Isingeniso: Ukuchaza amaPasc angaxhunyiwe

I-Picial Action Committee (PACs) iyitshe lemali yomkhankaso e-United States, kodwa akuyona yonke i-PACs esebenzayo ngokufanayo. Umehluko oyinhloko utholakala ngokuthi i-PAC "ixhunyiwe" noma "ayixhunyiwe"." I-PAC ihlangene ngokomthetho nenhlangano, inyuswa ngenyunyana, inyunyana yezisebenzi, inhlangano yezentengiselwano, noma enye inhlangano, futhi ukusekela kwayo imali nemisebenzi yayo kulawulwa yileyo ndawo. Ngokungafani, i-PAC engekhona ehlangene nenhlangano ehlangene nenhlangano ehlangeneyo futhi ayiphakathwa yiyo ukuba isekele noma iphikise abaqhubi, izinyathelo, noma imithetho evumelana nemibono yayo noma umsebenzi wayo.

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe aye aba nethonya ekwakheni izinhlangano zomphakathi. Anikeza izimali ezinikezelwe ezingeni lokusekela ukuhlelwa kwezezimali, izimpande zotshani, nokuvota, ngokuvamile ngenxa yezimbangela zokungasekelwa kwezinhlangano ezinkulu noma izinyunyana. Ngenxa yokuthi awabheki enkampanini eyodwa noma ezinhlanganweni, ama-PAC angaxhumaniswe nemali esheshayo ukuveza izimpikiswano nokusabela ekushintsheni kombono womphakathi. Lokhu ukuzimela kuwenza afaneleke ngokukhethekile ukukhuthaza izinqumo zezinhlangano ezinkulu zezenhlalo futhi kuphoqelele izinguquko zezimiso ezindabeni ezinjengelungelo lomphakathi, isimo sezulu, i-equalist, i-quectivesss, eectives.

Ukuze siqonde ubukhulu bendima yabo, kubalulekile ukuhlola isimiso esingokomthetho esibabusayo, indlela abasebenza ngayo, nezindlela eziqondile abaye basekela ngazo izinhlangano ezinkulu zezenhlalo eminyakeni yamuva.

Umsebenzi Ongokomthetho Nomthetho

Imisuka Yomlando NoMthetho Wokhetho

Isimiso sanamuhla se-PAC sabunjwa kakhulu yi-Federal EFomment Campaign Act (FECA) ka-1971 kanye nokulungisa kwayo ngo-1976 no-1976. I-FECA yamisa imingcele yomnikelo, izimfuneko, nezincazelo ezingokomthetho zekomiti yezombangazwe. I-PAC engahlanganisiwe ichazwa njengekomiti yezombangazwe engeyona ikomiti yeqembu noma ikomiti egunyaziwe yombhalisayo, futhi engenayo inkampani esekelayo noma inhlangano yezisebenzi. Lamakomiti kumelwe abhalise i-Federa Evolution Commission (FEC) futhi abika njalo amafayili echaza izingeniso zawo kanye nezingahambi zamagama.

Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme yonyaka ka-2010 saguqula i-PACs ngokuphawulekayo ngokuvumela izinhlangano ukuba zisebenzise imali engenamkhawulo ezindlekweni zezombangazwe ezizimele. Nakuba leso sinqumo ngokuyinhloko saphakamisa ama-PAC, sagcizelela ukubaluleka kwama-PAC angahlanganisiwe njengezinhlangano ezingakhomba iminikelo eqondene nemithetho engokomthetho (manje i-R3,300 ngevoti yekomiti yezentengiselwano). I-PAC ehlangeneyo iyaqhubeka isebenza ngaphansi kwemingcele engokwesiko, kanti i-PCACs ingaphakamisa futhi isebenzise imali engenakulinganiswa uma ingahlangani ngqo nabantu abazohlobanayo.

