Table of Contents

INkantolo ePhakeme yase-United States iye yaguqula isimo sezwe esingokomthetho ngezinqumo eziphawulayo ezichaza futhi zivikele amalungelo nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Lamacala amisa izenzakalo ezithonya umthetho, isimiso sikahulumeni, nokuphila kwansuku zonke kwezigidi zamaMelika. Ukuqonda lemithetho eyisisekelo kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngokuthi isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo sisebenza kanjani nokuthi siyaqhubeka kanjani siguquka ekusabeleni ekushintsheni izimo zezenhlalo.

Isisekelo Secala Lezwe Eliphakeme Enkantolo

E-United States, izinqumo zenkantolo eziwuphawu zivela kaningi kakhulu eNkantolo Ephakeme. Lamacala aphendula imibuzo eyisisekelo mayelana namalungelo omthetho-mthetho, uhulumeni, kanye nobudlelwane phakathi kwabantu nombuso. Izincazelo zeNkantolo yoMthetho-sisekelo ziveza izenzakalo ezingokomthetho ezilandelwa izinkantolo eziphansi, ezenza izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme zibe nethonya elikhulu kakhulu ekulolongeni umthetho nezenhlalo yaseMelika.

Amacala aphawula izwe avame ukuhlanganisa izindaba ezibaluleke kakhulu zesizwe, njengamalungelo omphakathi, inkululeko yokukhuluma, ukuzifihla, ubulungisa bobugebengu, nesivikelo esifanayo ngaphansi komthetho. Isinqumo seNkantolo kulamacala sivame ukubonisa izinxushunxushu ezibanzi zezenhlalo kanye nokushintsha izimo zengqondo zomphakathi, kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo sithonya ukuqondisa kwezenzakalo zesikhathi esizayo ezingokomthetho nezezombangazwe.

Brown v. iBoard yemfundo: Enging School Se Convention

NgoMay 17, 1954, isinqumo enkantolo yezemfundo eBrown v. Board of Education samemezela ukuthi imfundiso ehlukene kodwa elinganayo" ayizange ivumelane. Lesi sinqumo seNkantolo ePhakeme sihlangene saguqula imfundo yaseMelika nomthetho wamalungelo omphakathi ngokuyisisekelo. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954), iyisinqumo esiphawulekayo seNkantolo ePhakeme eUnited States ephethe ukuthi imithetho yesizwe emisa ubandlululo ezikoleni zomphakathi iphula i-Clausleeste Exter Expericity of the Idemitedment, ngisho noma izakhiwo ezinezingamele ingu ze-U.

Isizinda Secala

Uma kwenzeka lokho kuvelela kakhulu, umthathi-zincwadi ogama lakhe lingu-Orrever Brown wafaka ikilasi-action sudut ngokumelene neBhodi yemfundo yaseTopeka, eKansas, ngo-1951, ngemva kokuba indodakazi yakhe uLinda Brown, inqatshwe ukungena kuzo zonke izikole ezimhlophe. Brown v. Ibhodi lemfundo ngokwayo yayingesona isigebengu esisodwa, kodwa kunalokho iqembu elihlangene lezehlulele ezifundeni ezinhlanu eKansas, eSouth Carolina, eDelaware, eVirginia, naseSifundeni saseColumbia.

Thur Fall Marshall, inhloko yeNaACP Eccle Legin Defense and Educational Fund, wakhonza njengommeli omkhulu we-paltiff. (Eminyakeni eyishumi nantathu kamuva, uMongameli uLyndon B. Johnson wayezomisa uMarshall njengomthetho wokuqala weNkantolo Ephakeme.) Iqembu elingokomthetho lakha icala labo empikiswaneni yokuthi izikole ezivunyelwe ziphula iSivikeli sikaClaus weSiphendulo se - 144.

Isinqumo Nokucabanga Kwaso

Isinqumo salawula ngokwengxenye isinqumo seNkantolo ka-Plesty v. Ferguson, esasithi imithetho yokuhlukanisa ngokohlanga yayiwumthetho-mthetho uma nje izakhiwo zohlanga ngalunye zilingana, imfundiso eyayaziwa ngokuthi "zihlukene kodwa zilingana". UMahluleli omkhulu u-Earl Warren wabhala umbono ovumelanayo, ngokuyisisekelo owenqaba isisekelo esingokomthetho sokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga.

Izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo uKenneth noMamie Clark manje abathakathi abadumile nabo babeyisizinda sokuphumelela kwe-LDF ku-Brown v. Board. Ukuhlola kwabonisa ithonya lokuhlukaniswa kwezingane ezinsundu. Ngokuveza izingane ezintathu kuya kweziyisikhombisa ezineminyaka inezipopayi, ezifanayo ngaphandle kombala, izingane ezimnyama zathola ukuthi unodoli abamnyama babephansi kunonodoli abamhlophe, futhi ngokwengxenye, zazingaphansi kontanga yazo emhlophe.

