Imfundiso ye-Incorporation Doctrine ingenye yezimfundiso ezibaluleke kakhulu zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo eMelika, esebenza njengebhuloho elihlanganisa iSiphetho Samalungelo Abantu esivikelwe uhulumeni nohulumeni bendawo. NgeSiphendulo se-14th Istemmentation Claus, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi kancane kancane eziningi (kodwa ayizona zonke) iziqinisekiso eziqondile ezisebenzayo ezisebenza ezizweni zokuqala eziyishumi. Njengoba umphakathi ushintsha ngokushesha uqhutshwa yintuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, ukushintsha kwezimiso zezenhlalo, nokuqonda okuphathelene nenkululeko, inseleleko yenkululeko ye-Incorporation Doctrine ebhekene nezinselele ezintsha neziyinkimbinkimbi. Ukuqonda lezi zinselele kudinga ukungena okujulile emizisweni engoko yomlando, engokomthetho, ukwakheka kwamanje, nezimpikiswano eziphuthumayo ezokuhlela ikusasa.

Isizinda Esingokomlando Semfundiso Yokungavumelani

Indaba ehlanganisiwe iqala ngokuqonda kokuqala kweBill of Rights. Lapho izinguquko zokuqala eziyishumi zigunyazwa ngo-1791, zazihloselwe ukucindezela uhulumeni kahulumeni kuphela. Barron v. Baltimore [1833], iJaji eliyinhloko uJohn Marshall wavumelana ngokuthi iBhili yamaLungelo alisebenzi ezifundazweni. Lokhu kwahlala umthetho cishe iminyaka eyikhulu. Inkathi yokushintsha yafika ngemva kweMpi Yombango nokwamukela iSichithi se-1456.

Umbuzo oyinhloko wawuwukuthi iSichibiyelo seSinyathelo se 14 se-Access's Accolas sahlanganisa iBill of Rights ngokumelene nezifundazwe. Icala lokuqala njenge Amacala endlu yeSlaughter [ (1873]) yawachaza kancane amalungelo noma ama-Immunion Claus, ivala ngokuphumelelayo lowomnyango ukuze kufakwe i-onke ama-computer. Kunalokho, iNkantolo yaphendukela e-"Sect Procession Claus, futhi kwazalwa imfundiso yanamuhla yokukhetha.

[[QULT: 0] Gitlow v. New York (1925), iNkantolo Ephakeme yathatha, ngaphandle kokunquma ukuthi, iSiphetho Sokuqala seSiphetho senkululeko sasebenza ezizweni ngeSiphendu se 1450. Lombono wavula amafasitele. Ngaphakathi kwengxenye yenkulungwane elandelayo, iNkantolo yafaka cishe wonke amalungiselelo eSiphakamiso samaLungelo. Icala eliphethe i-Landmark lihlanganisa [[FLT:]] [[FLT]]'s Exp /[FLT][3][6] Iseluleko [196] [ekubonelo kwesokudla] (196]) (imposisogoso) (imposisogo yokukhipha umthetho wesinyuso) [[FLT] kuphela, i-fuzelele i-fuse-oseyaseyase-uni.[10], i-fulls.[4] kumele umba onjezukelelwa ku-odwa kwesokudla kokwaseyaseyase.[Fog

Ukusetshenziswa Kwemithetho Nalezo Zingqinamba Zamanje

Namuhla, i-Incorporation Doctrine ivunyelelwe kakhulu amalungelo afakweyo. Nokho, ukuhlola kokunquma ukuthi ilungelo elingafakwanga kufanele lisetshenziswe yini ezifundazweni. INkantolo isebenzisa "amalungelo angokwengqondo" ukuhlaziya: ilungelo elifakiweyo uma "kusekelwe ngokujulile kulomlando namasiko" ne"indlela yokunquma ukuthi inkululeko yini." Lendinganiso, ebekwe ngokwezibalo [[FLT: 0] ebekwe ezinkantolo ezingokomlando. [i-Gluckberg[[FLT:] [1997])] futhi iphinde iqiniselwe ezimweni ezingokwenhlalo zomphakathi. [FOLT:] i-Jabbers. V[FFFFONT] Inhlangano yezenter [FFON] [202] [202], idinga ukuhlola izilinganiso ezingokomlando.

