Ukwakhiwa Kwenkululeko Yomthetho - sisekelo

Ukwahlukaniswa kwemibuso yisimiso esiyisisekelo esihlukanisa i-riphabliki yomthetho-sisekelo nesimiso sokubusa okuzimele. Kuwukusakaza ngamabomu igunya phakathi kwamagatsha ahlukene kahulumeni @legislative, premitice, metage , nehlulelo . "kunye namandla ayo azimele nemithwalo yayo."Umqondo oyisisekelo ulula futhi ojulile: amandla afanele asetshenziswe ukuhlola amandla. Ngaphandle kwale nqubo, izivikelo zenkululeko yamalungelo noma idemocraliyo. Lokhu kuvikela kwemithetho yemithetho elawula amalungelo. Uma ukuhlukana kwemibuso kubuthakathaka, isimiso sibuyela esimweni saso esingokwemvelo sokuzimela, lapho i-ekhotho noma umuntu ngamunye ezama ukuvimbela amalungelo akhe, lapho inzuzo engcono nebalulekile.

I - bluecoretic Plative: Isizathu Sokuba Abasunguli Babesabe Amandla Amisiwe

Imvelaphi Ehlakaniphe Kakhulu

Umqondo wanamuhla wemibuso ehlukene ulandelelwa ngokuqondile ku-Saziwo sase-France uBaron de Montesquieu, omsebenzi wakhe ka-1748 uMoya woMthetho [ waphikisa ngokuthi inkululeko yezombangazwe ifuna ukuba "igunya libe yi-ehlolo kumandla."Montesquieu wafunda umthetho-sisekelo waseBrithani futhi wancoma ukusakazwa kwawo igunya phakathi koMnu, iPhalamende, nezinkantolo. Imibono yakhe yayiyincazelo eqondile eqondene nemfundiso ye-absolutism kaThoma Hobbas, owayephikisana nombusi oyedwa. UMontesquieuths, nochwepheshe ababemlandela, ukumiswa kwamandla ayeyichaza ngokuqondile impatho.

Umzamo WaseMelika

Abasunguli baseMelika bahumusha izinkolelo-lwazi ze-Montesquieu ze-plugin. UJames Madison, ku Federalist No. 51, wanikeza incazelo ecacile yalesi simiso. Wabhala, "Izikhundla kumelwe zenzelwe ukulwa nesifiso sokuvelela. Isithakazelo somuntu kumelwe sihlanganiswe namalungelo omthetho wendawo."[FLT[FLT] [[FLT] [indlela ngayinye nezizathu zokumelana nokungezwa, uhulumeni wawungakhelwanga ngokomthetho, kodwa ngenxa yenkululeko. Umetaata waqonda ukuthi uhulumeni uyakwazi ukubusa. Igunya lokubusa abantu.

Izixwayiso Ezingokomlando: IRepublic Yesimar

Umthetho-sisekelo ka-1919 wawunesimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi sokuhlola nokulinganisela, kuhlanganise noMongameli onamandla, i-Reichstag, kanye nejaji elizimele. Kodwa futhi lalinephutha elibulalayo: ISiphakamiso 48, esavumela uMongameli ukuba abeke inkululeko yomphakathi futhi alawule ngesinqumo esiphuthumayo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, leli lungiselelo alizange lisetshenziswe ngokulinganiselwe, kodwa ngokuqhubekayo. Ekuqaleni konyaka ka-1930, iReichstags esephunyusiwe, futhi uhulumeni wabusa cishe ngesinqumo sengozi. Umthetho wejajidicariary, kunokuba uvikele umthetho owenzile umthetho, ubambe amandla ophethe. [FLT:][FLD][FLD] [F:1] Ukuwa kweR.[FLT] [FF:] [2]

Ukuncipha Okungasheshi: Indlela Ukuhlukana Kwamandla Okubuthakathaka Okubonisa Ngayo

Ubuthakathaka ekuhlukanisweni kwemibuso abuvamile ukuvela ngokungazelele ngokuthatha isikhundla esiphawulekayo. Kunalokho, buvame ukwenzeka ngokuphazima kweso, njengoba elinye igatsha − ngokuvamile isikhulu esiphethe (___kakhulukazi) sinqwabelanisa amandla ngezindleko zezinye. Lenqubo ngokuvamile ithethelelwa njengokusabela okudingekile esimweni esibucayi, esiphuthumayo, noma esiphuthumayo. Uma senziwa, lokhu kwanda kwamandla kwamanje kuthambekele ekubeni kube okuhlala njalo.