Umphumela Wesikhathi Eside Kubantu BaseMelika

Ukuqeda ukwahlukaniswa kwezikole zomphakathi zenza kwaba nesizathu esikhulu sombuso wamalungelo abantu, ukwenza intuthuko engenzeka ekususeni izindlu, izindawo zomphakathi, nezinhlangano zemfundo ephakeme. Ngokulahla ukubekwa kwe-Plessy v. Ferguson kanye nombuso ozimele kodwa olinganayo owagunyaza, isinqumo savumela ukuncishiswa kwalokho okwakuyisisekelo esingokomthetho sokuphakama komphakathi ngaleso sikhathi. Sasiza ekuvuseleni inhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi eyafinyelela ekwahlulelweni okungokomlando kuka-1960: i-Ovivigation Act of 1964, Voting Rights Act of 1965, ne-Fairbal Act of 1968.

Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kwemisebenzi kwabonakala kuyinselele. Ukumiswa kweBrown v. Board (eyaziwa ngokuthi uBrown II) kwathatha isikhathi eside ukuba inkantolo ishiye izifundazwe zaseNingizimu iphele ngokuhlukanisa ngesivinini esiphansi. Lokhu kwasho ukuthi ayisheshi nhlobo. Kwakuthatha isikhathi esingaphezu kweshumi leminyaka ukuba izikhulu zesikole zisuse izikole. Naphezu kwalezi zithiyo, inani labafundi abamnyama ababhaliwe ezikoleni ezidaliweyo eNingizimu lasuka ezingaphansi kwephesenti elilodwa kuya kumaphesenti angu-40 phakathi konyaka ka-1970 nonyaka ka-70.

Miranda mayelana no - Arizona: Ukuvikela Amalungelo Phakathi Nokuboshwa

Ngemva kwamahora ephenywa amaphoyisa, u - Ernesto Miranda wavuma ukuthi wayedlwengule futhi ethumba, lapho kuqulwa icala, wafuna ukuvimbela ukuvuma kwakhe izono, ethi akalulekwanga amalungelo akhe okululeka nokuthula. INkantolo Ephakeme yavuma, ibambe lelophoyisa kumelwe lazise abasolwa amalungelo abo ngaphambi kokuphenywa.

Isixwayiso Semirnda

INkantolo yathola ukuthi iziNkantolo zeSichibiyelo sesihlanu neseSisithupha zidinga amaphoyisa ukuba azise abantu abasejele ukuthi banelungelo lokuthula futhi basizwe ummeli. Lesi sinqumo sadala lokho manje okwaziwa ngokuthi "isixwayiso sikaMiranda," izikhulu zomthetho okumelwe zisho ngekhanda ukuthi ziyasola ngaphambi kokuphenywa kwesigwebo semvume. Izinkulumo ezivamile "Unelungelo lokuthula" nokuthi "Unelungelo lokuhlala uthule" futhi "Unelungelo lommeli" isiqu salo sisekelo salo mthetho.

NgokweNkantolo, uma amaphoyisa ehluleka ukwenza kanjalo, ijaji lenkantolo lingase linqume ukuthi noma yiziphi izinkulumo ezishiwo ummangalelwa ngeke zivunywe njengobufakazi phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala.

Ithonya Ekweqisweni Komthetho Nobulungisa Besigebengu

Isinqumo sikaMiranda sashintsha izinqubo zamaphoyisa e-United States ngokuyisisekelo. Izinhlangano eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho zasungula imithetho esemthethweni elungele ukutshela abasolwa ngamalungelo azo, futhi isixwayiso sikaMiranda saba esinye sezici eziphawuleka kakhulu zenqubo yobugebengu baseMelika. Ukubusa kulinganisela isithakazelo sikahulumeni ekuxazululeni ubugebengu ngokuvikela komthetho-mthetho umuntu ekuzibekeni imingcele nelungelo lokunikeza iseluleko esingokomthetho.

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lesi sinqumo sasiyovimbela imizamo yokugcinwa komthetho, kuyilapho abasekeli bagomela ngokuthi sasibalulekile ekuvikeleni inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

UGideon Wainwright: Ilungelo Lokwelulekwa Ngokomthetho

Ijaji lasiphika isicelo sakhe. INkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sesithupha sifuna ukuba abamangalelwa abamangalelwa banikezwe ummeli mahhala.

Ukwandisa Ukufinyelela Kobulungisa

INkantolo yaphetha ngokuthi iSichibiyelo Sesithupha selungelo lokusiza ekunikezeni iseluleko sisebenza ekuqulweni kwecala futhi "izazi zasenkantolo zobugebengu azizona izinto ezidingekayo eziphambili." lesi sinqumo saqaphela ukuthi ngaphandle kokubekwa icala elingokomthetho, abamangalelwa abakwazi ukudlulisa ngokuphumelelayo isimiso somthetho - sisekelo esiyinkimbinkimbi noma ukuvikela amalungelo abo omthetho - sisekelo.

