Ukuminyana kwezimoto kusengomunye wezinselele eziphikelelayo nezibiza kakhulu ezibhekene namadolobha namadolobhana e-United States. Ngokwe 2023 Urban Mombility Report, ukuminyana kubiza umnotho wase-U.S. imali engaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu - 79 zamaRandi embonini elahlekile, ukuchitha uphethiloli, nezindleko zokusebenza kwezimoto ezikhudlwana. Iminyango yezokuthutha yoMbuso isendaweni engaphambili yalempi, isebenzisa uhide olubanzi lwamacebo okunciphisa i-drockboy, ithuthukisa izindlela zokuthutha, futhi yakha izinhlangano eziphumelelayo zokuthutha izimoto. Lemizamo ayikona nje ukuhambisa izimoto ngokushesha kakhulu; ithuthukisa izinga lokuphila, inciphisa ukulimala kwendawo ezungezile, futhi isekela ukukhula kwezomnotho.

Lokhu kuhlola okunwetshiwe kuhlola amasu aphumelela kakhulu ezimo eziseDOT asetshenziswa namuhla, kuqokomisa izindlela ezintsha zesikhathi esizayo, futhi kuhlola ukuhlola okwenzeka ngokoqobo emhlabeni okubonisa kokubili intuthuko nezinselele eziqhubekayo.

Iziteshi Zokunciphisa Inkolo

Ama-DOT kaHulumeni asebenzisa indlela ehlanganisa ukufakwa kwezakhiwo, ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe, nezinguquko zezimiso. Izinhlelo eziphumelela kakhulu zihlanganisa amasu amaningi ukusingatha ukuminyana okusuka emaceleni ahlukene ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ngezansi kunezigaba eziyinhloko zamasu asebenzayo akhona manje.

1. Ukwandisa Nokuthuthukisa Umphakathi

Ukunwetshwa kwekhono lokuthutha nokweshela umphakathi kungenye yezindlela eziqondile zokunciphisa inani lezimoto ezihamba emgwaqweni. AmaDOT kahulumeni afaka imali kuwo:

  • Izimiso ze-bonobol transmission (BRT) ezinikeza umsebenzi osheshayo, othembeke kakhulu ngemizila enikezelwe kanye nezimpawu eziza kuqala.
  • Ukukhanya kokukhanya kwandiswa [ okuhlanganisa amadolobha akhulayo nezigodi zamabhizinisi namakhukhwini emisebenzi.
  • [ intuthuko yesitimela esinomsinga [ ihlanganisa ukuphindeka okukhushuliwe, ugesi, kanye nokukwazi ukuthatha isiteshi esingcono kwabahamba ngezinyawo nabagibeli bamabhayisikili.
  • Ukuqala-kunyenyela-kokugcina-maye-maye-kabili amakhambi anjengemicrotransit, ama-aseater-injini, neziteshi ezihamba ngebhayisekili ezenza ukuthutha kube lula.

Ngokwesibonelo, uMnyango Wezokuthutha waseWashington State uye wabambisana nezinhlangano zendawo zokuthutha ukuze zandise isimiso sikajantshi esilula i - Sound Transit, uhlose ukunciphisa izimoto ezihamba amakhilomitha amaningi endaweni yaseSeattle edolobhaneni elingu - 15% ngo - 2035.

Ukusebenzisa Imishini Yokuzitika Nokudlala

Ukulawula igebe kusebenzisa amagalelo ahlukahlukene ukuze kulawule ukufunwa kwemigwaqo egcwele abantu phakathi nenkathi ephakeme. Lendlela iye yaphumelela kakhulu emadolobheni anjengeLondon neStockholm futhi manje ithola inzuzo eUnited States. Izindlela eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • [[IMIFLT:0] Izindleko ezilinganiswayo emigwaqweni elawulwayo: zishintsha isikhathi sangempela esisekelwe kumazinga omgwaqo ukuze zilondoloze ijubane elikhululekile.
  • [ I-cordon prication: Intengo eboshelwe ukushayela ezindaweni eziphezulu ezimisiwe, njengoba kuhlongozwa eDolobheni laseNew York.
  • Imali ekhokhelwayo esekelwe ku-Distance:[[FL:1] Isimiso lapho abashayeli bakhokhela khona ikhilomitha ngalinye ngebanga elihamba phakathi namahora aphezulu, okwamanje beqondiswa e-Oregon nase California.