Isikhulu Sasebukhosini

Inqubo evame kakhulu yokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso okubuthakathaka iphambanisiwe. Umphathi owenqaba ukuphoqelela imithetho edluliswa yisishaya-mthetho, ukhipha izinqumo ezibophayo ezindabeni ezingaphezulu kakhulu kwesidingo sokulawula, noma ukuzisholo ukuthi ulawula okukhethekile kwezimiso zakwamanye amazwe kanye nemibuso yempi ukusebenzisa kabi isikhundla sawo somthetho-sisekelo. Uma isishayamthetho wendlu yomthetho wesishayamthetho wehluleka ukuhlola lezenzo, isikhulu siba abaphathi abawenagunyaza umthetho. Ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho yokuvimbela ukuqulwa kwemithetho, ukuvinjwa kwezimali ezabelwe yi-Congressress, kanye nokubekwa kwemithetho elawulwa yizinhlangano ezizimeleyo konke kuyizimpawu zokuthi igatsha eliphethe liye lazephula imingcele yalo ngokomthetho.

Imithetho Ezithobayo

Indlu yomthetho eshiya imithwalo yayo yemfanelo ibaluleke kakhulu ekuwohlokeni kwemibuso ehlukene. Lokhu ngokuvamile kwenzeka lapho ingxenye enkulu imisa ukuthembeka okungahlelelwanga umthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlela. Esikhundleni sokuphatha ukuzwa okunzima, ukuthatha umthwalo wokulandisa, noma ukumisa amandla ayo aphelele esikhwameni semali, i-partimen iba isitembu senjo yenjoloba yesimiso sezikhulu. Umphumela uwukuhlanganiswa kwemithetho ye-projekthi nesikhulu, okuyisona simo abasunguli abaxwayiswa ngaso. Uma amalungu eKhomisha noma iPhalamende lichitha isikhathi esiningi sokukhokha izikhwama nokusekela izimali esikhundleni sobungameli, isimiso sezokuhlola nokulinganisela amafashoni siqala ukuhluleka.

Indlu Yokufundela Eboshiwe

Ijaji elizimele liyindawo yokugcina ebusa umthetho. Uma ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kubuthakathaka, umphathi noma isishaya-mthetho uyozama ngokungenakugwenywa ukuletha izinkantolo esithendeni. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokubeka inkantolo (omahluleli abathembekile), ukubusa (ukususa izindaba ezithile ekubukezeni komthetho), noma ukumane ushaye indiva imithetho yokwahlulela. Uma inqubo yejaji ithunjiwe, akukho hlangothi olushiyelwe ukuxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwamagatsha noma phakathi kombuso nohulumeni. [[FLT:] Ngaphandle kokulawula okusebenzayo kwemithetho yokwahlulela, noma ukuhlukanisa kwemibuso iba yihlosi. Inqubo ngokuvamile iqala ngokuhlasela abahluleli "is" noma ngokuhlukanisa" i-" i-"irvictal" ephethe uhulumeni.

Imiphumela Yokulinganisela Okungaphukile

Ukuwa Kwamagobolondo Nokulinganisela

Umphumela osheshayo nosobala kakhulu wokuhlukana okubuthakathaka kwemibuso ukuwa kwesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela. Ukulawula kuba isikhali esihlukanisayo kunokuba kube yikhambi lomthetho-sisekelo. Iziqondiso eziphetheyo ziba izithathelo zomthetho. Ukubukezwa komthetho kuba yinqubo yokwethembeka kwezombangazwe. Sonke isimiso sokuvimbelana siyeka ukusebenza, sishiye izakhamuzi zingavikelekile ekuphathweni uhulumeni. Ngaphandle kokuhlola okusebenzayo, uhulumeni ungenza ngokungenamdlandla, ungazinaki ukufakwa kwamanye amagatsha kanye nentando yabantu.