Kanye nelungelo lokusiza abamangalelwa basombuso abamangalelwa ngezigebengu, isinqumo sikaGideyoni saba nomphumela wokwandisa izimiso zokuvikela umphakathi kulo lonke izwe. Amazwe nezindawo kwamisa amahhovisi omphakathi okuvikela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi abamangalelwa abamangalelwa abasemthethweni abafanelekayo, ngokuyisisekelo beshintsha isimo sokuvikela ubugebengu.

Ukuqinisekisa Ukulingwa Okuqotho

Isinqumo sikaGideyoni sibonisa isimiso sokuthi ubulungisa akumelwe buncike engcebweni. Ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi labo abangakwazi ukukhokhela izimali banikezwa imvume engokomthetho, iNkantolo yaqinisekisa ukuthi ilungelo elingokomthetho lokuqulwa ngokulunga lisebenza ngokufanayo kubo bonke abamangalelwa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi sinjani isimo sezomnotho. Lesi sinqumo sisho okukhulu uma ubulungisa obulinganayo bungaphansi komthetho futhi siyaqhubeka sithuthukisa izimpikiswano eziphathelene nokungagunyazwa kwezimali nemithombo yomphakathi.

IMap v. Ohio: Ukubusa Kwe - Exclousionary

Izinto ezitholakala ngokungemthetho azinakusetshenziswa enkantolo yobugebengu. Lapho ziseshwa kuDollree Mappe's, amaphoyisa athola izinto ezingcolile futhi ambopha. Ngenxa yokuthi amaphoyisa awazange akhiphe incwadi yokufuna, waphikisa ngokuthi izinto kufanele zivinjelwe njengezithelo zokufuna okungekho emthethweni nokuthatheka. INkantolo Ephakeme yavuma futhi yasebenzisa umthetho wokususa umthetho wezwe kusukela kumaWeeks v. United States(1914).

ISichibiyelo Sesine Siyavikela

Isinqumo seMap sidlulisele iSichibiyelo sesine sesivikelo ekuphenyeni okungenangqondo nasekuqubukeni kwecala. Ngaphambi kwalesi sinqumo, umthetho wokuhlukanisa (ukuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kobufakazi obutholakele ngokungemthetho) ngokufaka lesisivikelo ngeSichibiyelo seshumi nane, iNkantolo yaqinisekisa ukuthi ukugcinwa komthetho-mthetho kumelwe futhi kuhloniphe izimfuneko zomthetho-mthetho kanye nokuthatheka.

Ukuvimbela Amaphoyisa Ukuba Akhohlise Ukuziphatha Kwawo Okubi

Umthetho ohlukanisayo usebenza njengesithiyo sokuvimbela ukuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa ngokususa isisusa sokwenza ukuphenya okungekho emthethweni. Uma ubufakazi obutholakala ngokuphulwa umthetho bungenakusetshenziswa enkantolo, ukugcinwa komthetho kunesisusa esinamandla sokulandela izinqubo ezifanelekile. Lesi sinqumo siqinisa isimiso sokuthi amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo kumelwe abe nezimiso ezisebenzayo zokuphoqelela ukuba kube nengqondo.

New York Times v. Sullivan: Inkululeko Yephephandaba

Isivikelo seSichibiyelo Sokuqala namuhla singase sinikeze izinhlangano zemithombo yezindaba inkululeko enkulu, kodwa kwakungenjalo ngawo - 1960 lapho amalungelo ezindaba ayevinjelwe kakhulu imithetho kahulumeni eyayivikela izibalo zomphakathi ekuhlanjalazweni nasekuhlanjalazweni.

Isizinda Secala

Ngo-1960, i-New York Times yakhipha isikhangiso esigcwele sephepha lenhlangano ezimele eyayicela iminikelo ekusekeleni uMartin Luther King Jr. Isikhangiso saveza i-Montgomery, i-Alabama, umnyango wamaphoyisa ngenxa yokuphathwa kabi kweNkosi kanye namanye amalungelo omphakathi. Ekuphenduleni, uKhomishane we-Montgomery Police L.B. Sullivan wavuna iTimes for libel, wacaphuna amaphutha amancane embhalweni wesimemezelo, njengasesibalo sezikhathi iNkosi yaboshwa.

Inkantolo yase - Alabama yanikeza u - Sullivan $50 000 (R150 000) — elicishe lilingane namaRandi ayizigidi ezingu - 5 ngo - 2023. Icala ladluliswa eNkantolo Ephakeme, eyaguqula isinqumo senkantolo ephansi futhi yanikeza ukunqoba ngenxa yenkululeko yezindaba.

