Ukuqonda Ukuletha Ukulondeka Kwesimiso Nobuqotho

Isisekelo sanoma yisiphi idemokrasi sisekelwe ekhonweni lezakhamuzi zakhona lokuvota ngokukhululekile futhi zilinganiswe ngokunembile. Ngakho ukulondeka nokwethembeka kwezimiso zokuvota kuhamba phambili ekulondolozeni ukwethemba umphakathi emiphumeleni ekhethiwe. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bugxila kakhulu okhethweni, usongo lwezindawo olunwetshwayo, ukuveza uhide lwezinselele lapho izikhulu zokuvota, abenzi bemithetho, nabadayisi bezobuchwepheshe bedinga ukuxoxa. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlolwa okubanzi kwezinselele ezinkulu ezibhekene nokulondeka kwesimiso sokuvota namuhla, ukuhlola ukudilizwa kwezindawo ezingokoqobo ezidiliziwe, nokudweba amasu ezindlela zokwakha izakhiwo eziqinile.

Ukuqapha inqubo akuyona inkinga eyodwa kodwa ebekelwe indawo ehlukahlukene. Kuhlanganisa ukuvikela yonke ibhayisekile yokhetho: ukubhalisa umvoti, umklamo wokuvota, ukuhlanganisa, ukuhlanganisa, ukudlulisa i-tab, ukudluliswa kwemiphumela, nokuhlola kwangemva kokuhlela. Isigaba ngasinye siveza ukuvikelwa kwaso okumelwe kuncishiswe ngenhlanganisela yokulondeka komzimba, ukuvikelwa kwe-inthanethi, ukulawulwa kwe-inthanethi, ukulawulwa kwe-inthanethili, ukuvalwa kwemicu, nokubona bhabhabha. Umgomo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umphumela wokhetho ubonisa inhloso yeqiniso, ugesi, ukukhululeka ekuthatheni, iphutha, noma ukunyanzelwa.

Amasikela Aphakeme Kunanini ngaphambili

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, okhetho e-United States, eYurophu, nakwezinye izindawo baye bahlolwa abadlali abaphucuzekile bamazwe, abahlaseli, namaqembu obugebengu. Imiphumela yokuhlasela okuphumelelayo idlula umphumela owodwa oncintisanayo; bangalulaza ukuqiniseka kuso sonke isimiso sentando yeningi. Ngokwe-U.S. Commission e-EFUFURANCOR[, ukulondeka kokhetho kungumthwalo wemfanelo ohlangeneyo odinga ukuqaphayo kuzo zonke izingalo zikahulumeni.

Izinhlobo Zezimiso Zokusakaza Nezici Zazo Eziyingqayizivele Zokuphepha

Izindlela zokwakha kanye nezinto ezisetshenziswayo zinezici ezintathu ezithinta izinselele zokuphepha eziphakamayo.

Izimiso zephepha

Ama-paper bollat ahlala eyindinganiso yegolide ekusebenzisekeni kobuqiniso. Amavoter aphawula isitatishi esingokoqobo esibalwa ngesandla noma esihlolwa yi-operal scanner. Inselele eyinhloko yokulondeka lapha iketanga-kabhontshisi: ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amabhola awalahlekanga, ebewe, noma ashintshwe phakathi nezokuthutha noma indawo yokugcina. Ukubalwa kwesandla yiphutha elivamile lomuntu noma elithambekele ekubaleni uma lingagcinwanga kahle. Nokho, iphepha linikeza umzila oqinile, ozimele ongancikile ekusekeleni kwe-software.