I-Federal Highway Administration inikeza isiqondiso mayelana nokumiswa kokuminyana ukuqina . Umbuso DOT kumelwe uhlole ngokucophelela ukukhathazeka okulinganayo, njengoba i-prigampling ingathinta ngokungenakulinganiswa abashayeli abathola imali ephansi abanezindlela ezilinganiselwe zokuyisebenzisa.

3. Izakhiwo Ezilawulwa Amanxeba Nezinsimbi

Imigwaqo ehambayo − ihlanganisa nemigwaqo ehambayo ephezulu (HOV), imigwaqwe ephezulu yemizila ehambayo, kanye nemizila eveza imiphumela yamanani ahlukene (imizila enikezelwe ehlela izimoto kubantu abahlala kuyo abaningi noma labo abazimisele ukukhokha inani. Lemizila ikhuthaza ukuhoxa imoto, ukuthutha, futhi inikeza indlela ethembekile yokuhamba edlula ukuminyana kwenjongo.

I-Texas Department of Transportation ivule imizila elawulwa kakhulu eHouston nase Dallas, ene- i-North Tarrant Express isebenza njengesibonelo sombuso wezwe. Izinzuzo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa ukukhushulelwa komuntu (ukususa abantu abaningi, hhayi izimoto eziningi) kanye nenzuzo engaxhasa intuthuko yokuthutha.

4. Ukukhuphuka Kwezimiso Zokuqondisa Izimoto Ngobuchwepheshe Obuhlakaniphile

Ama-DOT kaHulumeni ahlola ukwaziswa kwangempela kwesikhathi, ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, nobuchwepheshe bezimoto ezihlangene ukuze kuhambe kahle futhi kuncishiswe izikhawu. Izakhi eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Ukulawula kwezimpawu zomgwaqo okulungisa isikhathi sezimpawu ezisekelwe kwivolumu yezimoto yangempela, ukunciphisa ukuma nokulinda izikhathi.
  • Izimpawu ezinamandla zomyalezo ezinikeza izikhathi zangempela zohambo, izimpawu zezenzakalo, kanye nokutusa kwendlela.
  • Ukuphathwa kwephasishi okuphakanyisiwe okuhlanganisa izimpawu, amamitha, kanye nokuhambisa kuqala ukunqamula iphasishi ukuze kuhambe kahle.
  • Izimiso zokuthola eziguquguqukayo zisebenzisa amakhamera nezinzwa ukuze zibone ukuphahlazeka kwemoto noma izimoto ezivalweyo futhi zithumele iziphetho ngokushesha.

Ngokwesibonelo, uMnyango Wezokuthutha Wase - Utah usebenzisa inhlanganisela yamakhamera, iradar nomshini ukuze unciphise ukuminyana kwe - Wasatch Front ngamahora aphakeme afinyelela ku - 12%, ngokwemibiko ye - UDOT.

5. Ukuthuthukisa Izinto Zokuhamba Ezingalawulwa Futhi Ezikhuthele

Ukukhuthaza ukuhamba, ukugibela ibhayisekili, nezinye izindlela ezisebenzayo kunciphisa uhambo lwemoto lwebanga elifushane futhi kuthuthukisa impilo yomphakathi. AmaDoT oMbuso aklama imigwaqo ephelele ehlalisa bonke abasebenzisi ngokuphephile. Imishini ihlanganisa:

  • Imigwaqo evikelwe yebhayisekili kanye nemikhondo yokujikeleza ihlukanisiwe nezimoto.
  • Intuthuko yendlela yokuhamba [ namabhuloho ahamba ngezinyawo ukuvala izikhala kwinethiwekhi.
  • Izinhlelo ze Bike-shalor kanye nesabelo sesithuthuthu[ zivame ukuhlanganiswa nezimiso zokuhambisa isikhashana.
  • Izindlela zobukhaphelo eziya esikoleni [ izinhlelo ezinciphisa ukwehla komzali emgwaqweni.

UMnyango Wezokuthutha waseColorado uye wasebenzisa ama - dollar angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu - 400 (amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu - 1 600) kuyipulani yawo yamuva leminyaka eyishumi yemisebenzi yabahamba ngezinyawo nabahamba ngamabhayisekili, uhlose ukuphinda kabili ingxenye yohambo olwenziwa ngezindlela zokuhamba ngo - 2040.

