Table of Contents
Isingeniso: Okushiwo Ukubusa Kwe - autocracy Embusweni Wanamuhla
I-autocracy imelela uhlobo oluthile lukahulumeni lapho amandla aphelele ebekwe ezandleni zomuntu oyedwa noma umncane, ongahlangani. Ngokungafani nezimiso zentando yeningi ezisakaza igunya ngokhetho, ngokuhlola nangokulinganisela, nangemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo, imishini elawulayo yokwenza izinqumo nokungavumelani. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okubanzi kwe-autocracy @ithracles, ukubonakaliswa komlando, izindlela zokulawula, nemiphumela ehlala njalo emiphakathini. Ukuqonda lamandla kudingekile kunoma ubani ohlaziya izimiso zezombangazwe zomhlaba wonke, njengoba ukubusa kwe-autocratic kuqhubeka kuhlela ukuphila kwabantu abangamakhulu ezigidi namuhla.
Ukuchaza Imibuso Ezimele: Izimiso Eziyimisho
Ngaphakathi, i-autocracy iyisimiso lapho umuntu oyedwa noma iqembu elikhethiwe lisebenzisa igunya elingalawuliwe phezu kwezwe nabantu balo. Umbusi noma indikimba ebusayo ayingaphansi kwemingcele engokomthetho noma engokomthetho futhi ngokuvamile isho ukuthi inegunya ngokwayo emandleni ezombangazwe. Izimiso zedemocratic njengokwahlukanisa amagunya, ukukhululeka nobulungisa, kanye nokuvikelwa kwenkululeko yomphakathi kungekho noma kulula kakhulu. Igama ngokwalo lisuka ezimpandeni zamaGreki. [[[[FLT:] 0] [izimiso ezizihambela ngokwalo] [i-odwa] [FLT]] no-[FLT] [ult] [ult:] [uhlu] [uhlu] [umthetho] [ukuhlukanisa noma umthetho owodwa. Nokho, i-octracculmssion inganwelela ukulawulwa kwezimiso zomthetho zanamuhla noma ukulawulwa kweqembu lomphakathi.
Izici eziyinhloko zezimiso ezizimele
Imibuso ebusayo inezici eziningana ezakhayo nezisebenzayo ezibahlukanisayo kohulumeni bentando yeningi noma abahlukahlukene.
Ukugxilisa Amandla
Bonke abantu abanegunya elibalulekile lezombangazwe bahlala ezandleni zomholi oyedwa noma i-oligarchy ebumbene. Awekho amagatsha azimele kahulumeni, futhi abaphathi bejaji, isishaya-mthetho, nezokuphepha basebenza ngokuhlakanipha kombusi. Imithetho-sisekelo, uma ikhona, iyanganakwa noma iyalungiswa ngentando yayo.
Ukucindezelwa KobuProthestani Bezombangazwe
Amaqembu okuphikiswa avinjelwe, avinjelwe, noma anikezwe amandla. Izinhlangano zomphakathi zomphakathi ezizimele zibhekana nokuhlukunyezwa, ukuqashelwa, noma ukuvalwa. Imibono ehlukile yezombangazwe ibizwa ngokuthi ivukela umbuso noma ukuvukela, iqeda ngokuphumelelayo iziteshi ezingokomthetho zokwenqaba.
Ukunqandwa Kwenkululeko Yangaphakathi
Inkululeko yokukhuluma, yemihlangano, yezindaba, nenkolo ilinganiselwe ngokulandelana. Izindawo zokudayisa zilawulwa kakhulu uhulumeni noma zilawulwa kakhulu; ukungena nge-intanethi kungase kuhlungwa noma kuqashelwe; ukubhikisha komphakathi kuthathwa ngamandla. Izakhamuzi zihlala ziqashelwe njalo futhi zesaba ukuphindiselwa ngokuveza imibono engavumelani nemithetho.