Ukuqopha Imishini Ye - electronic (DRE)

Imishini ye-DRE ivumela abavoti ukuba bavote ngokuqondile nge-alback okanye nge-coffation, ngaphandle kwerekhodi lephepha levoti ngayinye ngaphandle kokuba kuhlanganiswe umzila wephepha ohlolwe (VVVPAT). Okukhathaza kakhulu nge-DRES ukuthi i-software ingafakwa ekwakheni ngaphandle komvoti noma ukuqaphela kwesikhulu sokhetho. Ngaphandle kwe-sethi yephepha, i-rever noma i-metancial ayikwazi. Ngenxa yalokho, izifunda eziningi ziye zaphuma ngaphandle kwe-DRES ephepheni elingenaphepha. [[FLT: 0]] I-Vrection Foundation imikhondo yokuvota esetshenziswa yizimiso zokuvota ngaphesheya. kusho futhi izinhlelo zokuveza ukuthi kukhiqiniwe iphepha elikhishwe.

Uhlelo lokusakaza kwi-inthanethi

Ukuvota ngolwembu, kungaba nge-web carcate noma nge-elective app, kunikeza izinselele ezinkulu kakhulu zokuphepha. I-inthanethi ayilondekile ngokwemvelo; i-ware emshinini wovota, umuntu-wayi-intshi, ukuphika ukuhlasela kwe-service, futhi ukugqekeza kwezisekeli kungaguqula noma kuvimbe amavoti. Izindlela zokuqinisekisa ezinganele zingavumela ukuvota noma ukuvota okukodwa. Nakuba i-i-inthanethi ye-inter inikeza ukukhululeka kokungekho kanye nokuvota phesheya, ukuvumelana okukhulu kochwepheshe bezokuphepha ukuthi i-intanethi yovota ayikaphepheki. Izinhlelo ze-intanethi ze-intanethi zibonise ukuthi izinhlelo ezisabalele kakhulu emazweni anjenge-Estonia neSwitzerland zikhomba futhi ziphawule kakhulu.

Izinselele Eziyinhloko Ekuthutheni Isimiso Sokuthutha Imali

Izinselele zokuvikelwa kwesimiso sokuvota azizona ezekhono. Zihlanganisa izici zobuntu, izikhala ezilawulayo, izingozi ezilandelanayo, kanye nokushesha ukuvela kosongo lwezingosi.

Ubuchwepheshe Obungasetshenziswa: iSoftware, izingxenye zensimbi, kanye nenethiwekhi

Izimiso zokuvota zanamuhla zixhomeke kwimibhoshongo ye-software eyinkimbinkimbi kanye nezingxenye ezihlangene. Imishini ingaba khona emishinini yokuvota, esimisweni sokusebenza, ikhodi lohlelo elisetshenziswayo ekuvoteni, noma ulwembu olusetshenziselwa ukudlulisa imiphumela engagunyaziwe. I-software eyodwa engalawulwa ingasetshenziswa ekushintsheni amanani evoti. I-NKULUST[ ikhipha izindinganiso neziqondiso zokhuseleko lesimiso sokuvota, kodwa imishini ethola amafa ngokuvamile ilandela imicimbiso engcono kakhulu.

Ukuphazamisa izingxenye zensimbi kungenye into ekhathazayo. Abahlaseli abakwazi ukufinyelela ngokoqobo emishinini yokuvota ngaphambi noma ngemva kokhetho bangafaka ama-chip alimazayo noma esikhundleni samakhadi enkumbulo. Ukufakwa kwengxenye kuyimbulunga yonke futhi kunzima ukukuqeda. Ngisho nephepha elisetshenziselwa i-bolot lingaba yisixhwexwe: iphepha eliphawuliwe ngokukhethekile lingasetshenziselwa ukubangela ukubheka izinto ngephutha.

