Indima Eyisisekelo Yamanzi Ekukhishweni Kwamanzi Nakuwoyela

Ukuthambisa i-hydrdaulic fracture, ngokuvamile eyaziwa ngokuthi ukugobeka, kuye kwashintsha kakhulu ugesi ngokuvumela ukukhishwa kukawoyela negesi engokwemvelo ekwakhekeni okuncikene namanzi aphansi. Le nqubo incike kakhulu emanzini. Ngokuvamile, inhlanganisela yamanzi, isihlabathi, kanye nezithako zamakhemikhali zifakwa ezinkingeni eziphezulu kakhulu ukuze kubangele ukuphuka kwedwala, kuvumela ihydrocarbon ebambeneyo ukuba igebon igeleze ethangeni.

Amanzi asetshenziswa embonini kawoyela negesi adlulela ngalé kwesigaba sokuqala sokucwenga. Kubalulekile futhi ekuthuthukiseni izindlela zokuvuselela uwoyela (EOR), ukubhola udaka, nokucina uthuli emaphandleni aphezulu. Ukuhamba kwamanzi kulemisebenzi kuveza izinselele ezihlukene ezihlukene ezikhona kuzo zonke iziteshi, kusukela ekumuleninininini kuqala kuze kuphele. Izithako zamakhemikhali ezisetshenziswa ekukhipheni uketshezi olungenayo ziyahlukahluka kakhulu kodwa zihlanganisa ibhakthi, izisekeli zokuvimbela ukukhuphuka kwamabhakthe, izikhubaza ukunciphisa imigodi yamaminerali. Ukubumba loluketshezi kuyimfihlo kakhulu kwabasebenzisi bogesi, okudala ukushukuma kwemigqazela komoya kanye nabantu abafuna ukubonakala okugcwele ukuze bahlole imvelo nezingozi.

Ukubukeka Okuwumthetho: Ukuya Ezindaweni Ezihlukene

E-United States, indlela yokulawula ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi kuwoyela negesi ihlukene kakhulu emazingeni kahulumeni, kahulumeni, nawendawo. Lokhu kuhlukana kudala ukungavumelani, izikhala ezihlukene, nokudideka kwabasebenzisi kanye nomphakathi.

Ukuphatha Okuzimele E - United States

Kuhlelo lwe-Universal Invironmental Protection Agency (EPA) inegunya elisobala ngaphansi kwezimiso eziningi zendawo ezungezile. I-Defite Tood Water Water Act (SDWA) ilawula imisebenzi yokujova engaphansi komhlaba ngokulawula i-Undern Inthopion Control (UIC). Nokho, kunegebe eliphawulekayo: i-Pregrain Energy Policy Act ikhiphe ngokuqondile umjovo wokukhipha amanzi asebenza ngokusebenza ngokusebenza ngokusebenza ngokusebenza kwe-amanzi e-SDWA, ukukhulula ukukhululeka kokuvimbela ugesi okuvame ekusebenziseni i-'injini, ukukhulula okubhekiswe kubhekiswe kumonakalo we-'injini. Lendlela yokukhipha amanzi i-endle ilawula ngokuyinhloko imfucucucucu ezindaweni ezingaphezulu kakhulu, kuhlanganise nokukhipha amanzi ancibilikiswe amanzi, i-ondleniwa i-osekubilika kakhulu, i-e, futhi i-Epabicracracsss, ihlola i-octive i-octive yamanzi ezindaweni ezi

Ukuphakama Kwezinga Lokulawula Nokuguquguquka Kwezwe

I-Texas, ngokwesibonelo, i-Texas, iye yahlela ngokwesayensi yakudala izakhiwo ezivumela ukukhula kwamandla. Ngokungafani, i-New York yamisa ukuvinjelwa kwe-oyile negesi ephezulu ezindaweni eziphezulu, kuhlanganise nokulahlwa kwamanzi amanzi angcolileyo ngo-2015. Lokhu kuholela ekuhlukahlukahluka okuphawulekayo ekuhleleni i-projectived divrations escences. I-Ohio ne-Oklahoma iye yaqinisa imithetho elandela imithombo yemijovo ebangela ukuvuselelwa kwemijovo ukuze ibangele ukuvuselelwa kwemisebe ephakeme yokwakha nangaphandle. I-Pennsylvanian ye-Nvironcation Provition Protection ebumbened (PAP) iye yasebenzisa i-omgalelo eqinile yemiqatha yemigoqoko yokukhuza imfula, i-ondleka ngokuphumelela ukubuyisela kwezekelelwa kwezentene yezindawo zezindawo eziyinkimbinkimbi kodwa ivumela ukuba i-enziwo ezindaweni eziningi.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke Ngokushintsha Kwamanzi