Indinganiso Yangempela Yemalice

Ukuze ibonise ukuthi imvume, isikhulu somphakathi kumelwe sibonise ukuthi lokho okwashiwo ngokumelene nabo kwenziwa ngenzondo yangempela. Lendinganiso idinga izikhulu zomphakathi ukuba zifakazele ukuthi izinkulumo ezingamanga zazenziwa ngolwazi lokuqamba kwazo noma ngokunganaki iqiniso. Isinqumo sadala indawo yokuphefumula yenkulumo - mpikiswano yomphakathi eqinile nokugxekwa kwezikhulu zikahulumeni.

Ukuvikela Inkulumo Yentando Yeningi

Isinqumo se-New York Times v. Sullivan saqaphela ukuthi ukuphikisana okukhulu ngezindaba zomphakathi nezikhulu zomphakathi kubalulekile ekubusweni kwentando yeningi. Ngokukwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuba izikhulu zomphakathi ziwine izicelo zobuphekula, iNkantolo yavikela ikhono labacosheli lokuhlola nombiko wezindaba zomphakathi ngaphandle kokwesaba ukumangalelwa okukhubazayo. Lesi sinqumo sisalokhu sibalulekile ekunqandeni iSichibiyelo sokuqala somthetho futhi siyaqhubeka sivikela ukuphenya kobuntatheli bezincwadi nenkulumo yezombangazwe.

Virginia Onothando: Ilungelo Lokushada

Ngo-1967, i-Loving v. Virginia yafika eNkantolo Ephakeme, eyathola ngazwi linye umthetho weVirginia omelene nokunqanda ukulawulwa kwesizwe njengomthetho we-Ouncil. Ijaji enkulu u-Earl Warren yamemezela ukuthi umthetho waseVirginia nabanye abafana nawo awufezanga njongo enengqondo ngaphandle kokuqinisa ukucwasana ngokohlanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayekholelwa ukuthi imithetho evimbela ukushada kwabantu abahlukene ngokwezinhlanga yayiwukwephula ngokucacile umthetho we-Exmement Protection Classiale.

Ukwehla Kwemingcele Yobuhlanga Emshadweni

Isinqumo sothando sachitha imithetho enqabela ukushada kwezinhlanga ezihlukahlukene. INkantolo yaqaphela ukuthi inkululeko yokushada inelungelo eliyisisekelo elingenakulinganiselwa ngenxa yobuhlanga. Lesi sinqumo asiqedanga nje kuphela uhlobo olubalulekile lobandlululo lobuhlanga kodwa futhi samisa izenzakalo ezibalulekile ngomshado njengelungelo lomthetho sisekelo.

Izinkinga Ezibanzi Zokulingana Komshado

Esinqumoni sika-Obergefell ka-2015, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaqeda ukulinganiselwa kwezwe, umbuso unqabela ukushada okungokobulili obufanayo. Ngakho, u-Obergefell wathi kuwukwephulwa komthetho-sisekelo ukucwasa abantu ngokusekelwe ekubukeleni kwabo ubulili uma befuna ukushada nomuntu wobulili obufanayo. Futhi futhi lokho futhi kuwukwephulwa kwelungelo eliyisisekelo lokushada. Kukho kokubili icala leReed, iReed, icala uVirginia no-Lovining v. Virginia no-Obergefell, siyawubona lomqondo wokuthi isivikelo samalungelo omphakathi ngamanye amaqembu angakhiwa futhi akhuliswe ukuze avikele amanye amaqembu.

Izakhamuzi E - United v. Federal Evotion Commission: Izezimali Zomkhankaso

Isinqumo seZizakhamuzi zaseUnited States ngokuyisisekelo sashintsha umthetho wezezimali eUnited States. iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sivimbela uhulumeni ekuvimbeleni izindleko ezizimele zezombangazwe zezinhlangano zezisebenzi nezinye izinkampani.

Ithonya lesinqumo ekukhetheni

Lesi sinqumo saholela ekuphakameni kwamaSuper PAC (Izinyathelo ZobuPhostoli) angaphakamisa futhi asebenzise imali engenamkhawulo ukuze asekele noma aphikise abazohlolwa kwezombangazwe, uma nje bengahambisani ngokuqondile nemikhankaso. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ukubusa kuvikela amalungelo okukhuluma ngenkululeko, kuyilapho abagxeki bephikisa ngokuthi kuvumela abantu abacebile nezinhlangano ukuba basebenzise ithonya elingenakulinganiswa ngokhetho nangesimiso.

Impikiswano Eqhubekayo Ngemali Kwezombangazwe

Izakhamuzi iUnited zisesinye sezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme eziphikisana kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva. Iye yabangela izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngendima yemali kwezombangazwe, isimo sobulungu bezinhlangano, nokulinganisela phakathi kwesivikelo sokukhuluma esikhululekile nokuvimbela ukonakala noma ukuvela kwenkohlakalo enqubweni yezombangazwe. Lesi sinqumo siyaqhubeka sihlela izimiso zezezimali nezombangazwe ezikhethweni kulo lonke izwe.

