I-lick yombuso wentando yeningi waseMelika isekelwe emyalezweni wokuthi bonke abantu badalwe belingana futhi bafanelwe ubulungisa obulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho. UMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States usebenza njengombhalo oyisisekelo wale ngxenye, kodwa incazelo yawo ayikaze ihlale ikhona. Iwuhlelo oluklanyelwe umphakathi onezingxenye eziningi, olufuna incazelo eqhubekayo, ukulungisa, nokungagunyazi ukuqinisekisa izithembiso zawo zidlulele kuzo zonke izakhamuzi. Lokhu kuhlola izinsika zomthetho-mthetho-mgaqo wokulingana nobulungisa, kulandelela ukuziphendukela kwawo ngemithetho engokomhlaba, izinqumo ezinkulu zeNkantolo, izinhlangano eziyinhloko ezilawula umphakathi, nezinselele ezichaza imingcele yanamuhla engokomthetho.

Umklamo Oyisisekelo Womthetho - sisekelo

UMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala, owabunjwa ngo-1787, wawuyincwadi esemthethweni enikeza isisekelo somthetho esilinganiselayo sokuhlanganisa amandla kahulumeni nobukhosi bombuso. Nakuba ingalisebenzisanga ngokucacile igama elithi "ukulingana," izimiso zawo zazisekelwe ezimisweni zokukhanyiselwa. Izinhloso zobuPregatori "zokwakha Ubulungisa" ne"ukuhlanganisa i-Welfarement" yayinikeza isisekelo sokuziphatha nesomthetho sokunwebeka kwamalungelo. Nokho, umbhalo wokuqala wawufaka futhi isilinganiso esijulile, ikakhulukazi i-Fiths Ukuyekethisa nokuqhubekisela phambili kwentengiso yesigqila. Umbango phakathi kwenkululeko nobugqila kwakuyisono sokuqala somthetho wemithetho yezomthetho, ukuphikisana okwakuzodinga ukulwa kwempi yomphakathi ekugcineni.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Nabantu Ngabodwa

Ngo-1791, iziNguqulo zokuqala eziyishumi zimisa imingcele ecacile ekwakheni uhulumeni ukuze kuvikelwe inkululeko yabantu ngabanye. ISichibiyelo Sokuqala siqinisekisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, yenkolo, yezindaba, yesifunda, yesifunda, nesesicelo. ISichibiyelo Sesine sivikela ukuphenywa okungacabangeli nokuqubuka. ISichibiyelo sesihlanu neseSihla Yesithupha simisa amalungelo afanele ekuqulweni kwezenzweni kobugebengu, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuqulwa ngokulunga nokuvikelwa kwenkululeko yomuntu siqu. ISiphendulo Sesi - 8 senqabela unya nesijeziso esingavamile. Ekuqaleni, lamalungelo asetshenziswa kuphela kuhulumeni wezwe. Akukade kudlule ikhulu lama-20 leminyaka, kusungulwe iSiphetho se-Gastrimeticsment Claus, ukuthi iNkademestruption yaqala inqubo yokuzimela "corporation," ukuvikela okukhulu kwenkululeko sesizwe.

Izichibiyelo Zokwakha: Isakhiwo Esibili

ISichibiyelo sekhulu le-13, se-14, nese-15, esigunyazwe ngemva kweMpi Yombango, simelela ukwanda okuphawulekayo kombhalo wokulingana nobulungisa emlandweni waseMelika. Isichibiyeli se-13 seSichibiyelo saqeda ubugqila nokugqilazeka. Isichibiyeli se-15 senqabela ukuncishwa kwelungelo lokuvota ngokusekelwe ezinhlangani, imibala, noma isimo sobugqila. ISichibiyelo se 14 siyisici esiyinhloko salenguquko yomthetho sisekelo. Ukubekwa kwezwe kwaso kwaguqula uCelaspe [Dritts Scott v.Sandford, simemezela ukuthi bonke abantu abazalwe noma abadalwe eUnited States bayizakhamuzi. Isimiso saso sisebenzisa izindinganiso zawo zokulunga-mthetho. Ukuvikelwa kwe-Cal Capulan