Imingcele Yeminikelo Nemithetho Yezimfihlo

I-PAC engaxhunyiwe ingamukela iminikelo efinyelela ku-R150 000 ngonyaka kunoma yimuphi umuntu. Inganika i-$5 000 ngonyaka kukhetho olungu komiti (inombolo yecala neyomphakathi) izibalo zokhetho, u-R45 000 ngonyaka ekomitini yesizwe, futhi i-$5 000 ngonyaka kwenye i-PAC. Lemikhawulo ibekwa obala ukuze inyuke futhi ilungiswe ngezikhathi ezithile yi-FEC. Ukubona kukhanya kuyadingeka: I-PAC kumele yazise igama, ikheli, umsebenzi, nomqashi wanoma isiphi isisebenzi esinikela ngaphezu kuka-R320 000 ngonyaka. Lemiba ikhona obala kwenye i-webhsayithi ye-FEC, inikeza isilinganiso sokulandisa.

Nokho, abagxeki baphawula ukuthi ukudalulwa kungalulazwa yi "imali engacacile" iziteshi. Amanye amaPaC angaxhunyiwe athola imali evela ku 501(c)(4) izinhlangano zezenhlalakahle noma izinkampani ezilinganiselwe zezenhlalakahle (LLCs) ezingadaluli abanikela bazo abangaphansi. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ezingxabanweni eziqhubekayo mayelana nokuphumelela kwemithetho yamanje yokudazulula kanye nesidingo senguquko.

Imishini Esebenzayo Ye - paccs Engaxhunyiwe

Izinqubo Ezisekelayo

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe avame ukuphakamisa imali ngeposi, imikhankaso ye-imeyili, izikhankaso zezokuxhumana, nezenzakalo. Avame ukuthembela ekusekeleni abantu abanikela nge-dilor encane abathanda impikiswano ethile. Ngokwesibonelo, i-PAC egxile ekuqondiseni i-coration ingasebenzisa izicelo ze-inthanethi kanye nezinhlu ze-imeyili ukuze icele iminikelo kwabasekeli ngabanye. Abanikazi abanikelayo bangafeza indima ebalulekile, ikakhulukazi uma i-PAC yaziwa ngokuphumelela kwayo ekukhetheni i-provironment.

Ukusebenzisa Imali Nokudla

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe achitha imali ngezindlela eziningana: iminikelo eqondile kumakomiti afuna ukubhalisa nasemabuthweni; izindleko ezizimele zokukhangisa, amaposi, nemikhankaso yemishini; nezindleko zokuphatha njengeholo, intela yokuqasha, nenkokhelo yokukhokha. Izindleko zokuzisebenzela ziyithuluzi elinamandla ngoba zingenziwa ngaphandle kwemingcele, uma nje kungekho kubambisana nanoma yimuphi umuntu ofundayo. I-PAC eningi engaxhunyiwe isebenzisa izindleko ezizimele ukuze iqhube izikhangiso ezisekela noma eziphikisa izikhundla zezelo ezithile zezenhlalo.

Ukuhlaselwa Kwezimpande Ezinkulu

Ngaphandle kweminikelo yezimali, ama-PAC angekho axhumene ngokuvamile axhasa imisebenzi yokukhipha i-vote (GOTV), ukubhalisa ucingo, nokufaka iminyango yocingo endlini. Bangaxhasa futhi imibuthano, imidlalo yemfundo, nezinhlelo zokuqeqesha abashisekeli. Lokhu kusekela okungaphandle komhlaba kubaluleke kakhulu ezinhlanganweni ezincike ekuhlanganyeleni komphakathi okusakazekile ukuze kwakhiwe imfutho nengcindezelo ekhethiwe.

Indima Yokusekela Izinhlangano Zomphakathi

Ukuvikelwa Kwendawo Ezungezile Nendlela Isimo Sezulu Esisebenza Ngayo

Enye yezindawo ezivelele kakhulu lapho i-PACs isebenza khona yinqubo yendawo ezungezile. Amaqembu anjenge- Ligue of Conservation Voters [LCV Action Fund ne- STIRA] SURRA Club Committee [] ayihlangeneyo-PAC [ikhuphula imali kubantu ngabanye ukuze isekele abazodwa futhi iphikise labo abanemibhalo ebhaywe ebhayweni ephansi. Le PACC ibiwusizo ekwandiseni imithetho ethuthukisa isimo sezulu, ivimbela imisebenzi yamandla enciphekayo, futhi ikhuthaza ukuguquka kwamandla. Phakathi nomjikelezo wokukhetha indawo ezungezile, ngaphandle kwe-PACCRC esetshenziswa ezimele isigidini ezizinwini ze-octives.

