Ohulumeni bamazwe eUnited States baye bavela njengabashayeli abanamandla bokwamukelwa kabusha kwamandla, beqala izinhlelo eziningi ezidlulela ngalé kwemithetho kahulumeni. Lezinhlelo zikahulumeni ezihamba phambili zivame ukuncishiswa, zihlotshaniswa nemithombo yendawo, futhi zikhona ngokwezombangazwe, zizenza zibe nezinqubo ezibucayi zamandla ahlanzekile. Ngokunikeza ukuxubana kwezimo zezimo zezimali, izisekelo zemali, nokutshala izimali, iminyango kahulumeni ayinciphisi ukuthembela kuphela entweni evundlile kodwa futhi ithuthukisa intuthuko yezomnotho, ithuthukisa impilo yomphakathi, futhi imisa izindawo zazo ukuze zikwazi ukumelana namandla angoko ngesikhathi eside. Lokhu kuhlola okunzulu kwezindlela eziyinhloko zokuthatha isinyathelo, kugqamisa izibonelo ezivela ezweni lonke, futhi kuhlola izingozi ezithinta izingozi ezikhona.

Izinyathelo Eziyinhloko Zeminyango KaHulumeni

Ububanzi bamandla avuselelwayo kahulumeni bukhulu, kodwa avame ukuwela ezigabani ezintathu eziyinhloko: izisusa zemali, imikhankaso yemfundo nenjwayezo yezemisebenzi. Isigaba ngasinye sifeza indima ehlukile ekunqobeni izithiyo (ezezomnotho, ezokwaziswa, noma ezobuchwepheshe) ezinganciphisa ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuvuselelwayo njenge-langue, umoya, igesi eshisayo, kanye ne-biomas.

Izindleko Zezimali

Izisusa zemali ziseyithuluzi eliqondile nelithandwa kakhulu leminyango kahulumeni lokuvuselela amandla. Le zinhlelo ziklanyelwe ukunqanda izindleko eziphakeme zokufakwa kwezimiso ezinjengophahla lwezindlu, ama-turbine amancane omoya, noma izisekelo zokushisa ezisuka emhlabathini. Izindlela ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • Ihlela kanye nezinhlelo zemali ezisemva: Amazwe anjenge-New York anikeza ama-paneeve ngezinhlelo ezinjenge-NY-Sun, enikeza impoqo yentambo yentambo yokufakwa kwezindawo zokuhlala nezohwebelana. Lezi zibuye zinciphise inani lokuqala lokuthenga, okwenza ukuba ilanga lingeneke ngokwengeziwe emikhayeni ekhona phakathi.
  • Izikweleti zentengo nentengo: Izifunda eziningi zikhokha intela yenkampani neyalowo nalowo okhokhelwayo ngenani lezindleko zokufakwa. Ngokwesibonelo, iResidentiery Energy Leatting Crect ihlanganisa imali engu $2,500 ngelanga, kuyilapho i-Iowa inikeza ukukhokha intela ngomoya kanye nezimiso zamandla asomhlaba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhulula intela yempahla kuqinisekisa ukuthi inani elengeziwe lezimiso ezivusemzingeni lokufakwa kabusha alikwenzi imali yentela yasekhaya.
  • I-Performance-Incentives ezisekelwe: Ezinye izifundazwe, njenge-Massachusetts, zisebenzisa izinhlelo ezikhokhela abanikazi besimiso se-kilowatt yamahora avuselelweyo isimiso sazo esivuselelwe sikhiqiza. Lemali ekhokhwayo ibizwa ngokuthi i-Solar Reconficiate Energy Mail Izitifiketi (SRECS)] zenza umfula oqhubekekayo obophayo oxhunyiwe ekukhiqizweni kwamandla.
  • Izinhlelo ezivumelekile ze-Business and Nonpindurs: Iminyango kaHulumeni yamandla nesivikelo sendawo ezungezile ivame ukunikeza iziphakamiso ezizungeza izikole, omasipala, namabhizinisi amancane. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Colorado Energy Office inikeza izibonelelo zezingadi zelanga nezimoto zikagesi ezibopha imithombo evuselelayo.