Isithembiso sokuvuselelwa kwe-compution saphikiswa kakhulu. Ukwanda kwemithetho ye-Crow, ukuhlukaniswa kwe-volution, kanye nokuncitshiswa kwezimiso kwaseMelika abamnyama kwavunyelwa kakhulu yiNkantolo Ephakeme ezinqumweni ezinjengo i-Civil Rights Cases[ [1883]), eyabulala i-Civil Rights Act ka-1875, kanye [[FLT:] Prevency v. [1866], eyasekela ukuhlukaniswa kohlanga ngaphansi kwe "Inani elilinganayo kodwa" imfundiso. Ngokungathi ikhulu leminyaka, izinqanyulo zemithetho ye-Constantionstionstions, ukuguqula okungase kungabi namandla. [FLD] [FLD] [F]

Izichibiyelo Eziqhubekayo Nezingalo

ISichibiyelo sekhulu le-16, se-17th, se-18th, ne-19th Refectation sabonisa ukulwela kweNkathi yeNkathi eMvuthwayo ukulwela inguquko yezenhlalo nezombangazwe. ISichibiyelo se 17 samisa ukukhethwa okuqondile kwabahlaziyi, ukunciphisa ukonakala nokulandisa kwentando yeningi. ISichibiyelo sekhulu se-19th, sagunyazwa ngo-1918, sanqabela ukuncishwa kwelungelo lokuvota ngokusekelwe ebulilini, ukunqoba okukhulu kwenhlangano yabesifazane eyayilokhu yakhiwa amashumi eminyaka. Kamuva ukuncitshiswa kwaqhubeka kwandisa ihholo: iSichimende se 24 (1964) savinjelwa intela yokuvota intela yokuvota, eyayisetshenziselwa ukususa i-Blabhuliki, kanye nokuncishiswa kwe-26 ye-epulception, kwanciphisa iminyaka engu-18, ukuvola izimpikiswano ezifanele ukuvolwa kwempi. Lokhu kuveza ukuvolwa kwenkululeko sokulunga nokuthuthukisa kwezenziswa kweze yentando yentando.

Izincazelo Zokwahlulela Eziwuphawu

INkantolo Ephakeme isebenza njengomsekeli wokugcina wencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo, futhi izahlulelo zayo ngokulingana nobulungisa zakha umthetho waseMelika wamalungelo abantu. Izibuko leNkantolo liveza imibuzo yesizwe ephikiswa kakhulu ngokulingana. Nakuba ezinye izinqumo ziye zandisa inkululeko, ezinye ziye zagcizelela ukucwasana, ziveza amandla amakhulu eNkantolo nokubaluleka okubalulekile kwefilosofi yokwahlulela.

Ukuchitha Imfundiso Ehlukile Kodwa Elinganayo

INaACP Legal Defense Fund, eholwa nguThurfall Marshall, yasungula icebo elingokomthetho lokubekela inselele ukuhlukanisa. Bahlela ukuphothula imfundo kuqala, ukunqoba izimo ezinjenge Missouri ex. I-Fuines v. Canada[ [[FFFL:] [12] [FFLT]] [FFOLT] [12]]] [[FLT]] .[195] [1950], ephoqelelwe ukuba i-'ukwakhelele noma yakha izakhiwo ezilingana ngempela." i-"enze i-"ekhohlo i-FFOLT [egstion:vFFF] futhi incice ibone ingosi ye-oglone.[10] i-Exption: [[10]