Ukuncika Ekuzibopheni Nasemandleni
Ababusi ababusayo balondoloza amandla ngethuluzi lokuvikela − amabutho, amaphoyisa, izinhlangano zokuhlakanipha − ukusebenzisa ukuboshwa, ukuhlushwa, ukunyamalala, nobudlova ekusongweni okucatshangelwayo. Umbuso uyakwazi ukucindezela uqinisekisa ukuthi ukungavumelani kuhlala kuseceleni noma ngaphansi komhlaba.
Ukusetshenziswa Kwenqubo Ye - eectoral
Lapho kuqalwa ukhetho lwesigaba sokhetho, baklanyelwe ukugunyaza umbuso ngaphandle kokufaka engozini ukuncintisana kwangempela. Ukukhwabanisa kwe-Elector, ukwesabisa abavoti, ukuthumba izimpahla, nokulahla abaphikisi. I-Turnout ingaphoqelelwa, futhi imiphumela inqunyelwe kusengaphambili ukuze ibonise ukusekela okukhulu komsizi.
Ukubusa Okuzimele Nohlelo Lobuntu
Abaholi bavame ukuhlakulela uhlelo lobuntu ngenkulumo - ze, i-phonography, kanye nokulawulwa uhulumeni ukuze babonakale bebalulekile, bengalibosheli, futhi befana nesizwe. Lokhu kusetshenziswa komuntu siqu kwamandla kusiza ekunqandeni izinselele zangaphakathi futhi kukhuthaze ukwethembeka kubantu.
Izinhlobo Zentando Yeningi
Ukubusa kwemibuso ezimele kunezici ezihlukahlukene, ngayinye enemithombo ehlukile yokufaneleka nokulawulwa. Ukuqonda lezi zigaba kucacisa indlela imishini ephuma ngayo futhi iphendukele.
Inkosi ephelele
Ebusweni obuphelele, inkosi (inkosi, umbusi, noma inkosi) inegunya eliphakeme ngaphandle kwemingcele engokomthetho-mthetho. Izibonelo ezingokomlando zihlanganisa uLouis XIV waseFrance nombuso wamakhosi waseSaudi namuhla, lapho amandla ezuzwa khona ngefa futhi engalawulwa izindikimba ezikhethiwe. Intando yombusi iwumthetho, futhi ukulandelana kuvame ukuba yi-synastic.
Ukucindezela
Umbuso wobushiqela ungowobushiqela lapho umholi oyedwa enziwa khona isikhulu sempi noma isikhulu sebutho elilawulayo (*) elawula ngempoqo noma ngezindlela ezingekho ngokomthetho. Umashiqela ulawula ngesinqumo futhi aqede zonke izimbangi. Izibonelo zihlanganisa u-Adolf Hitler eJalimane lobuNazi noFrancisco Franco eSpain. Izikhulu zobushiqela zingaba ezizimele noma ezizimele, kodwa kuzo zonke izimo, igunya lomholi liphelele.
I - oligarchy
I-Oligarchy ibhekisela ekubuseni kweqembu elincane lamasheya aphezulu − izikhulu zezentengiselwano, abaqondisi bempi, izikhulu zeqembu, noma abanikazi bendawo. Amandla asetshenziswa njengeqembu elibusayo kunenzuzo yomphakathi. IRussia ngaphansi kukaVladimir Putin ichazwe njengesimiso sobukhomanisi lapho iqoqo le-silioviki (izikhulu zezokuphepha zakuqala) kanye nezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zilawula khona umbuso.
Umbuso ongokwasezulwini
Ezindaweni ezingokwasezulwini, abaholi benkolo basebenzisa amandla ezombangazwe futhi babusa kusekelwe emthethweni waphezulu. I-Iran’s Islam Republic iyisibonelo esivelele samanje, lapho uMholi Ophakeme Wenkolo enegunya eliphelele ezinhlanganweni ezikhethiwe. Imithetho kumelwe ivumelane nemfundiso engokwenkolo, futhi ukungavumelani kuvame ukubekwa njengokuhlubuka.