Lamathuluzi emali ngokuvamile afakwa ngezisusa zikahulumeni, njenge-Investicement Tax Crest (ITC), ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenziseka. Ngokwe- National Renational Energy Laboratory [, izisusa ezihlangene zezwe nezihlangene zinganciphisa intengo yesimiso sonozungezilanga esihlalayo ngo-50% noma ngaphezulu kwezinye izifunda.

Imizamo Yokufundisa

Ngaphandle kokusekela ngokwezimali, iminyango kahulumeni inikela kakhulu ekufundiseni abantu ukuze ishintshe indlela yokuqonda yomphakathi futhi yakhe izisebenzi ezinekhono.

  • School-isiseko se-Curricula: Amazwe anjengeHawaii aye ahlanganisa izihloko ezivuselelwe zamandla nezindinganiso ze-K-12 zesayensi, esebenzisa amabhokisi kagesi ne-turbine yomoya ukuze afundise abafundi ngokukhiqizwa kwamandla. I-Huwai State Energy Office futhi iqhuba uhlelo "Eregy ezikoleni", olunikeza uthisha nemisebenzi yezifundo.
  • Izindawo zomsebenzi namaWebminars: Imishini iphethe amashabhu akhululekile kumninikhaya, abanikazi bamabhizinisi abancane, nabalimi ngezihloko ezisukela ku-sourter elula ekuhloleni amandla. Ngokwesibonelo, uMnyango wezentengiselwano unikeza uchungechunge lwezwe lwe-"Solar ku-All" ishabhu, ngokuvamile ebudlelwaneni nama-raibhuloho nezindawo zomphakathi.
  • Isivikelo soMnyango weSipheko no-Transparency: Ukulwa nezindlela zokudambisa nokudambisa, isho okufana neCalifornia neNew York kunyathelisa iziyalezo ze-inthanethi ezichaza izivumelwano, amathemba ohlelo, kanye nezimfuneko zokuzigcina. U.S. Umnyango WezeMweziselo [ ubambisana namahhovisi kahulumeni ukusakaza lemithombo.
  • Izinhlelo zentuthuko yomsebenzi:[ Imikhankaso yemfundo futhi ihlasela izindlela zomsebenzi. Iminyango yoMbuso ibambisana namakholiji omphakathi ukuze inikeze izinhlelo ze-crective metails kubafaki-mapulani, ochwepheshe be-turbine, nabaculi bamandla. ngokwesibonelo, i-Washington’s Clean Energy Fund, iye yaqeqesha izinkulungwane zezisebenzi zezemboni ezivuselelwayo ngemisebenzi yezobuchwepheshe.

Le mizamo yemfundo inethonya elikhulu: abanikazi bezindlu abanolwazi benza izinqumo ezihlakaniphile zokuthenga, abafundi bagcina beyisunguli, futhi imiphakathi izuza ithemba lokusekela imisebenzi emikhulu njengamapulazi omoya noma amapulazi akha izimpahla ezizungeza ilanga.

Intuthuko Yezakhiwo

Ukusetshenziswa okuqondile kwezakhiwo zamandla okuvuselelwa mhlawumbe kuyizinyathelo zikahulumeni ezishintsha kakhulu. Lemisebenzi yenza umgogodla ongokomzimba we-rate ehlanzekile, kusukela esizukulwaneni kuya enkathini yokudluliswa kwengxenye yayo kuya ekugcinweni.