Inkululeko, Inkululeko Nokuzisebenzela Komuntu Siqu

Inkantolo futhi yaqaphela ilungelo lomthetho-mthethweni lokuvimbela ukuvimbela ukuvimbela inzalo, elibekwe ku-"penumbras" ne "inguquko" ye-Bill of Rights. Gerold v. Connecticut[ (65), iNkantolo yashaya umthetho onqabela ukusetshenziswa kwemiyalo yokuvimbela inzalo ngemibhangqwana eshadile. Le lungelo lokubeka isisekelo se- [FLT]] i-Reoev. Wade [[FLT][12][12] [73] [73] [inani eliqashelwe ngokomthetho [isigaba], eliqashelwe umthetho wokuqeda ukukhulelwa ngaphansi kweziphetho zemithetho engu-14 yemithetho. [impikiswano eqhubekayo] [i-FLT] [ivoct4] ngokunye iveza ukuhlulwa kwezimiso zomthetho.[4] [indlela ehlukene]

Ukwandisa Ukulingana

Ukusebenza kweNkantolo Yokulinganisa Ukuvikela u-Celal kwanwebeka kancane kancane ukuze kuvikele amaqembu angaphezulu kwesigaba sokuqala esihloselwe iSichibiyelo se-14. Esandleni se-[FLT][19], iNkantolo yabulala umthetho owenqabela abesifazane ukuphatha ifamu, ophawulwe isikhathi sokuqala iNkantolo yasebenzisa ukucukuthwa kwezimiso ezisekelwe exeshisiwe ezingeni le-14. [[FFUP]] [10] [eyense] [eye] i-eye-pane] [e] i-eyesske: [FFFFFFFO:5] futhi ishown.[10] [e] ihlelwe yizimiso ze-'e.[10]

Ukusakaza Amalungelo NeRehnquist/Roberts Court

INkantolo iye yenza futhi indima enzima emalungelweni okuvota. Nakuba iye yavikela isimiso se-"Offail, v" (. Reynolds v. Sims, 1964), iye yenza futhi yaba buthaka kakhulu i-Voting Rights Act of 1965. Shover v. Raverer[ [2013], iNkantolo yashaya inqubo esetshenziswa ukunquma ukuthi yimaphi amaza nomlando obandlululo aye ahlelelwe ukuguqukela phambili kwemithetho yayo yokuvota nohulumeni. Inkantolo yaveza ukuthi indlela yokuvuna iphelelwe isikhathi. [FLT] [FLT] [FFF] [FF]] [FFF]

Izinhlangano Zomphakathi Njengemishini Yokushintsha Umthetho - sisekelo

UMthetho-sisekelo awuzinyakazi. Intuthuko ekulinganani nobulungisa iqhutshwa yizinhlangano ezinezimpande zotshani futhi ihlelwa ukubusa okuphoqelela ukuthatha isinyathelo somthetho nokwahlulela. Lezinhlangano zisebenza egebeni phakathi kwezithembiso ezingabonakali zoMthetho-sisekelo kanye namaqiniso aqinisekile obandlululo. Ziguqula izimfuno zomphakathi ezimpikiswayo zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, ziphoqelela izinkantolo nezindlu zomthetho-mthetho ukuba ziphendule.

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Omphakathi (1950s-1960)

I-Civil Rights Movement yayiyinhlangano eyayilwa nokucwaswa kwezinhlanga. Abaholi abanjengoMartin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, noJohn Lewis basebenzisa izenzo eziqondile ezingaphazanyiswanga nobudlova, izintambo zenkululeko, ukudalula unya lukaJim Cow Cowment. Lomzabalazo wabangela umfutho wezombangazwe weSivumelo samaLuvil Amalungelo Ohlanga ka 1964, owawenqabela ukucwasana ezindlini zomphakathi nasemsebenzini, kanye nemininingwane yemithetho ye-Vogation Act ka-1965, eyayenqabela ukucwa kwezinhlanga ngokuvota. Lemithetho iyizibonelo ezinamandla zokuthintinga komthetho womthetho womthetho. [[FLTG:] Ithala Leminyango lemithetho yemithetho yezeNkathi yeze-Cuvilment Act ka-196491 [FLD [Fl:1]]