Izindlela zokulawula emhlabeni wonke, ukuhlelwa kwezindlela zokwehla kuyahlukahluka kakhulu. ICanada incike kakhulu kuma-gundane ezifunda, i-Alberta ne-British Columbia enezimiso eziqinile zokulawula amanzi. I-United Kingdom ekuqaleni yavumela ukuwachitha kodwa yawavimbela ngokuphumelelayo ngo-2019 ngenxa yokukhathazwa ukuzamazama komhlaba nokungakwazi ukubikezela ngokunembile ukuduma komhlaba. I-Australia inomthetho oqinile wokusebenzisa amanzi nokufihla amakhemikhali engxenyeni yayo yegesi yamalahle (CSG). Lokhu kuphazamiseka kwembulunga yonke kubonisa ukungavumelani kwezizwe ngezindlela ezingcono zokulawula izingozi zokulawula ukunyakaza kwamafutha okungangeni manzi kanye negesi.

Izinselele Ezibucayi Zokuqondisa Amanzi

Ukulawula ukuvuvukala kwamanzi ukuze kucwebezeke kubangela izingxabano eziqondile nezibonakalayo phakathi kokuthuthuka kwamandla kanye nabanye abawasebenzisayo.

Umncintiswano Wemithombo Yamanzi Encishisiwe

Ezindaweni ezomile nezinemvula encane njenge-Permian Basin (i-Texas ne-New Mexico), ingxenye yezolimo kanye nomasipala akhulayo bancintisana nemithombo efanayo yamanzi. Ukukhubazeka kwandisa lo mncintiswano. Phakathi nesomiso, abalawuli bamanzi babhekana nokucindezela okukhulu ukuze balinganisele inani lamandla okukhiqizwa kwezomnotho ngokuncintisana nesidingo esiyisisekelo sokuphuza amanzi nokudla. Inselele ikhona ekuthuthukiseni izimiso ezibaluleke kakhulu ezidingweni ezidinga abantu kuyilapho zivumela ukuba kusetshenziswe izimboni ezingokomthetho ezilawula amalungelo amanzi ezindaweni zasentshonalanga (/i-atroproator) kanye nokuncitha amalungelo angokonga kwezomnotho empuma [1]

Ukubona Imibala Nezinombolo Zokwaziswa Ekusebenziseni Imibiko

Imininingwane enembile ekuhoxeni amanzi isekelwe ekuqondiseni okuphumelelayo. Nokho, kunezindawo ezinkulu zokwaziswa. I-FracFocus, i-chemistry ne-acter yesizwe esebenzisa amakhemikhali, iye yagxekwa ngokubika okungaguquguquki, ukungaqini kwemithetho, nokungaqiniseki kokucwaninga. Ezinye izifundazwe zidinga imininingwane yokusetshenziswa kwamanzi kwanyanga zonke, kuyilapho ezinye zithembele ekuthotshelweni ngokuzithandela. Ukuntula ulwazi olubanzi, olusesilinganisweni esivamile, nolufinyele obala kwenza kube nzima kubalawuli nabacwaningi ukulandelela ingqikithi yesidingo samanzi esikwesinye isitsha. Ukuthuthukisa ukuphakama kokwaziswa kuyinyathelo elibucayi ekuqondiseni ukuphatha amanzi okuqinile. Ngaphandle kolwazi, akunakwenzeka ukuhlola imiphumela encishisweni kwamanzi agezwe endaweni esendaweni.