Ijunta Yezempi
Ijanta yezempi iwuhulumeni oholwa izikhulu ezithatha igunya kakhulu ngokuthatha umbuso nge-d’état. Ijunta imisa umthetho-mthetho, ivimbele amaqembu ezombangazwe, nemithetho ngemithetho yesimo esiphuthumayo. Izibonelo zamuva zihlanganisa ukuthatha ibutho lezempi laseMyanmar ngo-2021 kanye neChile ngaphansi kuka-General Augusto Pinochochet kusukela ngo-1997 kuya ku-1990.
Izibonelo Ezingokomlando Zegunya Le - autocracy
Imibuso eminingi ebusa ngobudlova iwumlando ojulile, futhi imibuso eminingi ishiya izingcabo ezingacimeki ezizweni zayo nasezweni.
Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union, 1920s-19553)
Stalin waguqula iSoviet Union yaba umbuso wobushiqela ngenhlangano yamaKhomanisi ephethe umbuso, ukuqothulwa kwequmrhu, isimiso seGulag, kanye namaphoyisa omshoshaphansi andayo (NKVD). Wasusa bonke abaphikisi bangempela nabacatshangelwayo, ukuhlelwa kwezomnotho okuqinile, futhi waphoqelela ukuba abantu bafune umphakathi. Izindleko zomuntu zaziyinhlekelele: izigidi zafa ezindlala, ukubulawa, namakamu okusebenzela abantu.
Adolf Hitler (Nazi Germany, 1933-1945)
I-Third Reich kaHitler iyisibonelo sencwadi yezincwadi zobushiqela bobushiqela bomuntu. Ngemva kokukhuphukela ebukhosini ngezindlela zomthetho nangokusabisa, waqeda izinhlangano zentando yeningi, wamisa umbuso owodwa wesigaba, futhi wahlela ukuQothulwa Kwesizwe. Ukulawula kwakhe kwe-autocratic kwagcinwa ngamaGestapo, ama-SS, nangethuluzi lenkulumo - ze eligcwele yonke indawo.
Kim Il-sung noKim Jong-un (Nyakatho Korea, 1948-48-presente)
I-North Korea iyi-autocracy ehlanganisa uhlelo lobuntu nokulawula okuphelele kombuso. Umkhaya kaKim uye wabusa izizukulwane ezintathu, uthatha ukuhola kwemibono kaJuche (ukuzithemba). Uhulumeni ulawula zonke imithombo yezindaba, uvimbela ukuhamba, uvimbela ukuthatha iziboshwa, ufaka izimali kakhulu kwezempi kuyilapho umphakathi ubhekene nobunzima obukhulu bezomnotho.
Fidel Castro (Cuba, 1959-29)
Umbuso kaCastro kaMarx-Leninist wacindezela ukuphikiswa kwezombangazwe, impahla elawulwa abantu, futhi wamisa umbuso ozimele. Ukungamnaki kwaphazanyiswa, futhi izinkulungwane zabaleka esiqhingini. Nakuba umbuso wanikeza imfundo nokunakekela impilo, wavimbela nenkululeko futhi walondoloza ubudlelwane bamaphoyisa oyimfihlo. Umfowabo uRaúl wamlandela, futhi lesi simiso sisaqhubeka nanamuhla.
Umngane ka-Adolf Hitler eYurophu: Benito Mussolini (Italiya, 1922-1943)
Umbuso kaMussolini wase-Italy wawuyi-autocracy yekhulu lama-20 eyaqeda amaqembu entando yeningi, yadala amaphoyisa omshoshaphansi (OVRA), futhi yasebenzisa inkulumo - ze ukuze yakhe ihlelo eduze komholi. Nakuba kwakunobushiqela obuncane kuneJalimane likaHitler, yamisa isilinganisi sokulawula ekwakheni i-autocracy eyathonya imibuso eminingi.
Ukubusa okuphakathi e - Afrika: i-Sani Abakha (eNigeria, ngo - 1993-1988)
UJenene Sani Abaka wathatha umbuso ekubuseni umbuso futhi wabusa eNigeria ngenqindi engekho emthethweni, wavimbela umsebenzi wezombangazwe, wafaka izintatheli emajele, futhi wagcona izinkulungwane zezigidi.