Inhlangano Yenkululeko Yabesifazane

Umzabalazo wabesifazane wathola iSichibiyelo sekhulu le-19. Umzabalazo wabesifazane wanamuhla wama-1960 nawo 1970 waqhutshelwa iSichibiyelo Semfundo Yamalungelo Ezinganeni Ezilinganayo (ERA), esithi nakuba singagunyaziswanga ngokusemthethweni izimemezelo ezanele ngaphambi kokuphela konyaka, sithonye ngokuphawulekayo incazelo yomthetho we-Secial Protection Claus. Lenhlangano futhi iqhubeke ishaya umthetho wesici esiphawulekayo njengothi Theot IX of the Education Reformation Reformations of 1972, enqabela ukucwasana ngemfundo, kanye noMthetho wokwehlisa ubulili ka-1978. # IMeo Too [FLT]] iqhubekisela lomsebenzi, ukuvezela ukuhlukunyezwa kwesimiso sobulili nokuhlasela nokuhlasela okungokomthetho.

Inhlangano Engawafuni Amalungelo

Inhlangano yamalungelo abantu ekhubazekile yanikezwa amaMelika ngo-1990 (ADA) Act, umthetho wesizwe obanzi owenqabela ukucwaswa okusekelwe ekukhubazekeni emsebenzini, ezindaweni zomphakathi, kwezokuhamba, nasezokuxhumana nocingo. Inhlangano yafaka izicelo zayo ngokwezi ngokomthetho, iveza ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwabantu abakhubazekile kwakuwuphula umthetho we-Concial Protection Clause. I-ADA impumelelo ephawulekayo yokuhlelwa kwenhlangano yezenhlalo, ibonisa indlela amaqembu aphansi angazisebenzisa ngayo izisekelo zomthetho ukuze avikele isisekelo sezenkolo.

Izinhlangano Zanamuhla

I-Black Live Matter, eyasungulwa ngo-2013 ngenxa yobudlova bamaphoyisa kubantu abamnyama, iye yaletha ukunakekela okuvuselelwe ekulweni nobandlululo lwezeluleko ezisemthethweni. Lenhlangano iye yaqhubezela ukushintshwa kwamaphoyisa, ukuncishwa, nokuqedwa kwemithetho ye-computer, futhi iye yathonya ukuxoxa kwesizwe ngobulungisa bezinhlanga. I-LGBTQ+ iyaqhubeka ilwela ukuvikela abantu abadlulayo, ukufinyelela izinkonzo zempilo, nokungahlangani kwezindlu nemisebenzi. Le zinhlangano zibhala isiqephu esilandelayo somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika, zibekela izinkantolo inselele ukusebenzisa izimiso zokulingana nobulungisa ezimweni ezintsha.

Imingcele Yesikhathi Esizayo Nebhizinisi Elingaphendulwa

Izinkinga ezinjengokungalingani kwezomnotho, imingcele yokuvota, ubandlululo olungokwesimiso esimisweni sokwahlulela sobugebengu, nezinselele zobuchwepheshe obusha zembula izikhawu eziphikelelayo phakathi kwemibono yomthetho - sisekelo nokuhlangenwe nakho okuphilayo.

Ubulungisa Bezomnotho Nomthetho - sisekelo

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza isivikelo esiqinile samalungelo empahla, kodwa awuqinisekisi ukulingana kwezomnotho. Ku-San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez [1773], iNkantolo Ephakeme yathi akukho lungelo eliyisisekelo lokuxhasa imali elinganayo ngemfundo yomphakathi, ngokuphumelelayo ivumela ukuhlukana okukhulu phakathi kwezifundazwe ezicebile nezimpofu. INkantolo inciphise ikhono lamazwe lokusebenzisa intela eqhubekayo nezimiso zezomnotho ukuze kuncishiswe ingcebo. Impikiswano ngobulungisa iphakamisa imibuzo eyisisekelo ngobuhlobo phakathi komthetho wezomthetho-sisekelo wezwe, nokuthi incwadi ingafundwa yini ifuna izinga eliyisisekelo lokuphepha kwezomnotho kubantu bonke abantu.