Ukuvikela Izinga Lamanzi Angaphansi Komhlaba Phakathi Nokukhuphuka

Ukungcola okusuka emhlabathini kungavela uma uketshezi oluhambayo noma i-methane isuka e-aquire iye emapulangweni azungeze i-intshi. Lengozi iyingozi kakhulu uma umthombo udlula emanzini aphuzwayo ukuze ufinyelele ekwakheni okujule. Izimiso zokwakha ezingcono zibalulekile, kuhlanganise nezimfuneko zokuhlanganisa izingqimba eziningi zensimbi nesamente, kanye nokucindezela okuqinile nokuqinisa izibopho. Umbuso owenqaba ukuvala umjovo woketshezi oluphuma e-SDWA ubeka umthwalo osindayo kuhulumeni ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi ubuqotho be-oletrator abusoze bahlehliswa, umsebenzi onzima onikezwa izinkulungwane zemithombo eqoshwa minyaka yonke.

Inselele Yamanzi Alahlwayo: Ukulahlwa, Ukungahambi, Nezidumbu

Ukuphatha amanzi abuyela ngaphandle − kwaziwa ngokuthi i-quarterback futhi ikhiqiza amanzi — kungokulindelekile ukuthi iyinselele eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu yendawo ezungezile ehlangene nokukhipha ugesi okhipha ugesi onamandla. Amanzi akhiqizwayo ngokuvamile akhipha i-saline enkulu (i-bine), egcwele izinsimbi ezincibilikayo (TDS) eziphindwe kaningi kunalezo zamanzi olwandle, kanye nezinsimbi ezisindayo, izinto ezingokwemvelo ezikhipha imisebe (NORM), kanye namakhemikhali aphumayo amakhemikhali ancibilikayo.

Ukukhishwa Kwegazi Okubangelwa Ukujova Okujulile

Indlela eyinhloko yokulahla amanzi angcolile impompo ezindaweni ezijulile ze-Dasting. Kuze kube muva nje, lokhu kwabhekwa njengekhambi eliphephile nelihlala njalo. Nokho, ukwanda okukhulu emsebenzini wokuzamazama komhlaba, ikakhulukazi e-Oklahoma nasengxenyeni ye-Kansas naseTexas, kuye kwahlotshaniswa ngokwesayensi nomjovo ophakeme wamanzi angcolile emadwaleni angaphansi komhlaba. I-Oklahoma Corporation Commission isungule izimiso zokukhanya okukhulu nokwehla komthamo wemithetho esabelweni yokusabela kule nkinga. Lokhu kubangela ukunyakaza kuye kwaphoqa ama-remigrator ukuba asebenzise amapulaneti ama-sakhe, ngokuvamile abizwa ngokuthi 'itraffic systeosystems,' lapho abasebenzisi befuna ukunciphisa imibhobhosholo noma bavale phansi ngokuphelele uma umsebenzi we-miasteric udlula imibhosholo ezindaweni ezithile. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi imfuculo we-om

Izipikili Nefa Okungcolisayo

Ukuchitheka kwamanzi angcolile emathangini okugcina izinto, izingozi zamaloli, noma amapayipi avuzayo kuletha ingozi eqondile emanzini nasenhlabathini. Usawoti omkhulu nobuthi obuvela emanzini anesimungu ungabulala uhlaza, kungcolise imithombo yamanzi aphuzwayo, futhi kudinge ukuhlanzwa okubizayo. Ukulawula izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha emizileni yamaloli kanye nemibhobho, kanye namashumi ezinkulungwane zamathangi okugcina inhlabathi, kuyinselele. Izimiso zamanje zixhomeke ezimvumeni ezivamile nasezintathelweni zokuzilanda, kanye nezimfuneko ezihlukene zokulungisa nokuziphindisela nokulungisa.

Ukuthutha Amanzi Angcolile

Ukuthutha amanzi angcolile ezindaweni ezinezindodla zemithi kuya ezindaweni zokwelapha noma zokulahla ancike kakhulu ekulayisheni amaloli, okwenza kube nemiphumela elandelanayo: ukukhuphuka kwezimoto, umonakalo wemigwaqo, umsindo, ukungcola komoya, izingozi. Imishini ye-payipiline ingcono kakhulu kodwa idinga ukugcinwa kwemali eshisiwe kanye nokuvunyelwa kwezindawo eziyinhloko. Ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo zamanzi alahlwayo kuyinhloso ebalulekile yokunciphisa izingozi ezihlobene nezokuhamba.