Ubulungisa Bobuhlanga Namalungelo Omphakathi

[[NTLT:0] Umbala Wokungavumelani kwe-PAC nomsebenzi we-NAACC ohlangene nokhetho lokukhetha abazobhapathizwa beboshelwe ekuhlanganeni. Le zinhlangano zisekela izikhangiso zokuqokomisa inguquko yamaphoyisa, ukuvota, namalungelo obulungisa bezomnotho. Ngokulandela ukubhikisha ko-2020 George Floyd, iminikelo ekwahluleleni kwesizwe i-PACs iyanda, ibenza bakwazi ukwandisa ukufinyelela kwabo. Ikhono le-PACs lokusabela ngokushesha ezinhlanganweni zezenhlalo libenza bagxeke ekulondolozeni ukucindezela kwemithetho.

Amalungelo Ezisebenzi Nobulungisa Bezomnotho

Nakuba ama-PAC amaningi axhunyiwe emsebenzini exhunyiwe ezinyunyana, kukhona futhi nama-PAC azimele angaxhunyiwe agxila emalungelweni ezisebenzi. Ngokwesibonelo, [[FLT: 0] Asebenza Iqembu Lemikhaya IPAC isebenza njengenhlangano engaxhumani evumela abafuni ukuthuthuka kanye nokulwa ngenxa yokwanda kweholo elilinganiselwe, ikhefu elikhokhwayo, kanye nokuthelelwa amalungelo ahlangene. Le -PACs ngokuvamile ibambisana nezinhlangano zomphakathi ukwakha imifelandawo ehlanganisa amaphimbo asebenza amakilasi.

Amalungelo Okuzala Nokulingana Kwezinhlanga

I-PAC njengoHlelo lwe-EMILY (olusekela i-pro-choice Democratic besifazane) kanye neKomiti yabesifazane yezombangazwe kanye nabathengwayo abathuthukisa ukulingana kwabesilisa nabesifazane. Nakuba uhlu luka-EMILY lunenenenethiwe elikhulu labanikelayo, lihlelwe njenge-PAC engaxhunyiwe ngoba aliboshelwanga enhlanganweni noma enyundeni. Izindleko zalo ezizimele bezibalulekile ekukhetheni abesifazane ukuba bathathe iBhungane nabe izishaya - mthetho, ngaleyondlela zilolongezimiso zokukhishwa kwezisu, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, ukukhokhelwa kwempilo, nokukhokha okungakhokhwa.

LGBTQ+ amalungelo

[[NTLT:0] LGBTQ Fund iyi-PAC engaxhunyiwe esebenzela ukukhetha i-LGBTQ+ abazohlolwa obala. Ngokunikeza izimali, ukuqeqesha, nokusekela, isandise izimpawu nezimiso ezithuthukile njengokulingana komshado kanye nesivikelo sokungahlangani. Isibonelo sayo sibonisa indlela i-injini eyodwa ye-PAC engabangela ngayo ushintsho ngokugxila ekufuneni i-LGBTQ, ekuqeqesheni, ekusekeleni, nasekusekeleni okuqondile kwezekwezekwezekwe ngokwezimali.

Izinzuzo Zezinkonzo Ezingaxhunyiwe Zezinhlangano Zomphakathi

Ukuzimela Kuyi - Corpopated Agendas

Ngokungafani nama-PAC okumelwe ahambisane nezithakazelo zenhlangano yawo ewumzali, ama-PAC anganelisa izinjongo ezidingwa kuphela. Lokhu ukuzimela kuwenza akwazi ukuthatha izimo zesibindi ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ngababambi benkampani noma abaholi benhlangano ephazamisayo. Izinhlangano zomphakathi zidinga ukungayekethisi kwezentengiselwano, futhi ama-PAC angax anikeza imoto.