Enye inselele enkulu ukuthi isivikelo seSichibiyelo Sesibili selungelo lomuntu ngamunye lokugcina nokuphatha izikhali sisebenza ngokugcwele ezizweni ezifuna ukumiswa kwemithetho efana neyase-gunyeni. KuyiNew York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. UBren [2022], iNkantolo yasusa ukuhlolwa kweSiphendulo Sesibili, ifuna imithetho evumelana nesiko elingokomlando lemithetho yezikhali. Lesinqumo sithinta ngokuqondile izifunda futhi sifake iyunifomu, siphakamisa imibuzo ngokuthi uhulumeni nohulumeni bakhona yini, ukuthi umbango-mfundayo yini, futhi u-Ohulumeni bendawo bayazishintsha indlela yokusabela ezimweni ezingavamile zendawo.

Intuthuko Ezobuchwepheshe Namalungelo Okuzifihla

Inguquko yemisebe ye-techism inikeza enye yezinselele ezinkulu kakhulu eMthethweni we-Incorporation. Amalungelo amaningi ayisisekelo (`speech, umhlangano, ukuseshwa nokuthatheka'''''''''''achazwa' ezweni langaphambi kwemitapo'. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bushintsha, incazelo yalawomalungelo kumelwe ivumelane. ISichibiyelo sesine esinqabela ukuphenya nokuquleka okungakholekiyo, okwasenezelwa kumazwe, manje kubhekene nezimpikiswano ezinjengokulandelela kocingo okungenasiqinisekiso, ukumbiwa kwemidayisa, ukuqashelwa kobuso, nokuthola amarekhodi esithathu.

Ku Ama-Carplate v. United States (2017]), iNkantolo Ephakeme yaqaphela ukuthi umuntu ulondoloza ukulindela okunengqondo kokungafihliwe ezindleleni zakhe ezingokoqobo njengoba zibhalwe yi-data yendawo yocingo kakhalekhukhwini, ngisho noma imininingwane ibanjwe yisigaba sesithathu. INkantolo yasekela ukuthi imvume idingekile, iphawula ukushintshwa kokusetshenziswa kwezimiso zeSimemezelo seSine sezehlakalo sezehlakalo sezehlakalo. Kodwa umbuzo uyaqhubeka: kufinyelela kude kangakanani ukubheka kwazo? Izinkantolo ezisezantsi zihlukana ngokuthi [[FLT:] Platemp] [[FLT]]] zisebenzisa ezinye izinhlobo zemisebe, izitetho ze-memediam, iziteshi ze-mediam, noma izisetshenziswa ze-mediam

Inkululeko yokukhuluma futhi kuyi-inthanethi ihlola imingcele ye-Incorporation Doctrine. IsiHlanzi sokuQala, esifakwe phakathi Gutlow, sisebenza ekwayaleni imithetho elawula amaqophelo ezokuxhumana, i-webhrethi, i-nethin nunethi yokungena. Imithetho enjenge Packingham v. ISimendo sokuNyakanyanisa i-Carolina[[ [2017]], eyashaya umthetho owenqabela iziboshwa ize umthetho owenqabela imicimbi yezeluleko yezelelwanobhulo, kodwa ibonise indlela inqubo yezentengo yeze yakhona esemthethweni esemthethweni, kodwa iyazimisa leyo izindinganiso yomphakathi.

Ukulinganisela Ubukhosi BukaHulumeni Namalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Isivumelwano esingapheli seNguquko yeNkantolo yomthetho siwukuthi ilulaza uhulumeni kanye nobukhosi bombuso. Abasekeli bamalungelo emibuso baphikisa ngokuthi ukuhlanganisa ilungelo ngokumelene nezifundazwe kususa ukuvumelana kwemithetho kahulumeni nohulumeni bendawo ukuze benze imithetho ivumelane nezimo zabo eziyingqayizivele. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kokuba iNkantolo ifake iSichibiyelo Sesibili [[FLT]] [1], isho ukuthi ukuhlanganisa ilungelo lokuvimbela izibhamu, ngeke kusakwazi ukuvimbela ukuvimbela okukhulu kwezikhali, ngisho noma izimo zabo zendawo kanye nezingalo zobugebengu zisikisela ukuvinjelwa okunjalo kudingekile. Ngokufanayo, ukuhlanganiswa kweSimemezelo seSigqi Sesibili [FLT:] [FLT] [FLT:] izinkulumo ephoqeshiwe ukunamathela ekunqandayo kwe-onqanyukwa kwemithetho ye-osene, ukuzama ukumelana kwesimiso se-mthetho kazwezwezwe, ukunqandawe-eqeqeqeshoshoshoshoshosho.