Ubulungisa Bobugebengu Buyashintsha

I-United States inezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokuvalelwa kunoma yiliphi izwe elithuthukisiwe. Iziphendulo zesi-4, lesi-5, lesi-6, nesi-8 zimisa uhlelo lwamalungelo obulungisa obugebengu, kuhlanganise nezivikelo zokuvikela ukuphenywa okungacabangeli nokuqubuka, ilungelo lokululeka, ilungelo lokuqulwa ngokulunga, nokuvikelwa isijeziso esinesihluku. Ukusebenza, ukuvalelwa kwabantu abaningi, ukuvikelwa kohlanga, nonya kwamaphoyisa kuye kwalulaza lezi zisivikelo. Inkantolo Esikhulu senkantolo sibhekene nesinqumo sokufuna [FT: 0] Gedeon v. Wainright[[[FLT:] [12] [12]] [i-FTT] [63])] (19]) iqinisekisa ukunikezwa iseluleko sokulunga bonke abashiciweyo, kodwa ukuvikelwa kwezimiso zomphakathi ezingaphansi kwezingalomo ezithenjiwe.[5]

Ukufuna Amalungelo Nokuthola Intando Yeningi

Ilungelo lokuvota liyisisekelo sokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi. Nokho, ukufinyelela ebhokisini le-colot kusalokhu kuyimpikiswano. Imithetho ye-Voter, ukususwa kwemigqa evotayo, imingcele evimbela ukuvota nokufaka iposi kwakuqala, kanye ne-gerrymaninder yonke ephakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile engokomthetho-sisekelo. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Brnovich v. DNC [201] yenza kwaba nzima ukubekela imingcele yokuvota ngaphansi kwe-Voting Rights Act. Ukuvota kuyimpi yamalungelo abalulekile ngenxa yesimiso sombuso waseMelika, ukulwela ukulwa kwamazwi ayo ezwe ezombangazwe.

Ubulungisa Bezobuchwepheshe, Bomuntu Ongamfihlo Nobu - algorithric

Ukuphakama kokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, i-software yokuqapha ubuso, nokwenza izinqumo zomthetho-mthetho kudala izinselele ezintsha zokulingana komthetho-sisekelo nobulungisa. Ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho elawulayo ekuchosheni, ekugwebeni, nasekuqasheni kungadala izinhlobo ezintsha zobandlululo ezilwisanayo ezingokomthetho ezikhona. ISichibiyelo sesine sokuvikela ekuhlolweni okungacabangeliyo nokuquleka kuvivinywa ikhono likahulumeni lokuqoqa imininingwane eminingi yezobuchwepheshe. Ilungelo lomthetho-mgaqo libekelwe inseleleka ngokuhlola okusakazekayo kwenkathi yohlelo lwezinombolo. Izinkantolo kuzodingeka zichaze izimiso zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho ezisemoyeni emongweni yobuchwepheshe esheshayo.

Umsebenzi Wobulungisa Ongachithwanga

Umthetho-sisekelo wesisekelo wokulingana nobulungisa awusona isikhumbuzo esiqinile kodwa yingxoxo ephilayo. Isizukulwane ngasinye sizuza umbhalo, izenzakalo, nezingxabano ezingaxazululwanga. Ukuphishekela ukuhlangana okuphelele kakhulu kudinga ukuzimisela ukuchaza izimiso eziyisisekelo zoMthetho-sisekelo emongweni wezinselele ezintsha. Kusukela ekuhlohlweni kweSichibiyelo se 14 kuya ezimpini eziqhubekayo zokuvota, isithunzi sezomnotho, nenguquko yobulungisa, indaba yobulungisa baseMelika ingeyokwanda nokuphikiswa okuqhubekayo. Ukusekela izibusiso zenkululeko yabo bonke abantu ezisempini yezentengiselwano engapheli, ukuphoqelela ukubophela kwezakhamuzi, abasekeli bezokusekela izivumelwano eziqhubekayo ezikhona.