Indlela Entsha Yokusingatha Izindlela Nezinqubo Zesikhathi Esizayo

Ngaphandle kwamasu amisiwe, ama-DOT kahulumeni ahlola imiqondo eguqulayo engabuyisela izinto zokuhamba. Lezinyathelo ezibheka phambili zidinga ukutshala imali, ushintsho oluphawulekayo, nokwamukelwa umphakathi, kodwa athembisa ukwehla okukhulu kokuminyana nokukhishwa kwegesi.

Ukuzihlukanisa Okuzimele

Izimoto ezixhunyiwe nezizimele (CAVs) zinganciphisa kakhulu ukuminyana ngokuhamba kwezimoto okuhamba ngokushelelayo, ukunyakazisa izimoto (amaqembu apakishwe kancinci ezimoto), kanye nokuthutha okuphumelelayo. Ama-DOT kazwelonke alungiselela ngo-:

  • Ukuhlanganyela ezimisweni zikahulumeni zokulwa ne - CAV.
  • Ukunyusela isisekelo somgwaqo ukuze kusekele ukuxhumana kwemoto ehamba ngemoto (V2I).
  • Imithetho ethuthukisayo yokuhlola nokusetshenziswa kwemikhumbi - mkhathi ezimele ne - rodo-tixis.

Ngokwesibonelo, uMnyango Wezokuthutha waseFlorida uqhuba i-pat CAV] emigwaqweni emikhulu ephakathi ezungeze iTampa esebenzisa ubuchwepheshe beV2I ukuze inikeze ukwaziswa kwezimoto ezihlonyisiwe, ukunciphisa ukuminyana phakathi nezenzakalo.

Amahora Omsebenzi Avumelana Nezimo Nokuthuthukisa Imishini

Ukunciphisa isidingo samahora aphakeme ngezimiso zomsebenzi ezivumelana nezimo kuye kwathola isilinganiso, ikakhulukazi ngemva kobhadane. Ama-DOT kahulumeni asebenzisana nabaqashi:

  • Ukusebenza ngokungenangqondo kuqala izikhathi zokusakaza izindleko eziphakeme kakhulu isikhathi eside.
  • Yenza izakhiwo eziyisisekelo ezingekho emthethweni zezisebenzi.
  • Khuthaza amasonto acindezelwe (isib., izinsuku ezine zamahora ayishumi).

Ukuhlola okwenziwa i - A&M Transportation Institute yaseTexas kwalinganisela ukuthi uma amaphesenti ayishumi abantu base - United States besuka ku - 8:30 AM baya ku - 9:30 AM, izinga eliphakeme lokuhamba lingancishiswa ngezikhathi zokuqala.

Ijubane Eliphakeme Nendlela Esebenza Ngayo

Izindawo zikahulumeni ezinamaphasishi agcwele inani labantu zihlola izinjayi eziphezulu ezinomphini (HSR) ukuze zinikeze indlela yokuncintisana engcono ekuhambeni ngendiza nasemuva kokushayela imoto. Imisebenzi ihlanganisa ukulangazelela kwe-California (futhi impikiswano) iHSR ihlanganisa iLos Angeles neSan Francisco, futhi i-Brightline West phakathi kwe-Las Vegas ne-Southern California. I-Caliliforn Rail Authority [ ibika ukuthi inqubo yokusebenza ngokugcwele, isimiso siyothwala abagibeli abayizigidi ezingu-40 ngonyaka, inciphisa ukuhanjwa kwezimoto ku-Interstation 5.

Ukusheshisa kwephazile-a-a-Service (MaaS)

Amapulatifomu eMaaS ahlanganisa uhambo, ukuhanjwa, isabelo sebhayisekili, nesabelo semoto engosini eyodwa ekhokhelwayo. Ama-DOTT aqondisa uhlelo lwe-MaaS ukuze anciphise ukuba nemoto futhi akhuthaze uhambo oluphindaphindiwe. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Washington State Department of Transport ixhasa imali yomshayeli we-MaaS esifundeni sase-Seattle ehlanganisa bonke abasebenzi bemoto nesimiso esisodwa semoto, ehlose ukusika imoto eyodwa ngo-30% nge-30% ngemibhoshobhi ekhanka.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Ekuncishisweni Kwezinsolo

ECalifornia: Ukwanda Okumangalisayo Nokuchuma

ICalifornia ingumholi wezwe ekuhloleni amasu okuncishiswa kokuminyana, nakuba intuthuko ingalingani. Izwe liye lafaka izigidigidi:

  • ububanzi bokukhanya neBRT ngezinhlangano ezinjenge-Los Angeles Metro ne Sacramento Regional Transit.
  • [[IFLT:0] i-congestion price e-Interstate 25 e-Bay Area (iphasishi le-I-880) isebenzisa izilinganiso eziguquguqukayo emizileni yezimoto esheshayo.
  • fihla uBill 1 (2017) onikeza u-R34 zigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-5 [izigidi ezingu-5] eminyakeni eyishumi yentuthuko yomgwaqo nezokuthutha, kuhlanganise nemisebenzi yosizo oluminyene.