Ukucindezeleka kukhulu kakhulu ezindaweni lapho izigaba ziye zasebenza ngokwezentando yeningi ngokwesikhathi esidlule. Cabangela impikiswano ngelungelo lokukhipha isisu. Ngemva ROE v. Wade [177]], iNkantolo yathi ilungelo lokufihla imbala lihlanganisa ilungelo lokukhipha isisu, futhi yasebenzisa lelolungelo kumazwe phakathi kweSimemezelo seSichithili seSinqumiso se-14 se-Clausce. [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] , iNkanto ebekwayo ekwahluleleni [[FLT:] [FFLT]] [FFFF:]] [ev] [ev] ebhekene ngokomthetho oqinile, futhi yakholelwa ekukhipheni izinqulu.[e izinjongo ezingokobusweni zomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho] [ukuhle kakhulu] [ukuthi , njengoba kushiwo ngokuqinile] [ukuvunye] [uhlu lomthetho] [uhlu] [uhlu] [uhlu]

Ukulinganisa phakathi kobukhosi bombuso namalungelo ombuso kuzoqhubeka kuphikiswa. Ezinye izazi ziphikisa ngokuthi "ukufakwa kwesimiso" okunikeza inkululeko enkulu yokuzama, kuyilapho abanye begcizelela ukuthi amalungelo ayisisekelo kumelwe asetshenziswe ngokufanayo ukuze avikele amaqembu amancane nawangaphansi ekuphathweni uhulumeni.

Iziqondiso Nezici Ezizocatshangelwa Esikhathini Esizayo

Ukuqanjwa kweNkantolo Ephakeme, ukuphakama komthetho wokuqala, nokuziphendukela okuqhubekayo kwezindinganiso zomphakathi konke kuzofeza indima ebalulekile.

Ukwazi Ukuthi Amalungelo Ayini Ayisisekelo Futhi Kufanele Ahlanganiswe

Ukuhlolwa okuyisisekelo kwamalungelo ngokwako kuyisisulu esinyakazayo. Ngenani elikhulu eligcizelela umlando nesiko, iNkantolo ingase ibe manqikanqika ukuhlanganisa amalungelo amasha noma ukudlulisela akhona emongweni omusha. AmaDobb [[ abonisa umbono wokuzimisela ukuphinde uphinde uphinde ubekeze amalungelo afanele enqubo emisiwe ngaphambili uma engenamizila ejulile. Lokhu kungathinta amalungelo anjengawomshado, isodoma, kanye nelungelo lokwethula ekwasese ezinqumweni ezifingqiwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iNkantolo ingavuleka kakhulu ukuba ikwazi ukuphinde iphinde ikwazi ukuhlanganisa amalungelo afakiwe angaphansi kwenqubo emisiwe ngaphambili, njengamalungelo angokokuhlulwayo ngokomlando, njengoba kuboniswe [FLD:2] Bru [FL:] [F]] [FT]

Enye indawo elungele ukucaciswa yilungelo lokuhamba. Nakuba iNkantolo iye yavuma ilungelo eliyisisekelo lokuhamba phakathi kwesifundazwe, isimo sayo ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane silokhu sididane. Njengoba imithetho imisa imithetho evimbela ukuhamba kwebanga eliyaluzayo / njengeyalo yokuhlukanisa abantu, izimfuneko zokuvota, noma ukuphathwa kwezivakashi ngokuhlukile ngaphandle kwezwe, umbuzo wokuthi ilungelo lokuhamba liyohlanganisa amazwe namandla ombuso agcwele lizoqina kakhulu yini.

Ukusingatha Izindaba Zomuntu Siqu Enkathini Yezinombolo

Amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesine, azoqhubeka eguquka njengentuthuko yobuchwepheshe. INkantolo ayikayidingi ukuchaza ngokugcwele indlela imfundiso efakwayo ethinta ngayo imithetho yokuhlola, ukugunyaza ukwaziswa, nokusetshenziswa kokuhlakanipha kokuzenzela ekuqikelweni komthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, ingabe iSichibiyelo sesine sifuna ukuthola imvume ngaphambi kokuthola ukwaziswa okusemithani eliwujuqu, ukugqoka imishini esebenzayo, noma izimoto ezihambayo?

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukufakwa kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala esingaziwayo sokuvikela ukukhuluma kubhekene nezinselele ezintsha. Izwe lifuna ukuba amapulatifomu ezokuxhumana aqinisekise ukuthi i-server ingubani i-odoctus noma aveza ubunikazi bezithombe ezingaziwa, ikakhulukazi emongweni wokuhlukunyezwa noma ukuxoshwa kwe-internet. Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Packingham[ sisikisela ukuthi izimiso ezingokwesiko zokukhuluma ezikhululekile ziyasebenza ku-inthanethi, kodwa ukulandelelana okuqondile kwamalungelo enkulumo angadumile kusamelwe kuhlaziswe.