Izici Zesintu: Amaphutha, Usongo Lwangaphakathi Nobunjiniyela Bezenhlalo

Izikhulu zezokukhetha nezisebenzi zokuhlola ngokuvamile ziyizisebenzi zomphakathi ezizinikezele, kodwa azizona izazi zezentengiselwano ze-inthanethi. Iphutha lomuntu lingaholela ekulinganiseni imishini elahlekile, ukukhishwa kwamagama, noma ukuphatha kabi ama-collet. Insider memosting — ukwenzeka ngenhloso noma ngengozi i-— kuphakathi kwenzima kakhulu ukuvikela. Isisebenzi esinganeliseki ngokuthola izinhlelo ezingemva komthetho noma ukuphazamisa imishini. Ukuhlasela kobunjiniyela, njengokusebenzisa ama-imeyili efihlwayelwe njengezokuxhumana okusemthethweni, kungahlehlisa isiqinisekiso esinikeza ukufinyelela emishini yokubhalisa noma izinhlelo zokubika.

Ngo - 2020, i - FBI yakhipha izixwayiso ngama - webhsayithi okhetho okungewona amaqiniso noma eqikelele ukuba asebenzise amahhotela okuvota okukhohlisa.

Ukuhlukaniswa Nokuvinjelwa

Emazweni anjenge-United States, okhetho banikezwa esifundeni sombuso nezindawo, nezikhundla zokukhetha ezingaphezu kuka-8 000 ezihlukene. Lokhu kuthotshiswa kusho ukuthi izindinganiso zezokuphepha, izinhlobo zemishini, nezindlela zokuhlola imishini kuyahlukahluka. I-Fout Confix Confictive Commission[ inikeza ukuhlola kokuzithandela kanye nokuqinisekisa, kodwa akuyona yonke imibuso efuna ukuba kusetshenziswe imali elinganiselwe engasasekelwa yi-adayisi, ishiye ukuxhumana okubuthakathaka kakhulu, izithathi bezizwe ezisengozini yokulahla ukungabaza ebuqothweni bonke.

Ukulondeka kweMtapo yezincwadi zoMtapo

Ngaphambi kokuba kuvotelwe, ukuthembeka kohlu lokuvota kubalulekile. Ukuhlasela kokwaziswa kokubhalisa kungasusa abavoti abasemthethweni, kufake abavoti bomgunyathi, noma kushintshe amakheli okuvota ukuze babangele ukudideka ezindaweni zokuvota. Phakathi nokhetho luka 2016, abadlali baseRussia bahlola izimiso zokuvota zezifunda eziningi. i-Cybersecurity ne Infrastructive Security Agency (CISA) Manje banikeza imithombo emikhulu yokusiza ukuba ikwazi ukuqinisa lemitakoshela yokulwa kokungena.

Ukungqubuzana Nezenzakalo Ezingokoqobo Zezwe: Ukufunda Emlandweni

Ukuqonda amasu nemiphumela yokuhlasela kwesikhathi esidlule kubalulekile ekuklameni ukuzivikela. Nakhu okuningana okungokomfanekiso.

Ukhetho Lwama - Presidenti Ka - 2016

Icala elidume kakhulu lokungenela kokhetho enkathini yanamuhla. Izinhlangano zokuhlakanipha zaseRussia zahlasela ngokuphindiwe: ukuhlasela kwe-DEmocratic National Committee (DNC) ye-imeyili, ukuhlola izimiso zokuvota zikahulumeni okungenani ezifundazweni ezingu-21, kanye nokuqalisa umkhankaso omkhulu wokukhipha imvume ezokuxhumana kwezenhlalo. Nakuba kungekho bufakazi bokuthi noma yibuphi ubufakazi obungokoqobo bashintshile, ukuhlasela kwaphumelela ekuhlwayeleni ukungathembana kwenqubo yokhetho. Isenzakalo saholela ekwandiseni okukhulu kwezimali ze-ontaneti yokhetho nokwakhiwa kwe-CISA's Evolution Security Irvitution.