  • Imisebenzi yokuzinza yesilinganiso: Izifunda eziningi zithuthukisa ukwakhiwa kwamapulazi amakhulu azungeza ilanga nepaki lokuphehla umoya. Texas, ngeprojekthi ye Competive Reneunegation Energy Zone (CREZ) edluliswayo, echithwa izigidi zezigidi zezigidi ukuze akhe imigqa ehlanganisa imithombo yomoya ehlanganisa iNtshona Texas ezikhungweni zomphakathi njengeDallas ne Houston. Le sakhiwo sombuso esineziqalishiwe sasenza u-texas waba umholi wesizwe ohamba emoyeni.
  • Grid Modernity: Imigqa kagesi yokuguga yaklanyelwa amandla kagesi aphakathi, amathambo asekelwe emngcwabeni. I-New York injenge-New York ifaka imali ku "i-gridt" ubuchwepheshe obungasingatha ukuguquguquka kwamandla elanga nomoya. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukukhuphuka kwezakhiwo eziphezulu, izikhitshana ezizihambelayo, nezimiso zokugcina amabhatri ezibunisa ukujikeleza kwemisebe.
  • Izinhlelo zelanga ezisemthethweni: Ayibona yonke imikhaya ekwazi ukufaka amaphasethi ngenxa yokufihla uphahla, indlela yophahla, noma isimo sokuqasha. Iminyango yoMbuso yenza umphakathi ukwazi ukuthatha izingadi zelanga, lapho izikhokheli eziningi zihlanganyela khona izinzuzo zodwebo olulodwa. IColorado’s Community Solar Gardans Act yayingenye yemifanekiso yakudala, ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zivume ingxenye yengadi yengadi yenzuzo yazo.
  • I-EV-eV-eartic Vehicle (EV) Network: Izifundazwe eziningi zihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwezokuthutha ngamandla avuselelwe. Ngokwesibonelo, i-California Energy Commission ithenge imali engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-R3, okuningi kwayo kwabekwa ngokufakwa kwelanga elisha nendawo yokugcina. Lendlela ehlangene inciphisa ukukhishwa kwamandla nezingxenye zothutho.

Le ntuthuko yezesisekelo idinga ukuhlelwa isikhathi eside nokuxhaswa okukhulu komphakathi, kodwa idala izinto ezihlala njalo ezikhanga ukutshala imali. Umbiko ovela U.S. Energy Information Administration uqokomisa okusho ngezimiso zezenguquko ezisheshayo ukubona amazinga aphezulu okusetshenziswa okuvuselelwa ngokomthetho.

Imisebenzi Yokuqondisa Yokulawula Evumela Ukuthatha Inyathelo

Ukuthatha izinyathelo eziqondile kuyizimiso ezimisa imithetho yomgwaqo ukuze kuvuselelwe amandla. Iminyango yoMbuso yemishini yezethuthi zomphakathi nezimiso zokuvikela indawo ezungezile ezisheshisa noma ezivimbela intuthuko. Izimiso eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Izindinganiso zePortfolio (RPS) ezivuselelwe: Lemiyalo idinga izinkampani zenzuzo ukuveza amaphesenti athile kagesi ovuselelwa ngonyaka ohlosile. Kusukela ngonyaka ka-2025, amashumi amathathu ezifundazwe kanye ne-Washington D.C. ne-Puerto Rico zinezikhokhi ze-RPS. i-RPS ikhalaza 60% ezivuselelwa ngo-2030 nangu-100% ngo-2030 ngogesi okhululekile ngo-2045.
  • Net Energy Metering (NEM): Lenkambiso ivumela abanikazi bezindawo ezinamalanga angaphandle ukuba bathengise ugesi owengeziwe futhi babuyele ezingeni lokudayisa. Izwe elifana ne-New Jersey ne-Massachusetts linemission ekwazi ukusekela abanikazi bekhaya ngokwezimali. Nokho, amanye amazwe anciphisa i-NEM izikweletu zemisebenzi ethunyelwa kwamanye amazwe (inqubo ye-asethi statives) elawula i-'e projectivessss' esetshenziswa iminyango kahulumeni elawula izikhalo zomphakathi.
  • Imigangatho exhumeneyo: ukushelela nokuhlangana okungafinyeleleki kwezimiso ezivuselelwe ku-grid kuyagxeka. Iminyango yoMbuso imisa izinqubo ezijwayelekile, izindleko, nezikhathi zokuxhumana, ukunciphisa i-tepe ebomvu. I-Interstate Reneunebration Energy Council (IREC) inikeza imithetho yokuhlanganisa elandelwa yizimo eziningi.
  • Ukwakha amakhodi e-Zoning: Ezinye izifundazwe ziyizinhlelo zokwakha ezivuselelayo ezidinga ukufundwa kwelanga noma ukusetshenziswa kwekhono ekwakheni okusha. ISihlokwana 24 sokwakha manje sigunyaza iziphakamiso zelanga emakhaya amasha amaningi, eyokuqala ezweni. Imithetho yendawo ithinta futhi lapho injini yomoya noma amapulazi elanga asebenza khona, futhi iminyango kahulumeni isebenza njalo ukuvumelanisa lezimiso.