Ukonakala Okusungulwe Nokusebenzisa Kabi Amandla

Uma amandla ekhona, ukuqondisa kuyanyamalala. Amanxusa azimele alwa nokonakala ayancishiswa noma ahlonishwe. Abavuni bamazwe bayashushiswa. Imithombo yoMbuso isetshenziselwa ukuvuza abasizi bezombangazwe futhi ijezise abaphikisi. ICrony commonism iyachuma njengoba amabhizinisi eqaphela ukuthi ukuhlobana neqembu elibusayo kubaluleke kakhulu kunokulawula umthetho. [i-BHANGE] izimpawu zeBHANGE LASEMVU][, amazwe anezinhlolo ezibuthakathaka nezilinganiso eziqinile, agcina phansi ekulawuleni nasekulawuleni isimilo. Ngokomugqa phakathi kwezithakazelo zesifunda nesigaba sombuso, ukunyamalala kwesimiso seqembu lezwe, ukuholela ekuholweni kwesimiso seze-'injini ebusayo.

Ukungahleleki Kwesimiso Nokungalawuleki

Kuyinkolelo eyisimo eyisidala yokuthi umphathi ophethe uholela ekubuseni okuphumelelayo. Eqinisweni, ukuntuleka kokucabanga nokuvumelana okukhulu kuholela ezimisweni eziguquguqukayo nezingasetshenziswanga kahle. Izivumelwano zesikhathi eside ziyaphulwa. Izimiso zokuqondisa zishintsha ngokusekelwe kumbono wezikhulu. Ikhono lokuzimela alinakwa ngenxa yokwethembeka kwezombangazwe. Lokhu kudala isimo esimeleneyo sokutshala imali nokukhula kwezomnotho, ekugcineni kulimaza ukuchuma kwesizwe. Ngaphandle kwethonya elishintshayo lendlu yomthetho yendlu yomthetho nesimiso somthetho esizimele, inqubo ishintsha ngokungenangqondo phakathi kwezakhamuzi namabhizinisi, idala ukungaqiniseki okungathi hlangothi nentengo.

Ukuncipha Kwamalungelo Abantu Nenkululeko Yomphakathi

Ukuhlukaniswa okubuthakathaka kwemibuso kusongela ngokuqondile amalungelo abantu. Isikhulu esingalawulwa singahlasela abaphikisi bezombangazwe, sicindezele imithombo yezindaba ephikisanayo, futhi sivimbele inkululeko yokuhlangana nokukhuluma ngaphandle kokubhekana nemiphumela engokomthetho. Amanxusa amalungelo abantu azimele ayancishwa, futhi amaqembu amancane ashiywa engavikelekile. Izinkantolo, ezisuthiwe, zenqaba ukungenela. Imbali ibonisa ukuthi ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu okuhleliwe cishe njalo kundulelwa ukuwa kwemihlola yezinhlangano emandleni esikhulu.[ Uma uhulumeni engenza ngaphandle kokucindezelwa, amalungelo abantu abaqala ukulimala.

Ukuntengantenga Kwezomnotho: Isizathu Sokuba Abaholi Bezamabhizinisi Banakekele

Ukwahlukana kwemibuso akuyona nje indaba yezombangazwe noma engokomthetho; ngokuyinhloko kungokomnotho. Abangenisi namabhizinisi badinga ukubikezelwa kanye nokubekwa komthetho ukuze benze izibopho ezinde. Izivumelwano ezizimele ziqinisekisa ukuthi izivumelwano ziyophoqelelwa futhi amalungelo empahla ahlonishwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubani onamandla. Uma ukwahlukana kwemibuso kubuthakathaka, isakhiwo esingokomthetho siyahlukaniswa. Amalayisensi, imvume, nezivumelwano zinikezwa inzuzo esekelwe ekuxhumaneni kwezombangazwe kunokuba kufanelwe. Umphumela ukwakheka kwesimiso sezenkampane sempahla esivimbela ukusungulwa kwemali, ukuvimbela ukutshala imali kwamanye amazwe, futhi ekugcineni kunciphisa ukukhula kwezomnotho kubo bonke ngaphandle kwelungu elihlangene. [FL:] [FFF] [5] [5] ukucwaninga okuqinile] futhi ekugcineni kuveza ukuchuma phakathi kwezentengo.[FFOT]

Izifundo Ezitholakala Kubantu Abaqaphile: Ukuvikela Inkululeko

Kuvoti, ukuqonda abaqondisi bokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso akuyona indlela yokufunda enzima; kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokufunda ukufunda nokwenza umphakathi. Umthwalo wemfanelo wokulondoloza lokhu kulinganisela ekugcineni uxhomeke ezakhamuzini. Nazi izifundo ezibucayi abavoti okumelwe bazisebenzise ukuze bavikele idemokrasi yabo.

