Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sibalulekile ekusebenzeni kukahulumeni wase-United States. Iqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elilodwa `ukubulala, ukubeka umthetho, noma ukuphatha) elilawula amanye. Nokho, uma elinye igatsha lihluleka ukwenza umsebenzi walo wokuhlola amanye, imiphumela ingaba mikhulu. Isimiso, esiklanywe yiFramers ukuze kuvinjelwe ubushiqela, sincike ekuzimiseleni kwegatsha ngalinye ukuqinisa igunya lalo lomthetho-sisekelo. Uma lokho kuhluleka, ukugoba, ukuphambuka okubucayi kokubusa kwe-America, ukukhukhuleka kwe-adentiye, ukukhukhuleka kwemithetho, ukukhukhuleka kwamalungelo, nokubola kwenhlangano.

Ukuqonda Umklamo Wamasheke Nokulinganisela

Amasesha nezilinganiso akuyona nje iqoqo lezinqubo; i-Framers iyisisekelo somthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. idweba uMthetho-sisekelo , usakaza amandla phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu alinganayo okuqapha noma iliphi igatsha elinqwabelanayo. Igatsha ngalinye liphethe amandla akhethekile phezu kwabanye: uMongameli angawudlulisa umthetho omiswe yi-Congress; i-Congress ingalawula ukuthi i-veto i-heat nge-heastery ye-3-heatmajority futhi ilawula ukuxhaswa kwenkokhezekeli yegatsha elilodwa; i-judiary ingamemezela imithetho noma izenzo zezikhulu ezingekhona umthetho ekwahlulelweni, kuyilapho amalungu amiswe nguMongameli nayingqongqo.

Lesimiso siklanyelwe ukudala ukuxabana, ukunciphisa izenzo zikahulumeni nokuphoqelela ukuvumelana. Uma elinye igatsha lihluleka ukusebenzisa imishini yalo yokuhlola, ukuxabana kuyaphela, futhi amandla asuka ngaphandle kokuphikiswa. Ukuqonda le sakhiwo kubalulekile ekuqapheleni ukuthi isimiso singaphansi kwezindawo ezididayo.

Umsunguli nowamaMadison

James Madison, kuFederalist No. 51, waphikisa ngokudumile: "Ukwenelisa kumelwe kwenziwe ukuze kulwe nesifiso sokuvelela" Wayekholelwa ukuthi amagatsha afuna ukuzanelisa ngokwemvelo ayeyowashukumisela ukuba aqaphe amandla awo, kanjalo ahlole ukungenela kwamanye. Le "Isibonelo se-Madison" icabanga ukuthi igatsha ngalinye lizovikela ngamandla injini yalo yomthetho sisekelo. Kodwa kwenzekani uma igatsha lingekho ngokuzenzekelayo lapho lidela amalungelo alo noma lidela elinye igatsha?

Amagatsha Amathathu Nemisebenzi Yawo Yokuhlola

Ngaphambi kokuhlolwa kwehluleka, kudingekile ukubukeza izinqubo eziyinhloko zegatsha ngalinye.

  • Igatsha elisebenzayo: Liholwa nguMongameli, likhipha imithetho futhi linegunya lomthetho. Limisa futhi amajaji angokomthetho nezikhulu eziphakeme, ezingaphansi kokuqinisekiswa kweSigele. Amathuluzi alo angawedwa ahlanganisa iziyalezo eziphethe, izimemezelo zokusayina, nezinqumo zezimiso zakwamanye amazwe.
  • [[[QLT:0] Igatsha elinomthetho: i-Gaves Congress (Indlu Nendlu) yenza imithetho, ilawula uhlelo lokuhlela, imemezela impi, futhi inikeza ukuqondisa ngokuzwa nangokuphenya. ISigele siqinisekisa ukumiswa nokugunyaza izivumelwano. UKhongolo lunamandla okungagunyazi.
  • Igatsha eliphethe i-Judicial: Izinkantolo zikahulumeni, eziholwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme, zichaza imithetho noMthetho-sisekelo ngokuhlola kokwahlulela. Zingashaya izenzo zezikhulu nezimiso eziphula uMthetho-sisekelo. Ukumiswa kwesikhathi sokuphila kuhloselwe ukuvikela abahluleli ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe.