Indlela Ama - orcistra Aqhubeka Ngayo Anamandla: Izindlela Zokulawula
Ababusi ababusayo basebenzisa amasu ahlukahlukene ukuze baqinise igunya labo futhi bavimbele izinselele.
Ukulawula Inkulumo - ze Nokwaziswa
AmaRegime alawula ukugeleza kokwaziswa ngemithombo yezindaba ehlolwe noma eqashelwe kakhulu, ukucusumbulwa, nemingcele ye-Internet. Azenza avikele ukulondeka kwesizwe, ukulondeka, noma izindinganiso zamasiko, kuyilapho eguqula abaphikisi njengabameleli bakwamanye amazwe noma izitha zabantu. Izibonelo ezingokomlando zihlanganisa ukusakaza kwamaNazi ngaphansi kukaJoseph Goebbels kanye nezimiso zokukhokha izikweleta zezenhlalo zamuva kwamaShayina kanye nokucubungula ukuphikisa.
Amanethi e-Patronage kanye ne-Elites Cooption
Ama-autocrates avuza abasekeli abathembekile ngezikhundla, ingcebo, namalungelo. Ngokulawula ukufinyelela izimali zezomnotho − izivumelwano zemali, imisebenzi kahulumeni, umhlaba, kanye namalayisensi − bakha i-meter adwelisayo exhomeke ekuqhubekeni komusa wombusi. Lento evumelanayo ingenza izithasiselo ezingcono futhi iqinisekisa isithakazelo sesikhulu ekuphileni kombuso.
Ukulondeka Nobuhle
I-Stasi eMpumalanga Jalimane, i-CURS, i-SAVAK e-Iran) ibangela isimo sokwesaba. Ukusetshenziswa kwabaphathi kugcwele yonke indawo, kukhuthaza ukuzihlobisa nokuthatha izikhali zomphakathi.
Imibono Yomthetho - sisekelo Nezinqumo Ezilawulwayo
Izindawo eziningi zanamuhla zilondoloza izinhlobo zangaphandle zedemokrasi − imibuso yentando yeningi, izigele, nokhetho , kanti ziqinisekisa ukuthi aziyinselele yangempela kumbusi. Ukuphikiswa kuyavinjelwa, kuphoqelelwe emaqenjini asemaceleni, noma kuvunyelwe kuphela njengevalvus yokuphepha elawulwayo. Lokhu "ukubusa ngempoqo" kusiza umbuso ukuba uzuze ukubuswa ngokomthetho nokufinyelela usizo lwezizwe zonke.
Amasu Okuhlukanisa Nokubusa
Izikhulu zezokuzisebenzela zisebenzisa ubandlululo, inkolo, noma izifunda ukuze zivimbele ukuphikiswa okunobunye. Zingase zinikeze iqembu elilodwa ilungelo phezu kwabanye, ukungezwani kwemithetho, noma zisebenzise ukusola ukuphazamisa ukwehluleka kokubusa. Lelisu lenza umphakathi ube buthaka futhi lenze kube nzima kakhulu ukulwa nombuso.
Ithonya Elinamandla Lemibuso Yemibuso Engaphansi
Imiphumela yokubusa kwe-autocracy igcwele kuzo zonke izici zokuphila − kwezombangazwe, kwezomnotho, kwezenhlalo, nakungokwengqondo. Nakuba amanye ama-autocracle efinyelela ukuqina okufushane noma ukushesha kwezemisebenzi, izindleko zesikhathi eside zinkulu.
Ukucindezelwa Kwenkululeko Yezombangazwe
Izakhamuzi zilahlekelwa ilungelo lokukhetha abaholi bazo, ukugxeka uhulumeni, noma ukwakha izinxulumani. Ukuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe kuthathelwa indawo ukulalela okungasizi.