Ukukhethwa Komongameli WaseFrance Ngo - 2017

Ezinsukwini zokugcina zomkhankaso phakathi kwe-Emmanuel Macron ne-Marine Le Pen, igebe elikhulu le-inthanethi elaziwa ngokuthi "MacronLeaks" labona imfucumfucu yezinkulungwane zezincwadi zomkhankaso wangaphakathi ngaphambi nje kokukhetha. Nakuba kamuva kuthiwa yayiyiqembu elaziwa ngokuthi i-APT28 (elinokuhlakanipha kwezempi kweRussia), i-vectorery yayiwukuhlasela okuphindisayo okwaphazamisa ukulandisa kwezisebenzi. Ikhomishane yaseFrance yaxwayisa izakhamuzi ukuba zingahlanganyeli nezincwadi ezivuzayo. Isenzakalo sagcizelela ukuwohloka komkhankaso wezentengiselwano nokuxhumana okulondekile nokuqeqeshwa.

Ukukhethwa Kweningi Lase - United States Ngo - 2020

Nakuba bebhekwa kakhulu njengokhetho olulondeke kakhulu lwase-U.S. emlandweni ngenxa yokuhlelwa kwemikhondo eminingi yamaphepha nokuphindwa kwezincwadi, kwakungeyona imizamo. Abadlali base-Iran babesakaza ama-imeyili asongelayo kubavoti, futhi abadlali baseRussia bazama ukuphula uhlelo lwezisekelo zokukhetha lukahulumeni. COMISA-'ISC' ebekwe amacala okuphepha okuvota [[ yasiza ekunqandeni imizamo eminingi. Nokho, umphumela wabona igagasi lokuzi lokuhlenga ngokuhlehliswa kwemishini yokuvota, iholela ekuphuleni okungokoqobo kwemishini egunyaziwe yi-"auditor"erdective".

Ukukhethwa KwePhalamende LaseYurophu Ngo - 2019

Izifundazwe ze-European Union zamisa ukuzivikela okuhlangene, kuhlanganise nesisekelo sokucindezela kwezemfundo nokusebenzisa usongo lwemingcele enqamuleneyo. Naphezu kwalokho, ukuzama ukuhlasela izikhulu zokhetho ngokuphana kwabikwa emazweni amaningi, futhi umkhankaso wokukhipha ukwaziswa wahlasela iCentre for Internet Security. Indlela ye-EU yokuhlanganyela imikhuba engcono kakhulu iqokomisa ukubaluleka kokubambisana kwezizwe ngezizwe.

Amasu Okuqinisa Ukusebenza Kwesimiso

Akukho sixazululo singaqeda zonke izingozi. Kunalokho, kudingeka i-processol eqinile, ehlanganisa i-procedro, ubuchwepheshe, kanye nohlobo lomuntu.

Imigwaqo Ehamba Ngephepha Nezinqumo Eziyingozi

Isilinganiso esisodwa sokuphepha esiphumelela kakhulu ukufuna zonke izimiso zokuvota ukuze kwenziwe umbiko wephepha owenziwe nge-vota. Lokhu kwenza ukuba kuhlolwe ama-ftware okhetho lwangemva kwe-opera aqhathanisa isampuli yephepha ne-elective ye-electal. Amakhathi engozi (RLS) ayimikhankaso enzima ngokwezibalo engahlola impumelelo ekwazi ukuzwa iziphumo ngokuqiniseka okukhulu kuyilapho ibala elilandela i-RLL. Izwe elifana ne-Coloradorado ne-Georgia liye lakwazi ukusebenzisa i-RLLS. Brenan Center ye- Justicer[FL:1] inikeza isiqondiso esiningiliziwe sokusebenza kwe-RLL.

Izincwadi Zokuphepha Ezihlala Njalo Nokuvivinywa Kwazo

Izimiso zokuhlola kufanele zihlolwe ngokuphelele phambi kokuthunyelwa kwesimiso nangemva kwaso. Abahlola ukuxilonga kohlelo lwe-software okuzimele bangahlola i-software e-software, ukufakelwa kwe-injini, namaphutha okulungisa i-injini. Imiphumela kufanele ihlangatshelwe kubathengisi nabaphathi bokhetho ukuze baqondise ukulungisa. Ezizweni eziningi, ukuhlola okunjalo sekuyimfuneko engokomthetho yokulungisa i-creding.

