangalelwa ngamacala, iluleko lwamalungelo, ibeke imibandela yemali (noma inqaba ibheyili ezimweni ezingathi sína), futhi amise iseluleko uma ummangalelwa engenakho ukunikeza ummeli. Ngoba ukubukeka kokuqala kungahlanganisa nethuba lokumangalela futhi athole isigwebo.

Ukuthatha Isinqumo

Ngemva kokuboshwa, ifayela lecala liya ehhovisi lomshushisi. Umshushisi uhlola ubufakazi futhi anqume ukuthi kufanele abhalise amaphutha. Izici ezithonya isinqumo zihlanganisa amandla obufakazi, ukungathi sína kwecala, umlando wobugebengu wommangalelwa, nemithombo ekhona. Umshushisi angakhetha ukumangalela icala elifanayo njengokuboshwa, elincane elihlanganisa ukulahlwa, noma amanani engeziwe. Kwezinye izindawo, ukulahlwa kwecala okukhulu kwejaji kuyadingeka ngenxa yecala (isimiso sobugebengu) noma ummangalelwa angase afake isikhalo sobugebengu ngokuqondile.

5. Ukuzwa Kwangaphambi Kokuqala

Emacala ahlanekezelwe, umlomo owenziwe ngecala [[FLT: 0] ubekwa phakathi kwesikhathi esilinganiselwe (futhi izinsuku ezingu-10-20). Umshushisi kumelwe anikeze ubufakazi obanele ukuze aqinisekise umahluleli ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba kubangele ukukholelwa ummangalelwa owenze ubugebengu. Ukuzivikela kunganikeza ubufakazi obubodwa obungaphelele. Uma uma uma ijaji ethola ukuthi imbangela iboshelwe ukuqulwa kwecala. Uma kungenjalo, icala lingapheliswa. Kwezinye izikhululo zingamukelwa, futhi icala lingaba nento eyenzeka ngokuqondile.

6. Ukubekwa icala

Lapho emangalelwa, ummangalelwa uyavela enkantolo ukuze azwe amacala angokomthetho futhi afake isicelo.

  • Glutem: ukuvuma icala, eliholela ngokuqondile ekugwebeni.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Awunacala: Ukulahla amacala, kudinga ukuqulwa kwecala.
  • No- Contest (Nolo Muncopere): Awuvumi icala kodwa wamukela isijeziso; ngokuvamile osetshenziswa ekunceleni ukuze ugweme ukubekeka icala lomphakathi.

Uma ummangalelwa enxusa engenacala, inkantolo imisa usuku lokuqulwa kwecala futhi ingase imise izinsuku ezimisiwe zokuthatha isinyathelo ngaphambi kwenkantolo nokuthola izinto.

7. Ukuhamba Nokuthola Kwangaphambi Kwesenzakalo

Ngaphambi kokwahlulela, zombili izinhlangothi zihlanganyela ekutholeni [. U-Actives ufaka ubufakazi nezinhlu zobufakazi. Umshushisi kumele adalule ubufakazi bokuziphendulela (ngokusekela isivikelo ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo) ngaphansi Brady v. Maryland. Le misebenzi ingabumba ngokuphawulekayo ukuqulwa kwecala futhi ngezinye izikhathi iholele ekuxazululeni izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho, njengeminyathela ukuvimbela ubufakazi (ngokufuna okungekho emthethweni noma ukuthatheka), ukuthatha uhambo ukuze ilahle ngenxa yokuswe kwesizathu esingu-"[FLT], noma ukushintsha indawo. Le misebenzi ingabumba ukuqulwa kwecala futhi ngezinye izikhathi iholele ekuxazululweni komthetho.

Ukuphonsa Isikhumba

Amacala obugebengu angaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-90 axazululwa ama-plea kunokuba aqulwe. Umshushisi nolwelwelweli baphikisana ngesivumelwano: ummangalelwa uncenga icala ngecala elincane noma kwelinye lamacala amaningi ukuze athole isigwebo esituswayo noma ukuxoshwa kwezinye izikhalo. U-Plea usiza isimiso ngokulondoloza isikhathi nemali, futhi uzuze ummangalelwa ngokunciphisa ingozi. Nokho, kumelwe ukuba uvume ngokuzithandela nangesinqumo. Inkantolo ayiboshelwanga imvume yomshushisi. Ijaji alikho imvume ebopheleleni.

9. Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Uma kungekho sikhalazo esifinyelelwayo, icala liyaqhubeka liqulwa. Ummangalelwa unelungelo elingokomthetho lokuqulwa icala ngabahluleli (ngezomthetho ezingathi sína) noma ukuqulwa kwecala ebhentshi phambi komahluleli. Lenqubo yokuqulwa kwecala ilandela ukulandelana okuhleliwe:

  • Ukukhetha (Inani elinqunyiweyo): Ama-Attorney anezinhlangothi zombili ayabuza abalawuli abangase baphawule ubandlululo futhi bakhethe indawo elungile. Izihlangothi ngazinye zingasebenzisa izinselele zokuxosha abajaji ngaphandle kwesizathu (inani elilinganiselwe) nezinselele ngenxa yembangela (engalinganiselwe).
  • Izinkulumo ezivulayo:[ Umshushisi (othwele umthwalo wobufakazi) unikeza ukufingqwa kobufakazi afuna ukubuletha. Ukuzivikela kunganikeza inkulumo yayo yokuvula ngokushesha ngemva noma ukuyigcina kuze kube kamuva.
  • Icala lomthetho lomthetho: Ukushushisa ufakazi nokuletha imiboniso yokufakazela isici ngasinye sobugebengu ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Ukuzivikela kunethuba lokunqamleza i-appiners bonke ofakazi.
  • Icala lohlobo lweDefense': Ngemva kokuthatha umshushisi], ulwelwelwe lungaveza ubufakazi balo, kuhlanganise nofakazi nobufakazi bommangalelwa. Ummangalelwa akadingeki ukuba afakazele, futhi ummangalelwa akanakukhuluma ngokuthula kommangalelwa.
  • Izimpikiswano ezichazayo: Izingxenye zonke zifingqa ubufakazi futhi ziphikisa ngokuthi kungani abahluleli kufanele bathole icala noma ubumsulwa. Ukushushiswa kukhuluma kuqala futhi kokugcina (kuyicala).
  • Imiyalo: Umahluleli uchazela abahluleli umthetho osebenzayo, kuhlanganise nezici zobugebengu, umthwalo wobufakazi, nemfuneko yesinqumo esihlanganyelwe.
  • I-Deliberation and Verdict: Abasizi bamajaji ngasese futhi kumelwe bafinyelele isinqumo esihlanganyelweyo sokugunyaza noma ukuvala icala. Uma abahluleli bengenakukwazi ukufinyelela ukungakhethi (abahluleli abazimele), inkantolo ingakhishwa, futhi abamangaleli bangakhetha ukulilungisa icala.

10. Ukugwetshwa

Uma ummangalelwa etholakala enecala, umahluleli ubeka isigwebo enkantolo ehlukene. Ukugwetshwa kungase kwenzeke ngokushesha ngamaphutha noma ngemva kokuphenya kwangaphambi kokugunyazwa kwecala. Izici ezicatshangelwayo zihlanganisa uhlobo lobugebengu, umlando wobugebengu wommangalelwa, izigijimi zezisulu, neziqondiso zokugweba (okungase kube yisibopho noma i-advisory).

  • Ukuboshwa (i - jeil ngenxa yamaphutha, ukuboshwa ngenxa yecala)
  • Ukukhishwa kwenqubo (kuye kwakhishwa emphakathini)
  • Imali emihle Nenzuzo Ezisulwini
  • Inkonzo yomphakathi, ukwelashwa ngezidakamizwa, noma izinhlelo zemfundo
  • Isijeziso sokufa (ngemibuso egunyaza ukujeziswa ngesigwebo sentambo ngenxa yobugebengu obungathi sína njengokubulala)

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili senqabela isijeziso sonya nesingavamile, ngakho isigwebo kumelwe silinganiswe nobugebengu.

11.

Ummangalelwa oboshelwe unelungelo lokudlulisa icala noma isigwebo enkantolo ephakeme. Izikhalo zisekelwe emaphutheni angokomthetho enziwa phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala, njengokuvuma okungafanele kobufakazi, iziyalezo ezingalungile zokwahlulela, ukuziphatha okubi komshushisi, noma usizo olungaphumeleli lweseluleko. Inkantolo ye-appelte ihlola umbhalo wokuqulwa kwecala futhi ingavuma, ibuye iphendule, noma idlulise icala elisha. Ummangali akakwazi ukudlulisa icala ngenxa yezingozi eziphindwe kabili, kodwa uhulumeni angadlulisa izigwebo ezithile noma imilalelo.

Indima Yomshushisi

Abamangaleli bakahulumeni abamelela umbuso emacaleni obugebengu. Umsebenzi wabo awukona nje ukuzuza izinkolelo kodwa ukufuna ubulungisa. Imithwalo yemfanelo yamakhorali ihlanganisa:

  • Ubufakazi obuqanjiwe: Ukunquma ukuthi ubufakazi obuqoqwe yimithetho egunyaziwe banele futhi butholakele ngokomthetho ukuze kusekelwe amacala.
  • Ukukhipha ukuthi yini i-'FLT': ukusebenzisa ukuhlakanipha kokuqasha amaprojekthi ukubhala amacala noma ukwenqaba ukushushiswa, ngezinye izikhathi ukuphambukisa amacala kwizinhlelo ezihlukile (umz., izinkantolo zezidakamizwa).
  • [[[Umthetho:0] Izivumelwano ezithathayo: Ukuhlanganyela ekuceleni ukuxoxa ukuxazulula amacala ngokunempumelelo kuyilapho kuqinisekisa ukulingana.
  • Ukumelela uHulumeni enkantolo: unikeza ubufakazi, ukuhlolwa kofakazi, nokuphikisana kumajaji.
  • [ Ukudlulisa izigwebo: Ukusekela umusho othile ovumelana neziqondiso nezithakazelo zobulungisa.