Naphezu kwalemizamo, ukuminyana emadolobheni amakhulu kulokhu kuphakeme ngenxa yokwanda kwenani labantu okuqhubekayo nezindlu ezilinganiselwe eziseduze nemisebenzi. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwaseCalifornia kubonisa ukuthi ngisho nokutshala imali ngobudlova kumelwe kuhlanganiswe nezinqubo zokusebenzisa izwe ukuze kuncishiswe izimoto ezihamba ibanga elide.

ITexas: I - Lanes Nemikhumbi - mkhathi Yomphakathi

I-Texas ithathe ubuhlobo bomphakathi obala (o-P3) ukuze kwakhiwe imizila elawulwayo. I-North Tarrant Express eFort Worth ne-LBJ Express eDallas iyisibonelo esiyinhloko. Lemisebenzi:

  • Ukwenezela ku 80% owengeziwe womuntu othwalayo ngaphandle kokwelula imizila yenjongo.
  • Kwafakelwa i - 40% yemali yokuhamba elondolozwe isikhathi sokuhamba ezindaweni ezithutha abantu nezihamba ngezimoto ezisebenzisa imizila yamahhala yeHOV.
  • Inzuzo etholakala emabhukwini aphinde afakwe ekunakekeleni izimoto nasemgwaqweni.

Nokho, lo mfanekiso uye wathola ukugxekwa kwezindaba zokulinganisela, njengoba amanani angadlula amaR2 phakathi nenkathi yenani eliphakeme. I-DOT yaseTexas ihlola intengo yemali esekelwe emalini ukuze ibhekane nalokhu.

I-Oregon: I-Mileage-esekelwe kumsebenzisi u-Fee Pilot

Uhlelo lomgwaqo i-Grade Isebenzisa iGauding (RUC) luyimiphumela yokuqala yohlobo lwawo e-U.S., ikhomba abashayeli ama-$0.018 ngekhilomitha esikhundleni sentela kaphethiloli. Lokhu akugcini nje kuphela ngokunakekela umgwaqo kodwa futhi kunikeza inqubo yokuhlela ngokushintshashintsha i-projekthi ye-mayensi ngayinye ngesikhathi nendawo. Imiphumela yangaphambili evela kumshayeli onezingxenye ezingu-2 000 ibonisa ukwehla kwesilinganiso sehora eliphakeme. Umnyango we-Oregon Wezokuthutha uhlela ukwandisa uhlelo, njengemininingwane yengosi yayo yezohlelo .

Izinselele Nokucabangela Izenzo ZoMbuso

Nakuba amasu angenhla ephumelela, ukuwasebenzisa kwabo kubhekene nezithiyo ezibalulekile.Ukuqonda lezi zinselele kubalulekile ekuhleleni izinto ezingokoqobo nasekuthembiseni umphakathi.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwemali

Imithombo yokuxhasa imali yokuhamba ngezohwebo − amagasi, intela yokubhalisa izimoto, imali ekhokhelwayo, intela kahulumeni . Izifunda eziningi ziphendukela ekukhokheleni, ekuthengeni intela, nakumaP3 ukuze zikhokhele izibhamu zemali. Ukungabikezeli kwalemifudlana yemali kungabambezelela noma kulinganisele intuthuko ehleliwe.

Ukuphikiswa Kwezombangazwe Nokuphikisa Komphakathi

Ukuzingela, imizila ehambayo, nezintela ezintsha zokuthutha ngokuvamile kubhekene nokuphikiswa okukhulu okuvela kubashayeli, amabhizinisi, nabaholi bezombangazwe abababheka njengomthwalo omusha. Ukuxhumana okuphumelelayo ngezinzuzo (umz., uhambo olusheshayo, intuthuko yendawo ezungezile) nokusetshenziswa kwayo okunezigaba zesikhashana kungasiza, kodwa ukuphikiswa kuseyisithiyo esikhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, icebo lokuminyana kweNew York liye lantengantenga lihlekile iminyaka eminingi ngenxa yezinselele ezingokomthetho nezingxabano zezombangazwe.