Lapho elinye lala magatsha libalekela umthwalo walo wemfanelo wokuhlola elinye, uhlelo lomthetho - sisekelo luqala ukusonta.

Imiphumela Yesehlakalo Esahlulekile

Ukwehluleka kwegatsha elithile ukuhlola elinye kungabangela imiphumela eminingi emibi, kusukela ekushintsheni kwamandla kuya ezinkingeni eziqondile.

Ukugxilisa Amandla

Umphumela osheshayo ukuvama ukufakwa kwamandla emagatsheni asele. Uma uMkhandlu wenqaba ukubekela inselele isikhulu esiphakele (ngokwesibonelo), ngokunqaba ukukhokha icala noma ngokwenqaba ukusebenzisa amandla awo okuqondisa ($] uMongameli angathatha isinyathelo ngaphandle kokujeziswa. Ngokufanayo, uma ijaji lizindela njalo ezinqumweni zezikhulu ngaphandle kokubukeza okunengqondo, isikhulu sizuza igunya elingenakuvinjelwa. Lokhu kunciphisa ukwahlukana kwamandla futhi kuqhubele uhulumeni kulokho abaholi abakwesatshwa kakhulu: ubushiqela.

Ukungenela Ngokweqile Kwesimiso

Igatsha elingalawulwa lingasebenzisa izimiso ezidlula igunya lalo lomthetho-mthetho. Ngaphandle kokuvinjelwa, umongameli angakhipha iziyalezo eziphethe ezidala umthetho omusha ngokuphumelelayo, ezidlula inqubo yomela. Ngaphandle kokuphoqelela kokwahlulela, uMkhandlu ungamisa imithetho ephula amalungelo ayisisekelo, uqiniseka ukuthi izinkantolo ngeke zingenele. Lezi ziphambeko ngokuvamile ziholela ezinkingeni ezingokomthetho nasekunqandeni kwezombangazwe, kodwa umonakalo ungenziwa ngaphambi kokuba amakhambi asetshenziswe.

Ukuncipha Kwenkululeko Yangaphakathi

Uma amasheke ehluleka, amalungelo avamile anciphiswana. Igatsha elithola amandla angenakulinganiswa lingathatha izinqubo ezicindezela ukuphikisana, ukunqanda ukuzifihla, noma ukucwasa amaqembu amancane. Izibonelo ezingokomlando ziyanda: iAlien neSedition Acts, ukuxoshwa kwe-habeas corpus phakathi neMpi Yangaphakathi, nokuhlangana kwamaJaphani ase-Japan konke kwenzeka ngenxa yokuthi amanye amagatsha avunyelwe, anganakwa, noma ahluleka ukubekela inselele isenzo sokulawula. Inkululeko yomphakathi ivikeleka kuphela uma wonke amagatsha amathathu ewavikela ngokukhuthele.

Ukuwohloka Kwezombangazwe Nezinhlangano

Ukwehluleka okuthatha isikhathi eside kokuhlola kungaholela ekuntengantengisweni kwezombangazwe. Uma elinye igatsha libusa ngokungaguquguquki, umphakathi ulahlekelwa ukholo ekuqondeni kwesimiso. Ukuthembela kuhulumeni kuyawohloka, futhi ukungenwa kwemibango enciphileyo. Izinhlangano ezake zayala inhlonipho − njengoKhongolo noma iNkantolo Ephakeme − zibhekwa njengezibanjwa noma ezonakele. Lokhu konakala kungafinyelela ezinkingeni zomthetho-sisekelo, njengomongameli onqabayo ukuhambisana nomthetho wenkantolo noma uMkhandlu ungazinaki iziyalezo. Isimiso semishini yezokuhlola nezilinganiso siklanyelelwe ukuvimbela izinhlekelele ezinjalo, hhayi ukusinda ezingathi zingapheli.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando Zomlando Ezihlulekile

Umlando waseMelika unikeza imifanekiso ecacile eminingi yalokho okwenzekayo lapho elinye igatsha lihluleka ukuhlola elinye.