Lezi zisekelo zenza kube nokuqiniseka, okubalulekile kubakhi nabakhi. Uma amazwe ebeka imigomo ecacile, efuna ukuvelela, atshela inkampani yomuntu ukuthi ukutshala ugesi ovuselelwayo nokufakwa kuyoba nomvuzo.

Izibonelo Zokuqaliswa Uhulumeni

Izifundo ezifundisa kakhulu zitholakala ezimisweni ezithile zikahulumeni eziye zashukumisa inaliti ekutholeni amandla avuselelekayo.

ECalifornia: I - Gold Standard

ICalifornia ilokhu ingumholi wamandla ongenakuphindwa eU.S. uhlelo lwayo oluvuselelwayo. I-Portolio Standard evuselelwayo iphakathi kwemibhoshongo enonya kakhulu, futhi isifunda sibuyisela ngemali eqinile. i-California Solarnitive (CSI), esungulwe ngo-2006 wazonyaka inikezwa izingcingo ezingaphezu kwezigidi zezigidi ezingu-R3 [R3] zezinsika zelanga, isiza isifundazwe esidlula isigidi esisodwa sezindlu zelanga ngo-2019. Muva nje, i-Caliation Energys Commotion [ ibhekise phambili ekwakhelweni lamandla, inikezela amabhatasi okufaka amabhayisekile ngaphansi kwe-Expartment Programme (IPG). I-odronadiase ye-ogletivess yogesi enziwe i-ogleve, i-ogleevent.

ETexas: Iphayona Lomoya

ITexas iyisifundo esiphawulekayo ngenxa yokuthi i-Grade yamandla isebenza ngokuzimele kubaphathi bakahulumeni, kodwa umbuso uye wabamba umoya ngamandla. I-Competive Retive Energy Zone (CREZ) iprojekthi yokudlulisa, eqedwe ngo-2014, ebiza imali engaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-18,7 zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zemali kodwa engahlulwanga amandla omoya eNtshona Texas. Namuhla, i-Texas ihola izwe esizukulwaneni esinomoya, futhi i-rective yayo iye yaba yindawo yokuhlola ukuvusenyuka okuguquguqukayo. Izwe liye labona futhi ukukhula okuqhumayo embonini ewusizo, eqhutshwa yintengiswayo engcono kakhulu neyayincindiswa yinte eMfuyo. I-RGene i-FOT] Izindawo zemvelo zivuse i-Foctive. [Fod provity]

INew York: Ihlobisa nokubheka phambili

Indlela ye-New York ihlanganisa izisulu ezinamandla kanye nokufinyelela okulinganayo. Ukuhlanganisa ukuhola nokuvikela i-communialism Act (CLCPA]] , kudluliswe ugesi ovuselelwayo ngo-2019, u-70% ngo-2030 nango-100% ungenayo ngo-2040. Ukufinyelela lokhu, New York State Enerner Research and Development Authority [NYSAD] [FLT]] ihamba idwebe izinhlelo. NY-Sun ithumele amagrain angaphezulu kakhulu ka-4 great ka-2040 (2040) ngohlelo oluhle olunciphileyo oluncane. Isimo sibuye sibukhele ngaphandle komoya. [UMphetho lwe-Dhovelk-ult][4]

IHawaii: Ithumbu Lekusasa

Njengesiqhingi esithelwe kakhulu ngowoyela ovela kwamanye amazwe, iHawaii inezindleko zikagesi eziphakeme kakhulu ezweni − futhi eminye yemigomo efuna ukuvuselelwa kakhulu. Izwe lihlose ukuvuselela ugesi ovuselelwayo ngo-2045, isisulu somthetho. i-Hawaiii State Energy Office isekela i-Orth State Office isekela umphakathi we-laright nemicrogridrock ukuze ithuthukise ukuqina. Inkambo ephawulekayo yi- i-Hawaiioislas Pluve [[ uhlelo, olungenisa indawo egciniwe yebhethritive kanye ne-okhesayo. Izindawo ezilinganiselwe zendawo yezwe ziye zaholela ekuthuthukiseni i-oglot. Indawo ye-ogn