Abashushisi banamandla amakhulu, futhi imithetho yokuziphatha ibadinga ukuba baveze ubufakazi bokugxeka futhi bagweme izingxabano ezivusa isithakazelo.

Indima Ye - Attorney Yokuvikela

Ummeli ungummeli wommangalelwa, eqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo avikelekile nokuthi uhulumeni ufakazela icala lakhe ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Imisebenzi eyinhloko ihlanganisa:

  • [[Ukweluleka:0] Ukululeka:[ Ukuchaza izikhalo, izijeziso ezingase zivele, kanye nokukhetha okukhona (umthetho, ukuqulwa, njll.).
  • Ukuhlanganisa iQumrhu: ukuphenya ngokuzimele, ukuxoxa nofakazi, nokubukeza ubufakazi.
  • Ukukhomba icala lomshushisi: Ukuhamba ngezinyawo ukuvimbela ubufakazi obutholakele ngokungemthetho, ofakazi abaphambanisayo, nokuphakamisa ukuvumela ukuzivikela (ukwehla, ukusangana, ukuhlanya).
  • [[[Umthetho:0] Ukufuna i-Pleating Defere: Ukufuna isiphetho esihle kakhulu uma uvivinyo lungasoleki.
  • [ Ukuveza ukumelelwa kwentshiseko enkantolo: ukunikeza icebo lokuzivikela elivumelanayo, kuhlanganise nokunikeza ofakazi nokuveza izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho.

Abalweli abangakwazi ukunikeza iseluleko banelungelo lommeli omisiwe (umvikeli wasobala) ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seSihla Yesithupha. Usizo oluphumelelayo lweseluleko luyilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo; ukumelela okunganele kungaba izizathu zokudlulisa icala.

Isivikelo Somthetho - sisekelo Nesiqinisekiso Sokuqulwa Kwecala Okufanele

Isimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu baseMelika sakhiwe ezivikelweni eziklanyelwe ukuvimbela izinkolelo ezingalungile nobuqili bukahulumeni. Izimiso eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Ukubekwa kweNqanda: Wonke ummangalelwa ubhekwa njengongenacala kuze kube yilapho etholakele enecala. Umthwalo wobufakazi uxhomeke ngokuphelele ekumangalelweni.
  • Isibonakaliso sokungaqiniseki okunengqondo: Indinganiso ephakeme kakhulu yobufakazi emthethweni, ifuna ukuba abahluleli baqiniseke ngokugcwele ngecala ngaphandle kokungaqiniseki okunengqondo.
  • [ Ilunga elulekweni: Isichibiyeli seSithandathu siqinisekisa ilungelo lokumelelwa ngokomthetho kuzo zonke izigaba ezibucayi zokuqulwa kwecala.
  • [ ngakwesokudla ukuya e-Inqulwini yezejubane nezomphakathi: uvimbela ukuvalelwa okunganqunyiwe futhi ukhuthaze ukuba sobala.
  • [ Isokudla kuJury ongakhethi: Abavikeli bangabekela inselele abahluleli abanobandlululo futhi bacele ukushintshwa kwendawo uma kuvela izingcoliso zokusakazwa kwequkubheni lendawo.
  • Isivikelo sokuzimela ngokuzimela: Isichibiyeli sesihlanu sivumela abamangalelwa ukuba bathule. Umdwebo onzima awunakuthathwa ekuthuleni.
  • [ Isivikelo sokunqanda ukuthatha i-opardy: Isibuyekezo sesihlanu sinqabela ukuqulwa kabili kwecala elifanayo ngemva kokulahlwa noma ukuvunyelwa.

Lezi sivikelo ziqinisekisa ukuthi isimiso sihlala silungile, njengoba nje sifuna ukujezisa ukona.

Isiphetho

Umthetho wezobugebengu nenqubo yokumangalela kuyinkimbinkimbi kodwa kubalulekile. Kusukela ekuhlolweni kokuqala ngokugweba nangokunxusa, isigaba ngasinye simelela ukulinganisela okucophelelayo phakathi kwamandla kahulumeni okuphoqelela imithetho kanye nelungelo lomuntu ngokwenqubo efanele. Kulabo abafunda noma abafundisa umthetho wobugebengu, baqonda lezi zinyathelo − kanye nezindima zabashushisi, abameli, kanye nezivikeli zomthetho-mthetho-mthethweni, kuveza isisekelo esiqinile sokuhlola izindaba zangempela zasemhlabeni. Isimiso asiphelele, kodwa intuthuko yaso eqhubekayo ngenguquko yemithetho, izinkantolo, futhi isebenza ngokulunga kobulungisa obufanayo ngaphansi komthetho.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola i-Cornell Legin Information’s sescape se-'FLT's profect's profector's profector's professor , [[FLT:] U.S. uMnyango woMahluleli wokwamajaji kuhulumeni [, kanye ne-[FLT]Melikan Comment jastial Justice candelo [ leze-CM] lezelulect [iciom] yemist project [[FLT]] yemist project] yemistruction [[FLT]]