Ukuluthwa Nokubuyisana

Ngenxa yokuthi awaminyaniswa izinqubo zemvume yabefundisi, ama-PAC anganyusela futhi asebenzise izimali ngokushesha ngenxa yokuphulwa kwezindaba noma izinsongo ze-ogcono. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umbuso usungula umthetho wokuvota ovimbelayo, u-PAC ongaxhunyiwe angaqala umkhankaso osheshayo owenziwe ngezinsuku ezimbalwa, ufaka iminikelo ye-odalor encane ekhiqizwa izakhamuzi ezikhathazekile.

Gxila Ezindabeni Ze - nico

Izinhlangano eziningi zezenhlalo zigxile ezindabeni ezithile ezingase zinganakwa yizinhlangano ezibanzi. I-PAC ezingaxhunyiwe zingaba nesizathu esisodwa, njengokuguqula ijele, amalungelo ezilwane, noma ubuchwepheshe bamanani. Lokhu kukhethekile kwenza ukuba ubuchwepheshe obujulile nokuthumela imiyalezo kuphumelele kakhulu kunezinto ezinkulu, ezisakazeka kakhulu.

I - grands Eshukumisa Izimpande Zibe Namazwi

I-PAC engaxhunyiwe inika abanikelayo ngabanye amandla okuhlanganisa imithombo yabo futhi babe nethonya elihlangene elidlula kude lokho ngamunye angakufeza eyedwa. Lokhu kubekwa kwemithetho yentando yeningi kokupha okungokombangazwe – okungenani emfundisweni - isiza ekulinganiseleni inkundla yokudlala ngokumelene nezithakazelo ezicebile. Iminikelo ye-Dirlar ephuma ezinkulungwaneni zabasekeli ingaxhasa izikhangiso zethelevishini, iposi eqondile, nezinhlelo zasemasimini ezakha amandla angempela ezombangazwe ezinhlanganweni.

Izinselele Nokugxeka

Ukuntuleka Kokubona Izindawo Nokufuna Imali Emnyama

Naphezu kwezimfuneko zokwambulwa, ama-PAC amanani amakhulu emali aphuma emithonjeni enzima ukuyilandela. Abanye o-PAC bathola iminikelo evela ezinkampanini zamagobolondo noma ezinhlanganweni ezingatholi nzuzo ezingadingeki ukudalula abanikeli babo. Le mali "emnyama" ingafihla ukuthi ubani ngempela osekela ukuxhasa kwenhlangano yezenhlalakahle, iphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngezinhlelo ezifihliwe. Ngokwesibonelo, i-PAC esekela izimbangela zendawo ezungezile ngokuphawulekayo ingase ixhaswe yizithakazelo zemivu yamafutha efunwa yimfucucu efuna ukuthonya inhlangano engaphakathi.

Ithonya Labanikela Ngengcebo

Nakuba ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe engenakuyamukela iminikelo engenamkhawulo njenge-PCs, asengabuswa abantu abambalwa abanikela ngemali. Abantu abacebile banganikela imali efinyelela ku-R250 ngonyaka e-PAC eyodwa, kodwa futhi banganikela futhi emikhosini eminingi yama-PAC nasemihlanganweni yezombangazwe, ngokuphumelela ukukhulisa izwi labo. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kungaholela ku-plutocratic skw, lapho ukuthanda kwenani elincane labacebile benikela khona kudlula kweminye imibhoshozo yomphakathi.

Ingozi Yokuzingelwa

Uma i-PAC engaxhunyiwe ixhaswa kakhulu umthombo owodwa noma iqembu elincane, ingashintsha izinto eziza kuqala ukuze ifanelane nalokho okuthandwa yilabo abanikelayo, okungase kuphambuke emigomweni yokuqala yotshani. Lokhu kucindezeleka phakathi kwethonya lomphako nezimpande zotshani kuyinselele eqhubekayo kunoma iyiphi inhlangano encike ekuxhaseni imali ngaphandle.

Ithonya Eliqondile Elilinganiselwe Ekubekeni Imithetho

Nakuba ama-PAC angathonye ukhetho, awakwazi ukusekela ngokuqondile noma abhale umthetho. Ithuluzi lawo eliyinhloko ukusekela okungaqondile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ithonya lokusebenzisa imali ekukhetheni livame ukuphikisana; izici eziningi zinquma okhethweni, futhi imali iyodwa ayiqinisekisi impumelelo. Izinhlangano zingase zincike kakhulu kuma-PAC kuyilapho zidebeselele ezinye izinhlobo zobukhazikhazikhazi, njengokuvukela umphakathi, izinselele zomthetho, noma ukuhlelwa komphakathi.