Ukungahleleki Kwezomnotho Nokungalingani
Imibuso ye-autocracracs ivame ukuhlushwa ukulahlekelwa ngokwezimali okungalawuleki, ukuhweba ngezimali, kanye namazinga aphakeme enkohlakalo. Ngaphandle kwezimiso zomthetho noma amalungelo empahla asobala, ukutshala izimali kwamanye amazwe kunganqamuka. Nakuba amanye ama-autocratat (umz., i-Lee Kuan Yew eSingapore) ekwazile ukukhula kwezomnotho, amanye amaningi (umz., Mugabe eZimbabwe) acekela phansi ezomnotho zawo. Umehluko uthambekele ekwandeni njengoba aphezulu ethatha imithombo yezwe. [[FLT:]] Uphembeleko lwezesayensi yezombangazwe [FLT] lubonisa ukuthi ngokuvamile amazinga ezokukhula okuthatha isikhathi eside kune-deudeudeudeude.
Ukuphulwa Kwamalungelo Abantu
Ukuxhashazwa kwezimiso zezokusebenza kwesimiso somphakathi (-*, ukuboshwa ngonya, ukunyamalala okuphoqelelwe, ukubulawa kwabantu okungaphezulu (kuvamile) ezikhungweni ze-autocracy. Izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu ezizimele zivinjelwe noma zihlukunyezwe. I - International Criminal Court iye yamangalela abaholi abambalwa abaphethe ngezenzo zobugebengu ezihlaselwe isintu.
Ukungahlaliseki Nokungalawuleki Komphakathi
Ukucindezelwa kubangela ukucasuka. Uma kuvela ubunzima bezomnotho noma izikhalo zezombangazwe, izikhalo ezicindezelwe zingabangela ukubhikisha, ukuvukela, noma ukuvukela. I-Arabian Spring ka-2010-2012 yabonisa indlela i-outocracia (i-Tunia, i-Egypt, iLibya) ebonakala iqinile ngayo ngokushesha lapho izinhlangano ezithandwayo zinqoba ukwesaba. Nokho, izinguquko ngokuvamile ziholela ekuntengantengantengantengiswani okuqhubekayo noma ezinhlobo ezintsha zemishini.
Ukuncipha Kokwethenjwa Umphakathi Nenhloko - dolobha Yomphakathi
Kuhulumeni, izakhamuzi zifunda ukungathembani izikhungo futhi zithembane. Ukuthembela kukahulumeni ekuqapheni futhi ubizeli kuqeda ubunye bomphakathi. Abantu bayaziphindisela ekuphileni komuntu siqu, bagweme noma yiluphi uhlobo lwesivumelwano somphakathi esingakhanga. Lokhu kuhlukana kungaqhubeka ngisho nangemva kokushintsha kombuso.
Ukusuka Ebuautocracy Kuya Ebuthweni Lentando Yeningi
Imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi namuhla yavela ezimisweni zemibuso ebusayo ngokushintsha kancane kancane, ngokushintsha noma ngokushintsha okungaphandle.
Izindlela Zokushintsha
Ukunqandwa kungabangelwa yizingxoxo zobuqhawe (umz., iSpain ngemva kokufa kukaFranco), ukuvukela okuthandwayo (umzk., ukuvukela kwe-Infonses Power Revolution yasePhilippines ngo-1986), noma ukunqotshwa kwezempi (umz., iJalimane neJapane ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II). Kwezinye izimo, o-autocrates bathatha inyathelo ngokuzithandela ngenxa yokucindezela kwangaphakathi noma kwangaphandle, njengoba kwenzeka eChile ngemva kokulahlekelwa kwe-Pinochetem's arepenteum.
Izithiyo Zentando Yeningi Ehlala Njalo
Ukuguqulwa kwe-autocracy akuyona inqubo elandelanayo. Ukubusa umthetho okungenamandla, ukungalingani okujulile, kanye nesiko lobushiqela kungasusa ukuphathwa ngedemokrasi okungavumelani nomthetho we-autocracy. Amazwe amaningi abhekana no "backlash" lapho izinhlangano zentando yeningi ezintsha zithunjwa khona yizigebengu ze-autocrates noma ama-oligarch, okuholela ekuguqukeni kwentando yeningi noma ekuncintisaneni kwentando yeningi yentando yeningi noma ukubusa ngentando yeningi okuncintisana okunezici eziningi ze-autocracratic.