I - Watergate Scandal (1972-1974)

Phakathi nehlazo leWatergate, igatsha eliphethe − umongameli uRichard Nixon − lathatha isinyathelo esingathi sína sokusebenzisa kabi amandla, kuhlanganise nokwembozo lokunqamuka kwesikhulu se-Democratic National Committee nekhothamo elisebenzisa kabi izinhlangano zokuhlakanipha. Ekuqaleni, uKhomishane yeSishaya-Mnyango weSishaya-Mnyango we-Watergate yathatha isinyathelo; iKomiti yeSishaya ihlolo, kodwa ngemva kokucindezelwa kwemithombo yezindaba kanye nokumiswa komshicileli okhethekile. Igatsha lokwahlulela ladlala indima ebucayi lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme ikhipha uNixon ngokuvumelana ilungelo lokukhulula amakhasethi eWhite House ([[FLT]]] United States v. Nixton [FLT]]], 418.S.3). Ikomiti yezomthetho yagunyaza i-uniwenzile i-uniogcodenti, futhi yaphinde ikhiphe i-Nix.

UMthelela WaseMelika WaseJapane (1942)

Ngo-1942, uMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt wakhipha I-Exective Order 906, egunyaza ukuthuthwa nokufakwa kwe-100,000 lamaJapane (abaningi babo babengama-U.S.). Igatsha lemithetho alizange limelane nohlelo; eqinisweni, iKhomishane nemithetho yokuyisekela. INkantolo Ephakeme, [iKreme v.] i-United States [1944]], ibekelwe isibopho sokulawula isikhulu sezomthetho, isekela ukudingeka kwempimpi. Lokhu kubonisa ukuhluleka okukhulu kwakho kokubili ukumiswa kwemithetho kanye namagatsha okuhlola i-compust. I-partment isebenza kakhulu njengeseqeqele. I-United States[FLT][F.3][44] ngokuqa umthetho wezelelwa ngezingozi zezikhathi zezezezomthetho kanye nezomthetho.

Ukwanda Kwamandla Aphethe Ngaphansi Kokuqondisa Kwamabhungane Nama - Obama

Izibonelo zamuva nje zihlanganisa ukwanda kwegunya lokuphatha ngemva kwenkathi engu-9/11. Ukusetshenziswa komphathi we-Bush wokumpompela ucingo olungenazimvume, ukuthuthukisa amasu okuphenya, kanye nemishini yezempi yaphakamisa imibuzo engathi sína engokomthetho-sisekelo. UKhomishane yadlulisa iSivumelwano sokusebenzisa iMikhosi Yempi ngo-2001 kodwa kamuva yazama ukuchaza imingcele yayo. [[FLDiary] [FLD] [uldan v. Rumsfeld [2006], wavimbela eminye imisebenzi yezikhulu, kodwa i-ekhomba i-Hlustrate isebenza nge-Greaunion ne-gement encane. Ngokufanayo, i-Obama abaphathi bezempatho yokusetshenziswa kwemiya ezindaweni zokufudula nokuhlala indawo bakhipha ukugxekwa kwalabo ababeyidele indima yayo yenye yezempi yezombangazwe.

Ukuphindwa Kokwahlulela

Ngezinye izikhathi, igatsha ngokwalo liye lahluleka ukuhlola amanye amagatsha. United States v. Curtiss-Woright Rhweba ngaphandle iCorp. (1936), iNkantolo Ephakeme yamemezela uMongameli "ilungu elilodwa likahulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni emkhakheni wobuhlobo emhlabeni wonke," i-dictum eyanika isikhulu sezindaba zangaphandle amandla angenakulinganiswa. Lokhu kucabanga kamuva kwathethelela izenzo zesikhulu sombuso ezimithethweni yakwamanye amazwe. Uma i-jadiciary yenqaba ukuchaza imingcele yomthetho, inikeza amagatsha amanye amandla okuthatha isinyathelo ngaphandle kokuzithiba, kuholela ekugxutshweni kwegunya.