Izinhlangano Eziqondisayo

Ukusebenzisa i-PAC engaxhunyiwe kudinga ukuvumelana ngokucophelela nemithetho ye-FEC, kuhlanganise nokuhlela imibiko nyanga zonke noma yesine, iminikelo yokulandelela iminikelo, nokunamathela eminikelweni. Le-teader ingabiza futhi isebenzise isikhathi, ikakhulukazi kumaPC amancane alawulwa abashisekeli bokuzithandela. Amaphutha angaholela ezijezisweni, okudumaza amaqembu athile anezimpande zotshani ukuba asungule i-PAC.

Ukuqhathanisa ukuhlaziya: I-PACs vs.Super PACs vs. 501(c)(4)s

Izinhlangano zomphakathi zivame ukusebenzisa ingxubevange yezimoto ezixhaswa ngemali. I-PACS inganyusa izizumbulu zemali ezivela ezinkampanini, ezinyunyana, nabantu ngabanye, kodwa inqatshelwe ukwenza iminikelo eqondile kwabazohlolwa. I-PAC, ngokuphambene, inganikeza ngokuqondile abazonikelayo, kodwa inemingcele yomnikelo. 501(c) (4) (4) “izinhlangano zezenhlalakahle” ziyayidela intela futhi zingahlanganyela emsebenzini wezombangazwe isikhathi eside uma nje kungeyona injongo yazo eyinhloko; azidingi ukudalula izibopho. Izinhlangano ezihlela imfihlo, 501(c)(4) ziyakhanga, kodwa azikwazi ukuhlangana ngokuqondile nabaqwali noma abaphanayo. I-PACC zinikeza iminikelo eqondile, kodwa zivumela iminikelo elinganiselweyo, kodwa zinciphisa iminikelo.

Izifundo zecala: Izenzo ze PAC ezingaxhunyiwe

Umphumela Wokuphila Kwethu

Ngemva kokudubulana kwe-Parkland ngo-2018, abafundi abashisekeli basungula i-March ye-Our Lives PAC ukuze bakhethe abafuna ukuphepha ngezibhamu. Le-PAC engaxhunyiwe yaphakamisa amadola angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-6 (amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-6) evela kubantu abanikelayo, kuhlanganise neminikelo emincane, futhi yasetshenziswa ngaphandle kokuzincisha amarekhodi okuvota ngemibhobho yokuvota. Ukuphumelela kwabo kwabonisa indlela umzanyana ohamba ngezikhali ongafaka ngayo i-PAC ekuguquleleni izimpande zotsha ezisansimbi ezinamandla otshani.

I - PAC Ehamba Ngelanga

I-Sunrise Movement, inhlangano yentsha yesimo sezulu, yamisa i-PAC engaxhunyiwe ukuze isekele futhi ifake imali exhasa i-Green New Deal. I-PAC ixhumanisa ne-system ebanzi yeSunsion ukuze iqeqeshe izisebenzi zokuzithandela nokuqhuba amabhange ocingo. Ngokugxila ezinkingeni eziyinhloko ngokumelene namaDemocrat aphakathi, baye basunduza indawo yezulu yeqembu ngakwesobunxele. Indlela yabo yokuhamba i-PAC ingaba yikho kokubili ukuqoqa imoto nokuhlela ithuluzi lokuhlela.

I - PaC Ifuna Ubulungisa

Igxile ekulungiseni inkantolo yejaji kahulumeni neNkantolo Ephakeme, i-Purce Justice i-PAC engayihlanganisi i-PAC ephakamisa imali evela kubantu abanikela ngokuqhubekayo ukuze ithonye izimpi zokugunyaza izikhangiso zomthetho. Basebenzisa izikhangiso ezifuna abasekeli abajikijela phambili futhi bahlongoze abashisekeli ukuba baqhube inkantolo ibhedu noma ithathe umhlalaphansi. Le ndawo i-PAC ibonisa indlela i-PAC engasingatha ngayo izindaba ezithile zokwakha ezidinga ukucindezela okuqhubekayo eminyakeni eminingi.