Izindawo Zobuchwepheshe Zokulawula Amanzi

Ukubhekana nezinselele zokuqondisa nokusizungezile kudinga ukuba kuqhubeke kuthuthukiswa kwezobuchwepheshe bokuqondisa amanzi.

Isimiso Sokuthutha Amanzi Nokuwasebenzisa Futhi

Ukulungisa nokukhipha amanzi aphumayo nokuwakhiqiza ngokuwasebenzisa ngokulandelana kuya kuvame kakhulu. Lokhu kunciphisa isidingo samanzi ahlanzekile nomthamo wamanzi adinga ukulahlwa. Itechniologie njengomfutho womoya oshisayo, ukuguqula i-osmosis, nokukhuphuka okuphambili kungaphatha amanzi e-TDS aphezulu, nakuba engenisa amandla abizayo futhi ebizayo. Imithetho evumela ukuvuselelwa kokusetshenziswa kabusha noma ukunikeza izisusa zokusetshenziswa kabusha ingenza ukuba la masuntswana asetshenziswe. Izomnotho zokuvuselela inguquko ishintshashintsha kakhulu futhi ixhomeke kakhulu ekushicicini nasekutholeni amanzi ahlanzekile, kanye nezindleko ezibiza kakhulu.

Ukusebenzisa Imithombo EngeyiFreshwater

Abasebenzi bahlola ngokuqhubekayo ukusebenzisa imithombo yamanzi engekho, njengemisebe yamanzi angaphansi komhlaba eqinile (ama-axifer angasebenzi ekuphuzeni noma kwezolimo) noma ekwelapheni amanzi angcolile kamasipala. Ukusebenzisa le mithombo kunciphisa izinga lamanzi angenamanzi ahlanzekile. Umthetho ophumelelayo kumelwe uchaze ngokucacile izinga lamanzi amanzi ngezindlela ezihlukene futhi unikeze izindlela zokunikeza lemithombo emisha.

Izindlela Zobuchwepheshe Ezingenamanzi Nezasezansi

Ubuchwepheshe obusebenzisa amanzi ambalwa kakhulu noma angekho nakancane buyenziwa futhi bufakwe kwezinye izindawo. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukusebenzisa i-propane gel, i-carbon dioxide gwebu, noma i-nitrogen njengoketshezi oludala. Lezi zindlela zobuchwepheshe zidlula inselele yokucwenga amanzi kanye nokulahla amanzi angcolile kodwa zinezinselele zazo siqu ezingoko zomnotho nezisebenzayo. Ukuqiniseka kungakhuthaza ukutshala inzuzo kulolu buchwepheshe olusha.

Izimo Zezempilo Zesintu Nezendawo Ezungezile

Ukulawula amanzi lapho kuphothwa akuyona nje indaba yobuchwepheshe; kuthinta kakhulu impilo yomuntu nendawo ezungezile.

Ithonya Emphakathini Wendawo Nempilo Yomphakathi

Imiphakathi esondelene kakhulu nowoyela ophezulu kanye nokukhula kwegesi ngokuvamile ibika ukuthi ikhathazekile ngezinga lamanzi, izinga lomoya, kanye nomsindo. Ukuhlola kuye kwathola ukuthi izinhlangano ezihlanganisa imisebenzi exegayo nezinkinga zempilo ezifana nesifuba, izinkinga zemigudu yokuphefumula, nemiphumela emibi yokuzalwa. Izinkinga zezemvelo ziwuphawu oluphawulekayo, njengoba imiphakathi encitshiswe kancane futhi ethola imali ephansi ngokuvamile isendaweni eseduze nowoyela negesi. Umthetho ophumelelayo kumelwe ucabangele imiphumela eqhubekayo yemigqomo yemithombo eminingi yemithombo yegesi emphakathini.

Ukucindezeleka Kwesimiso Sendawo Nesimiso Somfula

Ukudonswa kwamanzi angaphezulu ukuze kucwebezeke kunganciphisa amazinga emifudlana, ikakhulukazi emifudlaneni emincane yamanzi ebaluleke kakhulu kwimvelo yasemanzini. Izinhlanzi nezinye izilwane zasemanzini zithembele ekugelezeni okungaguquguquki okuhambayo ukuze kukhiqizwe, kufuywe futhi kufuduke. Ukuhlola kokuhamba kwendawo ezungezile kuyithuluzi elibalulekile kodwa elivame ukunganakwa. Ngokufanayo, ukuhoxa kwamanzi angaphansi kwamanzi kunganciphisa amanzi, athinta iziphethu, amaxhapho, kanye nesisekelo esisekela imvelo phakathi nenkathi eyomile.