Izicelo Zanamuhla: Lapho Ama - worm Ebuthakathaka Khona Namuhla

Kwezombangazwe zaseMelika zanamuhla, ukwehluleka kokuhlola nokulinganisela kubonakala ezinkingeni eziningana eziqhubekayo.

Ukuhleleka Kweqembu Eliphethe Nesenzo Esingekho

Abaholi bawo womabili amaqembu baye bathembela kakhulu eziyalweni eziphetheyo ukuba bafeze izinqubo ezingenakudluliswa kweSishaya-mthetho. Nakuba iziyalezo eziphetheyo zingokomthetho uma zisekelwe embusweni wemithetho noma egunyani lomthetho-mthetho, bavame ukuphoqa imingcele yalelogunya. Uma uMkhandlu wehluleka ukusabela ngemithetho noma ngemithetho egunya, futhi uma izinkantolo zisekela lemithetho ngaphansi kokuzinqikela, isikhulu sinqwabelanisa amandla ahloselwe ukusekela isishaya-mthetho. Umphumela uba ukubusa ngesinqumo kunokuba kumiswe ngesivumelwano.

Ezombangazwe Nemithetho Engavumelani Nezombangazwe Nokuzishaya Icala

I-hyperpartisan iwuthene amandla amakhulu umsebenzi wokwengamela kwe-Congress. Uma iqembu elifanayo lilawula kokubili iWhite House ne-Congress, igatsha lomthetho livame ukungayinaki imisebenzi yalo yokuhlola. AmaKomiti angase enqabe ukuhlola ukuziphatha okubi kwezikhulu, futhi iningi lingase livimbele amaphekula noma ukuqulwa kwemithetho. Ngokuphambene, uma ukulawulwa kuhlukene, ukuqondisa kungaphumela empini eqenjini eliqinile nasebusweni kunokuba kube yicala elakhayo. Kuzo zombili izimo, umsebenzi obalulekile wokuhlola amandla empathiwe uyawohloka.

Ukumiswa Kokwahlulela Nokuphathwa Kwezinkantolo

Inqubo yokumisa amajaji kahulumeni isiye yaba nenhlansi enkulu. Igatsha eliphethe liveza abazobhapathizwa abasekelwe ekuhlelekeni kwemibono, futhi iSigele siqinisekisa noma sibavimbela eqenjini. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekwahluleleni okubhekwa njengokuhlukene ngokwezombangazwe kunokuba kungathathi hlangothi. Uma izinkantolo zibhekwa njengezinweba amandla okulawula, ikhono labo lokuhlola amanye amagatsha liyancipha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma amagatsha enhlangano yomthetho nesikhulu eqoqa izinkantolo ngamagunya alandela amaqembu abo, ukuhlola kokwahlulela kuba okungenanjongo.

Ukwanda Kwezinhlangano Ezingalawuleki

Izinhlangano zezomthetho zanamuhla zihlanganisa imisebenzi yemithetho, yezikhulu, neyakwahlulela − ukuhlanganisa lokho ezinye izazi ezikubiza ngokuthi igatsha "lesine" likahulumeni. Lezi zikhungo zibhala iziqondiso, ziziphoqelele, futhi zifake izimpikiswano ezifuzekelelwe, ngokuvamile zinokwengamela okulinganiselwe kwemikhandlu noma izinkantolo. Nakuba amanxusa engaphansi kwegatsha eliphethe, asebenzisa i-execletial enkulu. Uma izihambeli ze-Hulumente zisebenzisa igunya lokuhlela umthetho, futhi lapho izinkantolo zilalela izincazelo zezinhlangano ngaphansi kwezimfundiso ezifana ne-CHEvron ukuthatha indicence[[, i-exilongo lwe-bureualcurecratic amandla amakhulu. Lokhu kungaholela ekuthatheni i-profectioner ephethe i-mthetho ngaphandle kokuziboshela inzuzo.