Qaphela Izimpawu Eziyisixwayiso

Amavoter kumelwe akwazi ukubona ulimi namasu asetshenziselwa ukuqeda amandla ahlukene. Izimpawu ezivamile ezixwayisayo zihlanganisa:

  • Acttacks eHlawulweni lokwahlulela: Abezombangazwe abasola amajaji ngokuthi "partisan" noma "ummeli" ngenxa nje yokuthi bakhipha izimemezelo ngokumelene nohulumeni basongela inkululeko yokwahlulela.
  • [ Imizamo yokungavumelani: Ukusebenzisa ukuzama ukususa abaphikisi bezombangazwe kunokuba ulwembu olukhulu lubonisa ukuwohloka kwezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo.
  • [ Ukulahla izinkantolo:[ Ukwandisa inani labaphathi bemikhumbi ukuze bamise abaqotho kuphela kululaza ukufaneleka kwegatsha lokwahlulela.
  • Izinqubo zemithetho ezikhombayo: Ukubusa ngesinqumo noma ngesiyalo sesikhulu ezindabeni ezinkulu ngaphandle komfakela womthetho uwuphawu lokuphamba.
  • Ukuveza izimo eziphuthumayo eziphikelelayo: Ukulondoloza izimo eziphuthumayo ngokungenasiphelo ukuthatha amandla akhethekile kuyisu lobuphoqelelo obuvamile.

Hlela Intuthuko Engalé Kobuntu Bakho

Izinhlelo zivame ukugxila ebuntwini, ebuntwini, nasemithethweni ethembisayo esheshayo. Nokho, abavoti kufanele bacabangele ngokujulile ukuzimisela komvoti ezimisweni zomthetho-sisekelo nasezimisweni ezihleliwe. Umfundi othembisa izimiso ezithandwayo kodwa obonisa ukudelela ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kuyingozi yentando yeningi. Ukusekela abazohloniphi abahlonipha indima yejajidiya, umsebenzi wokwengamela indlu yomthetho, nokubaluleka kwe-paclement ekhululekile kubalulekile. [[FLT: 0] Abavoti kumelwe baphakamise umehluko womthetho-mthetho-mfakela kuyingozi e-democracy. Buza ukuthi ozakuthi usekele izinqubo ezivikela inkululeko, ngisho nalapho zingafanele ukuba benze kanjalo ngokwezombangazwe.

Ukusebenzisa Ibhalhothi

Impilo yamagunya ahlukene ixhomeke kuhulumeni noma engqungquthela yesizwe, kodwa kohulumeni bendawo. Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zidweba izigodi ezivotayo, zimise imithetho yokuvota, futhi ziqinisekise amajaji. Ama-Athorney General agunyaza imithetho. Abakhohlisi bezwe baqondisa okhethweni. Lamahhovisi anamandla amakhulu kakhulu phezu kwabaqondisi besimiso. Amavoter kumelwe aqaphele kakhulu lemijaho ephansi yemincinti yomthetho. Amahhovisi endawo ngokuvamile ayizikhundla zokuqeqeshela izazi zezombangazwe zesizwe, nezimiso zikahulumeni ezilinganiselwe ziqala ngesilinganiso sendawo.

Izinkampani Ezisekela Izinhlangano

Izikhulu zezindaba, izinhlangano zomphakathi ezizimele, nenkonzo yomphakathi engokobuchwepheshe zingabadlali ababalulekile ekulondolozeni ukulinganisela kwezeziqu zomphakathi. Abaqondisi kufanele bawasekele ngentshiseko labaphathi-zindaba bendawo, lokhu kusho ukuxhasa amaphephandaba endawo, ukusekela uphengululi wophengululo, ukunikela ezinhlanganweni ezigadelwayo, nokunaka imibiko yabahloli bezezomthetho kanye nabahloli abazimele. Indawo yomphakathi eqinile idala udonga lokudubula ngokungezwani kwempoqo. Uma lezi zihlaselwa, kuwumthwalo wokuzivikela njengengxenye ebalulekile yomphakathi okhululekile.