UDes Moines: Umfundi Wamalungelo Okukhuluma

INkantolo Ephakeme yathi abafundi abawaqedi amalungelo abo angokomthetho okukhuluma... esangweni lesikole. Ngenxa yalokho, iNkantolo yathola ukuthi inkulumo yabafundi yayingavinjelwa kuphela uma iphazamisa inqubo yemfundo. Ngenxa yokuthi kwakungekho bufakazi bokuphazamisa okunjalo, isikole sasiphula inkululeko yokukhuluma yokuQothulula isiGinisekiso.

Ukulinganisela Amalungelo Abafundi Negunya Lesikole

Icala leTinker lalihilela abafundi ababefaka izibambo ezimnyama esikoleni ukuze baphikise iMpi yaseVietnam. Izikhulu zesikole zabayeka, okwaholela enkantolo eyafika eNkantolo Ephakeme. Isinqumo seNkantolo saqinisekisa ukuthi abafundi balondoloza amalungelo omthetho ngokomthetho esikoleni, nakuba lamalungelo kumelwe alinganiswe ngokumelene nesidingo sesikole sokugcina ukuhleleka nokunikeza imfundo.

I-Tinker isiye yaba yindaba eyinhloko yanoma yiziphi izinselele zamalungelo asekelwe esikoleni esiSichibiyelo. Lesi sinqumo sakha uhlelo lokuhlaziya izimpikiswano zabafundi, idinga izikole ukubonisa ukuthi ukuveza komfundi kungaphazamisa kakhulu imisebenzi yesikole ngaphambi kokuba kuvinjelwe.

IRoe v. Wade neDobbs v. Jackson: Reproduction Rights

INkantolo yaphetha ngokuthi imithetho enjalo iphula ilungelo loMthetho-sisekelo lokufihla imibandela yomuntu siqu. Iminyaka ecishe ibe ngamashumi amahlanu, uRoe v. Wade wamisa ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokukhipha isisu, wabeka lelilungelo eMthethweni weSiphendu se-Gradio Claus we-Grandment ye-Gradimeth ye-14th Resolderment nelungelo lomthetho-mthetho lokufihla izindaba zomuntu siqu.

Ukushintsha Kwesicathulo

Ngo-2022, iNkantolo Ephakeme yagumbuqela uRoe v. Wade kuDobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, ikholelwa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo awunikezi lungelo lokukhipha isisu. Lesi sinqumo sabuyisela igunya lokulawula ukukhishwa kwesisu ezifundazweni ngazinye, okuholela ekufakweni kwemithetho yokukhipha isisu eqenjini ezweni lonke. Ezinye izizwe ziye zamisa imithetho eqinile, kuyilapho ezinye ziye zavikela noma zandisa ukukhishwa kwesisu.

Ukuqhubeka Kwethonya Elingokomthetho Nelezombangazwe

Ukuguqulwa kweRoe kumelela enye yezinguquko eziphawuleka kakhulu emthethweni womthetho-sisekelo emashumini eminyaka amuva. Kuye kwabangela izimpi ezinkulu zezombangazwe nezezomthetho ezisesilinganisweni sombuso futhi kwaphakamisa imibuzo mayelana namanye amalungelo asekelwe ekusithekeni nasenqubweni efanelekile. Lesi sinqumo siyaqhubeka sibumba ezombangazwe ezikhethiwe, umthetho wezwe, nezimpikiswano mayelana nokuchazwa komthetho-mthetho.

Icala Elingokomlando Elathonya Umthetho Womthetho - sisekelo

Marbury v. Madison: Judicial Review

UMarbury v. Madison (103) wamisa isimiso sokuhlola kokwahlulela, enika iNkantolo Ephakeme amandla okumemezela imithetho engekho ngokwemithetho. Lesi sinqumo esiyisisekelo sadala isisekelo sendima yeNkantolo njengomsunguli wokugcina wemibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo, ngokuyinhloko elololonga ukulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu kahulumeni.

UDred Scott v. Sandford: Isinqumo Esingaqondakali

Taney wagomela ngokuthi ababuthi be-Cystitution babheka ama-Afrika aseMelika njengelula futhi babengeke bawanike ilungelo lokuba yizakhamuzi, bewashiya engavikelekile nguhulumeni kahulumeni noma izinkantolo. Wanquma ukuthi izigqila ziyimpahla, hhayi izakhamuzi, uphuca uMkhandlu wegunya lokukhipha imithetho ephuca abanikazi bezigqila zabo abangabantu "ilungelo elifanele". Isinqumo sazehlisa iMissouri idedela futhi yavimbela ngokuphumelelayo iMissouri ekulweni nezigqila kunoma yisiphi isifunda sase-U.S.