Ukubuyisela Ukulinganisela: Yini Engenziwa?

Ukuvimbela ukwehluleka kokuhlola nokulinganisela kudinga isinyathelo sokuzithandela kuwo womathathu amagatsha nakumphakathi. Izinyathelo eziningana zingasiza ekubuyiseleni ukulinganisela.

Ukuqondisa Okuqinisayo Komphakathi

UKhomishane kumelwe uthathe indima yayo njengesehlo kumphathi. Lokhu kusho ukusebenzisa amandla ayo angaphansi, ukuzwa, nokusekela izimali zokuhlola okuzimele. Izinguquko ezinjengokufuna ukuba izikhulu zithathe iziqondiso eziphezulu noma zilinganise ukusetshenziswa kwamandla aphuthumayo kungavuselela ubuhlobo. Igatsha lomthetho lidinga futhi ukumelana nesilingo sokunika izinhlangano igunya elibanzi ngaphandle kwezindinganiso ezicacile.

Imingcele Yokwahlulela Nendlela Ehloniphekile

Ijaji kufanele ligweme ukuthobela ngokweqile izenzo zobuphathi noma zomthetho lapho amalungelo omthetho-mthetho esengozini. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinkantolo kumelwe zihloniphe imingcele yazo futhi zingabi yizimo eziphambili. Ukusetshenziswa okuqinile kodwa okunezimiso kokwahlulela okucacile, ukuvimbela ukuphambana lapho kushiywa izinqumo ezingokomthetho zokukhetha amagatsha akhethiwe.

Imfundo Yesibalo Nezinkonzo Zomphakathi

Izakhamuzi eziwuqondayo uMthetho-sisekelo zihlonyiselwe kangcono ukufuna ukulandisa. Isiqinisekiso samalungelo kanye nohlelo lokuhlukanisa amagunya kufanele kufundiswe hhayi nje njengomlando kodwa njengezimiso eziphilayo. Ukucindezela komphakathi kungaphoqelela izikhulu ezikhethiwe ukuba zenze imisebenzi yazo yobubonisi. I-vota yokuqapha iyi-keshi lokuhlola ekugcineni kunoma yiliphi igatsha.

Ukubambisana Kwezihlobo ZaseBipartisan Nezinhlangano

Nakuba ukuncintisana okuhlukanisayo kungokwemvelo, akumelwe kufihle ukwethembeka kwezinhlangano. Abenzi bomthetho abavela kuzo zombili izigaba kufanele bavume ukuvikela ubuqotho boMkhandlu nezinkantolo.

Isiphetho

Ukwehluleka kwegatsha elithile likahulumeni ukuhlola elinye igatsha ukukhomba imiphumela eqinisekile neyingozi: ukugcwala kwegunya, ukuphambaniswa kwesimiso, ukuncishiswa kwenkululeko yomphakathi, nokungahleleki kwezombangazwe. Izibonelo ezingokomlando .(""watergate-jov) kuya ekubekeni amaJapane(-remind) asikhomba ukuthi isimiso sisebenza kuphela lapho igatsha ngalinye lisebenzisa imisebenzi yalo engokomthetho-sisekelo. Ezikhathini zanamuhla, ukunyuka kwemithetho yezikhulu, ukukhuphulwa kwemiya, ukulawulwa kwemiyaluzo, ukuqinisekiswa kwezinkantolo ezizimele, kanye nezinhlangano ezingabalekiyo konke kuveza isimiso esingaphansi kwezinkinga. Ukulinganisela akuyona inzuzo engabonakali; kuyisidingo esiwusizo sokulondoloza idemo-demokhrasi. Abahlazi, abawenzi bomthetho, abahluleli, abahluleli, abahluleli, kumelwe baphinde babophe isimiso sesimiso se-Madimonius, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi akukhona amagatsha anamandla kakhulu ukuba abekwe.