Yenqaba Ukungaqondi Nokuhlaziywa Kwelanga

Ukungavumelani kuyisikhali esiyinhloko esisetshenziswa abadlali abafuna ukugxilisa ingqondo. Ngokufaka ushevu enkulumweni yeningi, benza kube nzima ngomkhandlu womthetho ukuhlehla noma ukuba umphakathi wethembe izinhlangano. Abaqondisi banomthwalo wemfanelo wokuqinisekisa ukwaziswa, benqaba izinkolelo zozungu, futhi bamelane nemizamo yokuhlela abaphikisi bezombangazwe njengezitha ezikhona. [[FLT: 0] Umbuso udinga isisekelo esihlanganyelwe samaqiniso kanye nesibopho sokuncintisana ngokuthula.[ Lapho abaphikisi babo bezombangazwe bephatha izitha zabo ukuba babhujiswe, bacishe basekele kakhulu izinyathelo zobushiqela ezilulaza ukwahlukana kwemibuso.

Ukuhlakulela Ubuhle Bobumba

Ekugcineni, ukwahlukana kwemibuso kuxhomeke ebuhleni babantu. I-republic iyinto ebucayi. Ixhomeke ezakhamuzini ezizimisele ukubeka okuhle komphakathi ngaphezu kwezithakazelo zazo siqu, okungenani esikhathini esithile. Lokhu kusho ukwamukela ukulahlekelwa yizinqumo, ukuvikela amalungelo amaqenjana angathandwayo, nokumelana nesilingo sokunika isikhulu amandla athé xaxa ngenxa nje yokuthi kuzuzisa. UVoter kumelwe ahlakulele impucuko yomthetho-sisekelo ezinhliziyweni nemiphakathi yabo. Lokhu kuwukuphela kwesivikelo esithembekile sokulwa nombuso onzima.

Umongo Wembulunga Yonke Nezifundo Zokuba Nethemba

Lapho Izinkampani Zezindiza Zibuya: IPoland NeNingizimu Korea

Nakuba ukuthambekela kokubuyela emuva kuphathelene, kunezibonelo ezinamandla zabavoti ezivikela ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso ngokuphumelelayo. EPoland, ngemva kweminyaka eminingi yokufakwa nokucindezelwa kokwahlulela ngaphansi koMthetho noMahluleli, abavoti bakhipha izinombolo ezigciniwe zokhetho lwamapalamende angu 2023, bekhetha isibopho sokubuyisela ukubusa komthetho nokulungisa ukuzibusa kwabavoti. Ngokufanayo, e-South Korea, ukuvinjelwa okukhulu okunokuthula ngo-2016-2017 kwaholela ekutheni kungenelwe nasekususweni kukaMongameli uParlial Park Geun-hye ngemva kwehlazo lenkohlakalo eyambula ukuhlangana okuyingozi kwamandla embulezentengisweni yezentengiselwano. [FFOct:]

Isiphetho: Ukuqapha Kwaphakade Kuyinkokhelo Yenkululeko

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso akuyona indlela yokuzihlukanisa. Akusebenzi ngokuzenzakalelayo. Kudinga ukunakekela njalo, ukulungisa, nokuzivikela kwalabo abafuna ukukudlulisa ukuze bazuze inzuzo esikhashana. Abasunguli baqonda ukuthi usongo olukhulu lwenkululeko luvela phakathi kwe-$(kusukela ekufuneni komuntu amandla angokwemvelo. Baklama isimiso somthetho-sisekelo ukuba singabi nampumelelo, kodwa sibe nesibindi.

Uma ukwahlukana kwemibuso kubuthakathaka, imiphumela iba mikhulu: ukonakala, ukungantengantengi, ukuxhashazwa kwamalungelo abantu, nokulahlekelwa ekugcineni kokuzilawula. Kwabavoti, isifundo sisobala. I-democracy ayiwona umdlalo oyisibukeli. Ifuna ukuhlanganyela okusebenzayo, ukwahlulela okunolwazi, kanye nesibopho esiqinile sokulungisa inkululeko. Ngokuqonda izimpawu eziyisixwayiso, ukuvumela ukuthembeka komthetho-sisekelo okhethwe, nokusekela izinhlangano ezizimele eziqapha ukulinganisela, izakhamuzi zingavikela uhulumeni wazo ekungeneni empakathweni ngempoqo. Isivikelo semibuso ehlukene siyiyo, ekugcineni, ukuvikela inkululeko ngokwayo.