Ukubheka Ikusasa Ngokuhlukile Nokusetshenziswa Kwalo

Izikhalo Zokushintsha

Abagxeki bazo zombili izinhlangothi zepaseji baphikisana ngemithetho eqinile e-PACs. Iziphakamiso zihlanganisa ukudalula iminikelo yangempela ngesikhathi esingesona esixhunyiwe, ukwehlisa imingcele yomnikelo, nokuvala igebe elimnyama elivumela abanikeleyo ukuba bafihle ubukho babo. Abanye basekela ukunqanda ukugumbuqelwa komthetho-sisekelo i-Citazens United[, nakuba kuseyinhloso ende. Abanye bahlongoza isimiso esincane sokhetho olufanayo nomthetho wokhetho, esinganciphisa ithonya elihlobene ne-PAC.

Ushintsho Lwezobuchwepheshe Namanani

Ukuvela kwamapulatifomu akhokhela i-Intanethi njenge-Act Blue ne-Win Red kuye kwenza kwaba lula ngama-PAC ukuba afinyelele inani elikhulu labanikele ngeminikelo emincane. Ukukhangisa ngemishini, ikakhulukazi kweze-webhusayithi zezenhlalo, kuvumela ama-PAC ukuba ahlasele abavoti abathile ngokunembe. Nokho, la mathuluzi aphakamisa ukukhathazeka okusha mayelana nokungaqondi kahle nokuphazamisa kwamanye amazwe. Ama-PC kumelwe afake imali ekhokhwa ukuthobela nokuphepha ukuze agweme ukukhokha imithetho yezelelwa kwemikhankanti.

Indima Eshintshayo Emizabalazweni Yomphakathi

Njengoba izinhlangano zezenhlalo ziqhubeka zijwayela ukushintsha isimo sezombangazwe, ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe cishe ahlala eyingxenye eyinhloko yecebo lawo. Ikhono lokuphakamisa imali ngokushesha nokusebenzisa imali ngokuzimele linikeza iqhaza elinamandla ekubhikisheni, ekumangaleni, nasekubekeni umthetho. Kulindele ukubona ama-PAC amaningi enziwa ezindabeni ezivelayo njengemfihlo yemininingwane, amalungelo ezisebenzi, kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga. Ngalesosikhathi, izinhlangano ziyodinga ukuqapha ngokulondoloza ukubonakala kokukhanya nokweqiniswa kotshani ukuze zigcine ukuthembeka komphakathi.

Isiphetho

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe ayisithuluzi elibalulekile lezinhlangano zezenhlalo ezifuna ukuthonya okhetho nenkambiso. Ukuzimela kwazo enkampanini noma ekulawuleni izinyunyana kuzenza zikwazi ukuphishekela izinqumiso eziqondile, ezihambisana nezindaba ezihambisana nabasekeli abashisekayo. Ngokunikeza umzila ongokomthetho wokuphakamisa nokusebenzisa imali, zisiza ekuthuthukiseni inkundla yokudlala ngokumelene nokuphikiswa okuhle. Nokho, azinaphutha: izikhala ezikhanyayo, ithonya lomphako, kanye nemithwalo elawulayo iphakamisa izinselele eziqhubekayo. Kubafundi besayensi yezombangazwe, izimali, izimali, kanye nezenzo zezenhlalo, ukuqonda okungaxhunyiwe, i-PACss kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqonda indlela imali kanye nezinhlangano ezisebenza ngayo esimisweni sobuntando yeningi.

Ekugcineni, amandla e-PAC engaxhunyiwe awekho ekwakhekeni kwayo okungokomthetho kuphela, kodwa emandleni ayo okuqondisa intando yabantu abazimisele ukushintsha. Uma isetshenziswa ngokwezimiso nangalé, le-PAC ingandisa amazwi ezinhlangano zezenhlalo futhi isize ekuguquleni inkanuko yomphakathi ibe yimiphumela eqinisekile yezombangazwe. Njengoba indawo yezezimali zomkhankaso iqhubeka imbuluka, indima yama-PAC angaxhunyiwe iyohlala iyindaba yakho kokubili ithuba nempikiswano.