Ukulingana Nokutholakala

Imiphakathi ehholo eliphansi nabantu abathola imibala ephansi ngokuvamile bahlaselwa ngokungenakulinganiswa yizintambo kanye nezindleko, ngoba bangase bantule ukufinyelela ezinye izindlela zokuthutha noma izindlu ezibizayo eduze kwezikhungo zomsebenzi. Ama-DOT oMbuso kumelwe aklame izinhlelo ngokulinganayo engqondweni, njengokunikeza izindleko ezithena noma ukukhokha izikweletu ezingokwezimali kubashayeli abathola imali ephansi. Ukubolekisana komphakathi kuyo yonke inqubo yokuhlela kubalulekile ukuze kugwenywe ukuhlukanisa imicimbi ekhona.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwezwe Nokulwa Nezimpi

Intuthuko efinyelelwe (TOD) − ukwakha izindlu eziningi, imisebenzi, nezinkonzo ezizungeze iziteshi zokuthutha − kuyisici esinamandla sokuphelelisa ukwanda kokuthutha. Nokho, imithetho yendawo yokwakha ivimbela ukusinda okudingekayo ukuze i-TOD isebenze. Ama-DOT oMbuso kumelwe asebenzelane nohulumeni bendawo kanye nezindikimba ezihlela izifunda ukuze ahlele ukusetshenziswa kwezindawo ngokutshala izimali zokuthutha.

Impumelelo Elinganiswayo: Izincwadi Ezinemininingwane Nezingalo

Ukuhlola ukuphumelela kwamasu okunciphisa ukuminyana, ama-DOT ombuso ancike kwisethi yezimpawu zokusebenza okuyinhloko (KPIS). Lezi zihlanganisa:

  • [[INT:0]] Isilinganiso sesikhathi sokhombo lwe-TTI: isilinganiso sesikhathi sokuhamba ngezikhathi eziphezulu zohambo olukhululekile. I-TI ye-3, isho uhambo olude olungu-30% phakathi nencopho.
  • Inani labantu abahamba ephasishini ngehora, hhayi ngezimoto.
  • IVHEICle ihamba (VMT) kumniniyo: Isilinganiso sokushayela ngokuphelele, okusho ukuthi iCalifornia ihlose ukwehla ngomthetho (SB743).
  • Indlela ye- ihlanganyela: amaphesenti ohambo oluthathwa ngokuthutha komphakathi.
  • Ngesikhathi sokusebenza: Ku-i-nxusa ezidlulayo, isilinganiso esibucayi sokwethembeka.

Izindawo eziningi zikahulumeni zinyathelisa amabhodi omdlalo anyaka wonke. U.S. Department of Transportation futhi zilandela ukuthambekela kwesizwe ngohlelo lwayo lokulawula i-moolity System.

Indlela Engaphambili: Ukuhlangana Nokukhandleka

Akukho cebo elilodwa elizoqeda ukuminyana ngokuphelele. Ama-DOT aphumelela kakhulu ezwe aqaphela ukuthi ukunciphisa izimoto kudinga isimiso esihlangene sokutshala imali, izinqubo, kanye nokubambisana. Lokhu kusho ukuthi:

  • Ukuhlanganisa indawo ehambayo, umgwaqo, nokuhlela indawo endaweni.
  • Ubuchwepheshe obuntengantengayo ukuze kuqedwe isidingo ngesikhathi sangempela.
  • Ukuhlanganyela imiphakathi ngokushesha nangokuvamile ukuze wakhe ukusekelwa nekheli lokubonisana.
  • Ukusekela ukulondeka nokunikela ngemali ewujukujenga ngemithetho noma ngezindlela zokuvota.

Njengoba indawo yokuthutha iqhubeka itholakala futhi indawo yokuthutha ishintsha ngobuchwepheshe obusha, iminyango yezokuthutha kumelwe ihlale ishesha, isungule futhi igxile emiphumeleni ebaluleke kakhulu: ukuthutha abantu ngempumelelo, ngokuphephile nangokungantengantengi. Izindlela ezichazwe lapha zinikeza intuthuko engokoqobo engokwezinkathazo zokuphila kwanamuhla.