Izindlela Ezihamba Phambili: Ukwakha Isimiso Sokuqondisa Sekhulu Lama - 21

Ukusingatha inselele eyinkimbinkimbi yokulawula ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ekukhipheni uwoyela negesi kudinga ukushintshela ekuqondiseni okubanzi, okuvumelanayo, nokubonakala ngaphandle. Akukho nqubo eyodwa eyokwanele, kodwa inhlanganisela yezindlela zokuwasebenzisa ingaba nomehluko omkhulu.

Ukuhlelwa Kokuphatha Amanzi Ngebhayisekili

Ama-guraller kufanele adinge abasebenzisi ukuba bakhiphe amasu abanzi okuqondisa amanzi ngaphambi kokuba kuvunywe imvume yokubhoboza. Lamacebo kufanele ahlanganise wonke umjikelezo wamanzi: i-munday (izinto eziseceleni nohlobo lomthombo), ukusetshenziswa (izithasiselo zamakhemikhali), ukulawulwa (amasu aphinde afakwe), kanye nokulahlwa (ikhono elingcono noma izindlela zokwelapha). Lokhu kuhamba ngalé kwemvume yokuhlola imiphumela yokusebenzisa amanzi.

Ukuqondisa Okuvumelana Nezimo Nokuhlaziya Okuqhubekayo

Imithetho kumelwe ikwazi ukuzivumelanisa nokwaziswa okusha kwezesayensi nezingozi ezivelayo. Ukuhlangenwe nakho kokuzamazama komhlaba okubangelwa yincwadi kusendabeni yezincwadi yokulawula ukuvumelana. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bokuhlola buthuthukisa (isib., izinzwa zamakhemikhali zangempela, ukuhlola iziphuphutheki zokudambisa nokugcina), imithetho kufanele ivele ihlanganise lamathuluzi amasha. Ukuhlola amanzi asemazingeni aphansi nokuhlola okuqhubekayo eduze kwamagumbi okubhola kubalulekile.

Ukwaziswa Okubonisa Ukubona Nendlela Ongathola Ngayo Izindawo

Ukwethenjwa komphakathi kuyakhula uma ukwaziswa kutholakala. Izwe kufanele lifake imali ekuqoqeni iqoqo lemininingwane yalo ukuze liqinisekise ukuthi ukusebenzisa imiqulu yamanzi alahlwayo, ukulahlwa kwamanzi amaningi, nokuthola amakhemikhali kubikwa ngendlela ejwayelekile, ekwazi ukuhlukanisa umshini futhi kwenziwe ukuba kutholakale kuyi-ingosi ye-inthanethi cishe esikhathini sangempela. Ukubukezwa kwesayensi yezemboni ngokuzimele nakho kubalulekile ukuze kuvinjelwe imithetho ethembekile.

Ukuthutha Amandla Nesimiso Samanzi

Ngokomlando, isimiso samandla namanzi siye sasungulwa ngokwehlukana. I-energy nexus yamanzi idinga indlela ehlangene kakhulu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amasu okuthuthukisa amandla kufanele abangele ngokuqondile ukutholakala kwamanzi nokulondolozwa. Ngokuphambene, amasu okuwalawula amanzi kumelwe abangele ukuvela kwamandla esikhathini esizayo. Ukuhamba ngalé kokulawula okungalawuleki kubalulekile.

Ukulawula ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ekuhlikihlani kuyinselele eyinkimbinkimbi, ejikelezayo. Kudinga ukulinganisela ukulondeka kwamandla, ukuthuthuka kwezomnotho, nokuphatha indawo ezungezile kanye nesidingo esiyisisekelo samanzi ahlanzekile, amaningi. Nakuba kusele izithiyo ezibalulekile, ukwakha isimiso esiqinile, esisekelwe kuyisayensi, nesimiso sokulungisa isimo esikhanyayo kudingekile futhi kungcono.