Umbono Wesikhathi Esizayo Nomphumela

Amanyathelo kahulumeni kakade aseveze imiphumela engenakulinganiswa. Ngokwemininingwane evela ku- U.S. Eyective Information Administration, imithombo evuselelwayo manje inikeza ingqikithi yesizukulwane esingu 20% sombane wase-U.S., enezindawo ezifana ne-Iowa, iKansas, ne-Oklahoma ekhiqiza amandla ayo angaphezu kwa-30% emoyeni kuphela. Ithonya lendawo ezungezile libalulekile: izibona zincipha kakhulu igesi yecarbon dioxide engxenyeni yamandla. Izinzuzo zezomnotho zibonakala ngendlela efanayo. Ingxenye yamandla ahlanzekile manje isebenzisa amaMelika ayizigidi ezintathu, ngokufaka umshini welanga nomshini phakathi kwemisebenzi esheshayo ekhula.

Uma ubheka phambili, indawo ihamba. Intuthuko yezesayensi yezokuhlalisana iqala amathuba amasha. Iminyango yoMbuso ifaka lezi zindlela zobuchwepheshe emapulanini ayo. Ngokwesibonelo, iCalifornia ifaka imali enqolobaneni ende yokugcina indawo, kuyilapho i-New York ihlola ukuxubana kwe-hydrogen ezimbonini ze-computer. I-Inflatiodition Reduction Act (IRA) inikeza inzuzo enkulu ngokukhokha intela kanye nelungiselelo eliqondile lenkokhelo, kodwa imishado ye-omsmential system iyaqhubeka ibalulekile. I-odocts system yemithetho yokwakha evumela i-octivedronation sy, ukusekela ngokugcwele ekusekeleni kwe-ovectory.

Izinselele ziyaqhubeka. Ukwephuza ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-Grid, ukunqandwa kwezindawo zokuqoqa, nokuswelakala kwemisebenzi kungathatha intuthuko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphikiswa kwezombangazwe kwezinye izizwe kuye kwabangela ukuba kunciphe izisulu ze-RPS noma umthetho omelene nolwelanga. Nokho, ukulinganisela kwezomnotho kuya kucindezela: amandla avuselelwayo ngokuvamile awumthombo oshibhile kakhulu wesizukulwane esisha sikagesi, futhi uthelela izindleko zisheshe zithole izinzuzo zezindleko eziphansi, indalo, kanye nokuzimela amandla.

Ikusasa lamandla avuselelwayo cishe liyogxila ekusebenziseni amandla anokulingana nangokwesiko. Izinhlelo zihlelwa kabusha ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi imiphakathi efinyele kakhulu nezindawo ezinemibala ephansi, eziye zathwala inqwaba yokungcola, zithola amandla ahlanzekile nezindleko. Amamicrogrid kanye nesizukulwane esisakazwayo ziyofeza indima enkulu ekwenzeni imiphakathi ikwazi ukumelana nezenzakalo zezulu ezihlobene kakhulu nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Njengoba amazwe ethuthukisa amacebo awo, ukugcizelelwa kuzakusuka ekuhlaseleni okuhlanzekile, ekugcineni izinto, nasekuhleleni izinto ezigciniweni, kanye nokuhlanganisa okuhlakaniphile emangxenyeni.

Ekuphetheni, iminyango kahulumeni iye yaba abaklami ababalulekile boshintsho lwamandla avuselelwayo eMelika. Ngezisusa zezimali, imfundo, ukutshala izakhiwo, nenqubo ehlakaniphile, baye basusa izindleko, behlise izindleko, futhi bakha ukusekela komphakathi. Nakuba indlela engaphambili ingenazithiyo, amandla acacile: izigaba azilindeli ukuthatha isinyathelo sikahulumeni; zihola indlela, i-atrawn, i-atrubine, nesakhiwo esingasebenzi kahle. Ababheki bezimo zamandla emakhaya bahamba ngemuva.