Ukuhlolwa Kwecala: INtwasahlobo Yama - Arabhu Nemiphumela Yayo
Ukubhikisha okuthandwayo okwakhukhula iMpumalanga Ephakathi ngo-2011 kwawisa omashiqela abahlala isikhathi eside eTunisia, eGibithe, eLibya, naseYemen. Noma kunjalo yiTunisia kuphela eyakwazi ukuqinisa isimiso sentando yeningi. EGibithe, ibutho lezempi laphinde lalawula ngaphansi kuka-Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, lakha uhulumeni omusha ocindezela kakhulu kunalowo omdala. I-Libya yawela empini yombango. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ukususa i-acrandreat akuqinisekisi ukubusa ngentando yeningi; izakhiwo zamandla nezizathu zomhlaba wonke kudlala indima ebalulekile.
Ukubusa Kwangekhulu Lama - 21
I-autocracy ayiyona insalela yakudala. NgokweDemocratic Index eyakhishwa yi-Economist Intelligence Unit, cishe amaphesenti angu-40 abantu emhlabeni ahlala ngaphansi kombuso wobuphoqeli. Izizwe ezinjengeChina, Russia, Iran, Turkey, Venezuela, Hungary, ne-Belarus ziye zabona ukuphambukiswa kwentando yeningi noma ukumiswa kombuso we-autocratic emashumini eminyaka amuva. Ubuchwepheshe obusha obusha − ukuhlola kobucupheli, ukuxhaphaza kwezenhlalakahle, ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, i-injiniyakhomba okunelisayo (*) okunezakheli ekwazi ukulawula nokulawula amathuluzi okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili.
Ukuvela kwe-"Dignosticism" emazweni anjengeChina, nesimiso sayo sokuthenga ngesikweletu somphakathi kanye ne Great Firewall, kumelela ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okuqanjiwe kokulawula kwe-autocracy. Okwamanje, ezinye imibuso yentando yeningi ithatha izinyathelo ezingalawuleki zokucindezela(ukuhlela) i-evice i-parediace wind nkululeko, ukululaza izigijimi, noma ukulahla ukuphikiswa kokuphikiswa kombuso wentando yeningi. Ukuqonda i-autocracracy kubaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili ekubopheni umphakathi, ukuhlaziya isimiso somthetho, nokuvikela izimiso zentando yeningi.
Isiphetho: Isizathu Sokuqonda Izindaba Zokuzilawula
I-autocracy, ezindleleni zayo eziningi, ihlala iyindlela evelele yokubusa emhlabeni wonke. Ukuchaza kwayo izici ezibonisa ukusheshisa amandla, ukunqandwa kokungavumelani nokucindezelwa − kuveza imiphumela emikhulu yenkululeko yomuntu, intuthuko yezomnotho, nenhlalakahle yomphakathi. Nakuba abanye bephikisa ngokuthi izimiso ze-autocratic zingaletha ukuzinza noma ukuguqulwa okusheshayo, umlando ubonisa ukuthi lezi zinguquko zivame ukudlula futhi zifike ekulahlekelweni kokuhlupheka okukhulu. Ukuguqukela ekubusweni kwentando yeningi. Ukuguqukela ekubusweni kwentando yeningi kuyenzeka kodwa kugcwele izinselele ezidinga ukugcinwa komthetho, izinhlangano ezizimele, nokuhlanganyela komphakathi. Ngokufunda imishini nokusebenza kwayo, sihlonyiselwa kangcono ukuqaphela izinsolo nokusekela isithunzi nokusekela izimiso zabantu. [FFM] [FF] Imibiko yezindaba zenkululeko ye-octalgatest]