Yandisa ukufinyelela ebugqilini kanye nokushuba kwengxabano phakathi kweNyakatho neNingizimu, yanezela ekuqaleni kweMpi Yombango. Ngemva kweMpi Yombango, lesi sinqumo sakhishwa yiziNkambi zomthetho zeshumi nantathu nezeshumi nane. Isinqumo sikaDred Scott singesinye sesinqumo esidume kakhulu seNkantolo nesibonelo esixwayisayo sendlela izinqumo zokwahlulela ezingabhebhebhethekisa ngayo ukungabi nabulungisa.

UPassy v. Ferguson: Uhlukile Kodwa Uyalingana

Ngo-1896, iNkantolo ePhakeme ePlessy v. Ferguson yanquma ukuthi izakhiwo zomphakathi ezihlukaniswe ngokohlanga zazisemthethweni, uma nje izakhiwo zabantu abamnyama nabamhlophe zazilingana. Imithetho egunyaziwe egunyazwe umthetho yavimbela ama-Afrika aseMelika ukuba ahlanganyele amabhasi afanayo, izikole nezinye izindawo zomphakathi njengezelungu, futhi yasungula i-"Jim Crow" imfundiso "efanayo kodwa elinganayo" eyayizothatha iminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha ezalandela.

Isinqumo se-Plesty sasiza ukuba kuhlukaniswe ubandlululo lwezinhlanga olusakazekile kwaze kwaba yilapho i-Brown Board of Education igumbuqelwa ngo-1954. Lelicala libonisa indlela izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ezingathuthukisa noma ziphazamise ngayo amalungelo abantu, kuye ngencazelo yeNkantolo yezimiso zomthetho-mthetho.

Indlela Izinqumo Zenkantolo Ephakeme Ezikuthinta Ngayo Ukuphila Kwakho Kwansuku Zonke

Isivikelo Sokukhuluma Ngenkululeko

Izinqumo zeNkantolo ePhakeme ezimayelana nenkululeko yokukhuluma zithinta lokho ongakusho, ukubhala, nokushicilela ngaphandle kokuphazamisa kukahulumeni. Icala elifana neNew York Times v. Sullivan livikela impikiswano eqinile yomphakathi, kuyilapho ezinye izinqumo ziye zakhuluma ngenkulumo ezikoleni, kuyi-Internet, nakuzo zonke izimemezelo zomphakathi. Lezi zinqumo zichaza imingcele esemthethweni kahulumeni eyamukelekayo yokukhuluma futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi inkulumo engathandeki noma ephikisayo ithola isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo.

Amalungelo Ezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

INkantolo iye yawaqaphela amalungelo ahlukahlukene ezindaba zomuntu siqu, nakuba igama elithi "umthetho" lingaveli eMthethweni. Lamalungelo aye athathwa ekulungiseni okuningi komthetho-sisekelo futhi aye asetshenziswa ezindabeni ezisukela ekuvimbeleni ukuvimbela inzalo kuya ekuvikeleni ukwaziswa. Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme zinquma ukuthi uhulumeni angangena nini ezindabeni zangasese futhi lapho abantu ngabanye belindele ukuba bazithole bebodwa.

Ubulungisa Bobugebengu Buvikela

La macala abonisa ukuthi iziphi izigwegwe ezinjengamaMiranda, uGideon noMap amisa isivikelo esibalulekile kubantu abamangalelwa ngobugebengu.

Isivikelo Esilinganayo Namalungelo Omphakathi

Izincazelo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ze - Auncial Protection Clause zinquma ukuthi izinhlelo zikahulumeni ezisekelwe ohlwini lohlanga, ubulili, noma ezinye izici zingqubuzana nezimiso zomthetho - sisekelo. Lezi zinqumo zithinta imfundo, umsebenzi, amalungelo okuvota, nokuthola izindawo zokuhlala zomphakathi.

Ukusakaza Amalungelo

LeNkantolo iye yakhuluma ngamalungelo amaningi okuvota, kusukela ekufuneni ukuvota nokugunyaza ukuvota izimfuneko zemali nezimali zomkhankaso. Lezi zinqumo zinquma ukuthi ubani ongavota, izifunda ezikhethweni zihlolwa kanjani, nendlela okhethwe ngayo. Zithinta ngokuqondile ukumelelwa kwezombangazwe nokusebenza kwenqubo yentando yeningi.

Ukuqonda Ukuchazwa Komthetho - sisekelo

Ukuqamba Kwakuqala Okuphikisanayo NoMthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo

Amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme asebenzisa izincazelo zomthetho-sisekelo ngezindlela zefilosofi ezihlukene. Abaqondisi bomthetho-sisekelo bakholelwa ukuthi lo Mthetho-sisekelo kufanele uchazwe ngokwencazelo yawo yokuqala lapho ugunyazwa, kuyilapho abasekeli be "Umthetho-sisekelo ophilayo" bephikisa ngokuthi izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo kufanele zivumelane nezimo zezenhlalo ezishintshayo. Lezi zinqubo ezihlukene ziholela ekuhlukahlukaniseni kwemiphumela emacala ahilela amalungelo nemibuso kahulumeni.