Isiqiniseko esiqinile kanye nokungena

Wonke umsebenzisi osebenzelana nesimiso sokhetho — izigigaba, izisebenzi zokuvota, ochwepheshe, i-— kufanele aqikelele ngezimpawu eziqinile ezinezingxenye eziningi. Umthetho wokungena osekelwe kwindima yomthetho-msebe ulinganisela lokho ongakubona futhi akwenze. Izingobo zokuphenyelwa kwemali kumelwe zingaguquki futhi zihlolwe ngomsebenzi osolekayo ngesikhathi sangempela. Isimiso selungelo elincane kakhulu sibalulekile: Akumelwe kube umuntu oyedwa akwazi ukushintsha umphumela wokhetho.

Imfundo Yomphakathi

Izikhulu zezokukhetha kumelwe zifundise abavoti ngokunemba ukuthi bangazi kanjani izindawo zokuvota ezingokomthetho nezindlela zokuvota, ukuthi bangabona kanjani ukudukiswa, nokuthi bangabika kanjani umsebenzi osolekayo. Abaqondisi bezincwadi, izimemezelo zenkonzo yomphakathi, nemikhankaso yezembulo yezembutho yomphakathi ingasiza ekwakheni i-votentis eqinile. Uma abavoti beqonda izinyathelo zokuphepha endaweni, abachayeka kakhulu ekutheni kukhethweni okungamangalelanga.

Ukuphepha Nokunakekela Kwezohwebo

Imishini yokukhetha kumelwe ilandelelwe kusukela ekukhiqizeni kuya ekuthumeleni. Izikhombi kufanele zidinge abathengisi ukuze badalule bonke ochwepheshe abangaphansi kanye nezakhi, futhi kufanele iqhube i-stee ukuhlola izisebenzi eziyinhloko. I-compute Constectal commusecurecurity sealsecurity [ inikeza isiqondiso sokunikeza ukuphatha kwezingozi ze-ketanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izifunda-onke amaqoqo kufanele agcine iqoqo lemishini yokusekela isisekelo nezincwadi uma izimiso eziyinhloko zingaphumelela.

Ukuqeqeshelwa Izikhulu Zokhetho Ukungavikeli

Iphutha lomuntu ngokuvamile liyikhomba elibuthakathaka kakhulu. Izinhlelo zokuqeqesha kufanele zihlanganise ukuqapha kophashi, ukuvikela inqubo yokungena, ukulondeka okungokoqobo kwemishini, kanye nemithetho elandelwayo yokusabela kwezenzakalo. I-CISA inikeza ukuqeqesha kwamahhala kanye nokuhlobisa okuphezulu kwethebula okuhloselwe izikhulu zokhetho.

Ikusasa: Izindlela Zobuchwepheshe Ezixutshwayo Nezinsongo Eziqhubekayo

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe kunikeza kokubili amathuluzi amasha okuvikela okhetho kanye namabhethri amasha okuhlasela. Ukuqonda isithembiso nezingozi zalezi zenzakalo kubaluleke kakhulu.

Izindlela Zobuchwepheshe Eziwumgunyathi Nezokusakaza

I-Blockchain ihlongozwe njengendlela yokwakha amarekhodi okuvota asobala. Ngokucatshangelwayo isimiso esisekelwe ku-breatchain singavumela abavoti ukuba baqinisekise ukuthi ivoti yabo ibhalwe kahle kuyilapho ilondoloza ukungaqondakali. Nokho, kusele ukukhathazeka okukhulu: ukulondeka kwethuluzi lomvoti, ukumelana kwenqubo yokuvumelana ekuhlaseleni, nokuswela isisekelo sephepha. Izinhlelo ze-Projekthi ye-West Virginia, Utah, neColoradoladoodo zibonise imiphumela exubile. Izazi eziningi zokuphepha ezivimbela ukuxazulula izinkinga eziyisisekelo zekhasimende le-panethi ne-mfihlelovoti. Ukuhlola okuneyo okunemininingwane kuvela [[FLT:] Iprojectal projectal [FFFFOL:]