Ukulondoloza Ukulinganisela Phakathi Kwesivikelo Sikahulumeni Nobukhosi BukaHulumeni

Ukungezwani phakathi kwamalungelo ahlangene kahulumeni kanye nokuzibusa kukahulumeni ngeke kuphele. Amasundlela okwandisa i-Incorporation Doctrine ukuze ahlanganise amalungelo afana nelungelo lokuhlala, lokunakekela impilo, noma imfundo kungadinga iNkantolo ukuba ithole lawomalungelo acacile embhalweni womthetho-sisekelo noma asekelwe ngokujulile esikweni. (a kunzima ukuthengiselwa ngaphansi kwe-jurispudence yamanje. Okanye, amazwe angahlehlisa ngokuphikisa ngokuthi iNkanto efake amalungelo athile, nokuthi ikhambi elifanele lizobuyisela igunya elithé xaqeshisiwe. I-Retrenchmentments ikhona, njengoba kubonakala ku-[[FLT:]] [FLT]]]

Enye indawo ephumayo ukufakwa kwezinkokhiso zeSichibiyelo seNhlanhlo ezeqisayo. ku-Timbs v. Indiana [2029], iNkantolo yavumelana ngokuthi ukunqatshelwa kweSichibiyelo Sesinxeko seNguquko sesishiyagalombili kusebenza ezizweni. Lesinqumo, nakuba sivumelana, sishiye imibuzo evulekile mayelana nokuthi yini ehlelayo ehlanekezelwe, futhi iziphi izinkantolo eziphansi. Ngokufanayo, ukusebenza kweSichibiyelo Sesibili sokukhipha imali eshisiwe kusebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho ye- futhi [FLT] [FLT:] [FF:] BB] kuqhubeke ukuveza ukuvithwa kwemithetho yezentengobo yezehlo, nemithetho yezentebo, imingcele yomthetho.

Ukuzivumelanisa Nezinguquko Zesimiso Semvelo Nezinqubo Zobuchwepheshe

Ukuqonda kwenhlangano amalungelo ayisisekelo kuyashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Imfundiso ye-Incorporation Doctrine, ngokwendlela engokwemvelo, kumelwe ivumelane ngokwaneleyo ukuze ikwazi ukubhekana namaqiniso amasha. Ukusetshenziswa kweNkantolo "iqanda unembeza" ekuhlolweni kwenqubo efanelekile ngaphandle kweBhill of Rights, kanye "ogxilile" ukuhlola ukufakwa, amakhefu ukuze kuvumelane nenguquko, kodwa ijubane lenguquko lingase lidlule incazelo yokwahlulela.

Cabangela ilungelo lokufihla izakhi zofuzo. Izifunda ziye zaqala ukuqoqa i-DNA kubaphathi, zisebenzise iziteshi zohlu lozalo ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi umthetho usebenza kanjani, futhi zifuna ukuhlolwa kwezakhi zofuzo ukuze zithole izinzuzo ezithile. ISichibiyelo Sesine sokuvikela ukuphenywa okungacabangeli, esifakwe ezizweni, singadinga isiqinisekiso sokuphenywa kwalokhu. Kodwa iNkantolo ayikakhulunywa kulendaba. Ngokufanayo, isivikelo seSiphendulo Sokuqala senkululeko yokuhlangana komthetho singavivinywa ngemithetho kahulumeni edinga ukuvezwa kwezinhlu zamalungu ezombangazwe noma enkolo.

Isiphetho

I-Incorporation Doctrine ihlala iyisisekelo somthetho-sisekelo waseMelika, iqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo ayisisekelo abekwe kuyi-Bill of Rights avikela abantu kuwo wonke amazinga kahulumeni. Nokho, ikusasa layo alikalungiswa. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bulungisa imfihlo, inkulumo, kanye nokuhlangana, futhi njengoba izindinganiso zomphakathi zishintshwa, imfundiso kumelwe ivumelane ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yikhokha embhalweni wemithetho-sisekelo nasemlandweni. Inqulu yamanje isikisela ukuthi izicelo ezintsha zokuhlanganisa isakhiwo se-oral nesithiyo ziyokwakhelwa ibhande, kodwa i-assssss jour es iqhubekela imingcele yemfundiso. Ekugcineni, ikusasa lokuhlanganisa izinkantolo, izigevenge, izakhamuzi, nokuqondisa i-schimes phakathi kwe-uningment, i-Ingladel, ne-mignome.