Indima Yezandulela

Isimiso sokubheka ngokuqapha idecis() jwayeza ukukhomba okungokokuqala . qhaqha ukuqina nokubikezelwa komthetho. Izinkantolo zilandela izinqumo zangaphambili ezicini ezifanayo, nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme ingaziguqula ezayo izenzakalo lapho iphetha ngokungeyikho. Isinqumo sokugumbuqela inqubo, njengoba kuboniswa ezimweni ezinjenge-Dobbs v. Jackson, simelela ukushintshwa okukhulu komthetho-mthethweni futhi singaba nemiphumela efinyelela kude.

Imithetho Yokwahlulela imelene

Abagxeki bezenzo zokwahlulela baphikisa ngokuthi izinkantolo kufanele zilwele ukusingatha izindaba zezenhlalo nezezombangazwe.

Intuthuko Yamuva Nezindaba Eziqhubekayo

Ubuchwepheshe Nezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

INkantolo Ephakeme iqhubeka ikhuluma ngendlela isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo esisebenza ngayo kwezobuchwepheshe, kuhlanganise nokuhlola omakhalekhukhwini, ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa nenkulumo kuyi - Internet.

Isenzo Esiqinisayo Emfundweni

INkantolo iye yaphinda yavuma kaningi ukuthatha izinyathelo zokusebenza, muva nje ithathela phansi izinhlelo ezivunyelwa abantu abangaziqapheli izinhlanga emakolishi nasemayunivesithi. Lezi zinqumo zithinta indlela izinhlangano zemfundo ezingaphishekela ngayo ukuhlukahluka futhi zikhulume ngokukhetha okungokomlando, okunemiphumela ephawulekayo yokuthola imfundo ephakeme.

Inkululeko Engokwenkolo Nokucwaswa

Amacala amuva aye asingatha izingxabano phakathi kwemithetho engokwenkolo nemelene nokuhlukana, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene namalungelo eLGBTQ. INkantolo iye yalwa lapho ukuphikisa okungokwenkolo kuthethelela ukukhishwa kwemithetho evamile esebenzayo nendlela yokulinganisela izindinganiso zomthetho - sisekelo eziphikisanayo.

Ukubaluleka Kokuhlala Unolwazi

Ukuqonda amacala abalulekile eNkantolo Ephakeme kukunika amandla okwazi amalungelo akho futhi uhlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo ezinqubweni zentando yeningi. Lezi zinqumo zithinta izici eziyisisekelo zokuphila kwansuku zonke, kusukela ekuxhumaneni nomthetho kuya ekutholeni imfundo nasekunakekeleni impilo. Ngokuhlala waziswe ngesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme kanye nezihlongozo zayo, ungasekela kangcono izithakazelo zakho futhi uqonde isimiso somthetho esilawula umphakathi.

Izinqumo zeNkantolo ePhakeme zivame ukuveza izinxushunxushu zezenhlalo nezimpikiswano zezombangazwe. Zingasheshisa ushintsho lwezenhlalakahle, njengoba iBrown v. ibhodi yemfundo yenza ngenxa yamalungelo omphakathi, noma zingayinciphisa ngokusekela izakhiwo zokubusa ezikhona. Ukuqaphela indima yeNkantolo ekulolongeni amalungelo nenkululeko kusiza ekubekeni izimpikiswano zamanje ezingokomthetho nezezombangazwe.

Imithombo Yemfundo Ethé Xaxa

Kukhona imithombo eminingi yalabo abanesithakazelo ekufundeni okwengeziwe ngamacala eNkantolo Ephakeme nomthetho-mthetho. IUnited States Courts website inikeza izinto zokufundisa ngecala lesizwe lejaji nelengqoko yenkolo. [ Iprojekthi yezez inikeza ukufinyelela mahhala enkantolo ePhakathi yeNkathi Ekhulu edluliselwa ngomlomo namacala ashwankambisweni. [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] ISikhungo seSikhungo sesizwe inikeza izimali zemfundo ezingezomthetho nezomthetho ephakeme.

Izincwadi ezigciniwe zomthetho nezinhlangano zezindaba zihlale zihlanganisa amacala eNkantolo Ephakeme kanye nemiphumela yayo. Ukufunda imibono yeNkantolo Ephakeme ngokuqondile, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi kuyinselele, kunikeza ukuqonda okunegunya kakhulu kokucabanga nezokubambelela kweNkantolo. Izikole eziningi zomthetho nezinhlangano zemfundo zinikeza izifundo zesihle nge-inthanethi mayelana nomthetho-mthetho-mthetho kanye neNkantolo Ephakeme.