Ukuhlakanipha Okwenziweyo Okungatholaka Ngokuzenzakalelayo

Imfundo ye-AI nomshini ingasiza amaqembu okuvikela okhetho aqaphele izindlela ezingavamile ekubhaliseni ivoti, amazinga okubuyisa ibhola, noma izinqolobane zezokuxhumana. Ngokwesibonelo, i-algorithm ingasebenzisa izicelo ezisheshayo zokubhalisa ezingekho endaweni ethile, ezingabonisa umzamo wokukhwabanisa ohlangene. I-Al ingabuye ikwazi futhi ukuhlanganisa izimiso zokuhlola ezihlakaniphile zokuphakela izakhiwo zokhetho. Nokho, i-AII ngokwayo ingasetshenziswa ekusunguleni ukuveza ukunweba okugcwalisa i-diexpresendiation noma izimiso zokuhlola ama-verabillate.

Izinhlelo zokugcina-ukuya-eSendafica (E2E-V)

Izimiso ze-E2E-Vhoope zivumela abavoti ukuba bavote futhi kamuva baqinisekise ukuthi babehlanganisiwe ekuthatheni kokugcina ngaphandle kokwembula indlela abavota ngayo. Lezi zimiso, njenge-Helios ne-Scantegrity, zinikeza isiqinisekiso sezibalo sobuqotho. Nakuba zithembisa, zidinga ukuqonda okuyinkimbinkimbi futhi azisabangenwe. I-E2E-V ingaba engcono kakhulu njengoba ukufunda nokubhala kukhula futhi i-offaloring kuthuthuke izimpawu zomsebenzisi zithuthuka.

Ulwazi Lweqanda Lufakazela Nokubhala I - homomorphic

Lezizindlela eziphambili zokucwebezela zingasiza amavoti afingqiwe ukuba afundeke kahle ngaphandle kokukhipha amavoti ayimfihlo, agcine isikhathi sokuba wedwa kuyilapho eqinisekisa ukuthi ulungile. Ukucwaninga kuyaqhubeka, kodwa ukufezeka okuwusizo kuhlala kukude iminyaka eminingi uma kukhethwa amavoti amakhulu.

Isiphetho: Ukwakha Isimiso Semvelo Esishintshayo

Izinselele zokuphepha kwesimiso sokuvota nokwethembeka azikho ezinhlobonhlobo; ziguqula ngobuchwepheshe, amakhono olwembuku, kanye nokuthembana emphakathini. Akukho nhlamvu eyodwa yomlingo. Kunalokho, ukulondeka kokhetho kudinga isibopho esiqhubekayo, esilayishwa ngokuningi: ukuhlolwa okuqinile, ukuphenya okukhanyayo, izisebenzi ezifundile, amaketanga alondekile okuthengiselwa, kanye nokuvota okunolwazi. Amarekhodi ephepha kanye nokuhlolwa kohlelo lweposi kuhlala kuyisivikelo esinokwethenjelwa kakhulu. Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obuvelayo kudinga ukuqashelwa, ngokuhlola okukhulu nangokuqondisa.

Ekugcineni, umgomo awukona ukwenza ukhetho olune-100% olungakholeki —an Enctal— kodwa ukwenza ukuba lulondeke ngokwanele ukuthi noma yikuphi ukuphazamisa okuzanywayo kubonwe ngaphambi kokuba kushintshe umphumela, futhi ukuqiniseka komphakathi kulondolozwe ngokubona nokulandisa. Ngokuqonda izinsongo nangokufaka imali eziqinisekisiwe, idemokrati ingavikela ubuqotho bokhetho lwabo ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.