Isihluthulelo Sokuthatha Izindawo Ngokuqondene Namalungelo Nenkululeko Yakho

  • Isivikelo senkululeko sokukhuluma:[ Isichibiyeli sokuqala sivikela ilungelo lakho lokuveza imibono, ukugxeka uhulumeni, nokuhlanganyela enkulumweni yezombangazwe, kanye nokungalingani kwezindlela ezithile ezihlukene njengezinsongo zeqiniso kanye nokugqugquzela ezenzweni zokungabi namthetho ezisondelayo.
  • Amalungelo ayimfihlo: Nakuba engashiwonga ngokuqondile eMthethweni, amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu aye aqashelwa emongweni ohlukene, ethinta izinqumo zomuntu siqu ngomkhaya, ukuzala, nokuvikela ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni okungenangqondo.
  • Access to Education:[ Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo yasungula ukuthi imfundo ehlukaniswayo iphula izimiso ezilinganayo zokuvikela, nakuba ukufinyelela ukulingana kwemfundo yeqiniso kuseyinselele eqhubekayo.
  • Ubulungisa obungalawuleki Amalungelo: Unelungelo lokuthula, ukuba nommeli (kuhlanganise ummeli omiswe inkantolo uma ungakwazi ukuthenga), futhi ukhululeke ekufuneni ngokungacabangeli nasekuqulekeni.
  • Ukuvota Amalungelo:[ Izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho nezinqumo zeNkantolo ePhakeme zivikela ilungelo lokuvota nokunqabela izinhlobo ezithile zobandlululo ekuvoteni, nakuba izimpikiswano ziqhubeka ngokungena kovoti nezimiso zokukhetha.
  • Inkululeko Engokwenkolo: Isichibiyeli sokuqala sivikela kokubili ukusetshenziswa ngokukhululekile kwenkolo futhi sinqabela ukumiswa kukahulumeni wenkolo, sidinga izinkantolo ukuba zilinganisele lezizimiso ezincintisanayo ngezinye izikhathi.
  • Inqubo elindelekile: Izichibiyelo zesihlanu nezeshumi nane ziqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni ngeke akuncishe ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho, kuqinisekiswe izinqubo ezilungile futhi kuvikelwe amalungelo athile ayisisekelo.
  • Isivikelo se-Equal:[ ISichibiyelo seshumi nane sidinga ukuba uhulumeni aphathe abantu abasendaweni efanayo futhi anqabele izinhlobo ezithile zobandlululo, nakuba izinga lokuhlola lihluka kuye ngokuthi ikuphi ukuhlelwa okuhilelekile.

Ukuziphendukela Okuqhubekayo Kwamalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo

Amalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo nenkululeko kuyaqhubeka kuguqukela ngezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme, izenzo zomthetho, nezinhlangano zezenhlalo. Ukwakhiwa kweNkantolo kushintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi njengoba abaphathi bemisa amajaji amasha, okungashintsha indlela yeNkantolo yokuchaza umthetho-siseko. Ukuqonda le nqubo enamandla kusiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani amanye amalungelo eyanda kuyilapho amanye evumelana, nokuthi kungani isivikelo esingokomthetho singashintsha ezinkathini ezihlukahlukene.

Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme zimelela okungaphezu kwezimiso ezingokomthetho ezingabonakali − zichaza imingcele esebenzayo yenkululeko namandla kahulumeni emphakathini waseMelika. Ukusuka esikoleni kuya ekhabetheni lokuvota, kusukela enkantolo kuya esigcawini somphakathi, lemithetho ihlela amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo yobuzwe. Ngokuqonda lamacala esisekelo, uzuza ukuqonda ngesivikelo esingokomthetho ongase uzithole kanye nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngokuphathelene nencazelo yezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo emphakathini wanamuhla.

Njengoba izinselele ezintsha zisuka ku-(ukusungulwa kwezobuchwepheshe) kuya ekususeni izimiso zezenhlalo − iNkantolo Ephakeme izoqhubeka ichaza amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo ngezindlela ezithinta amalungelo nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Ukuhlala wazi ngalezi zenzakalo kukwenza ukwazi ukuthatha iqhaza ngokuphumelelayo ezimisweni zentando yeningi nokuqonda ukuthi umthetho uvikela noma ulinganisela kanjani izenzo zakho. Izenzakalo eziwuphawuliwe lapha zinikeza isisekelo sokuqonda umthetho womthetho-mthetho, kodwa zimelela ingxenye ebanzi yenkululeko yeNkanto yonke yeNkantolo elwela amalungelo nenkululeko.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi, uchwepheshe, noma ungowesakhamuzi, ulwazi lwezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme lukunika amandla okulawula izimiso zomthetho, ukusekela izithakazelo zakho, futhi lunithelele ezingxoxweni eziqhubekayo ngobulungisa, ukulingana, nenkululeko emphakathini waseMelika. Lamacala asikhumbuza ukuthi amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo awadingeki ahlale ekhona, afune ukuchazwa njalo, avikele, futhi ngezinye izikhathi anwebe ukuze ubhekane nezinselele zesizukulwane ngasinye.