Lokho Igatsha Eliphethe Elikwenzayo: Amaqiniso Ayinhloko Ezakhamuzini

Igatsha eliphethe lingenye yezinsika ezintathu eziyinhloko zikahulumeni wase-United States, lifeza indima ebalulekile ekuhlelweni kwemithetho nasendleleni esebenza ngayo izwe nsuku zonke. Ukuqonda igatsha eliphetheyo kubalulekile kusona sonke isakhamuzi esifuna ukuqonda indlela izinqumo zikahulumeni ezithinta ngayo ukuphila kwaso kwansuku zonke, kusukela ekunakekeleni impilo nasemfundweni wemfundo kuya ekulondekeni kwesizwe nakwezomnotho. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sihlola isimo, amandla, imithwalo yemfanelo, kanye nomphumela wangempela wegatsha eliphethe.

Ukuqonda Igatsha Eliphethe: Isisekelo Nezakhiwo

Amandla eGatsha Eliphethe anikezwa uMongameli wase-United States, osebenza futhi njengenhloko kahulumeni noMphathi wamabutho ahlomile. Lokhu kugcwala kwamandla aphethe esikhulwini esisodwa esikhethiwe kumelela isici esiyingqayizivele sentando yeningi yaseMelika, esiyihlukanisayo ezimisweni zephalamende lapho igunya eliphethe livame ukusakazwa khona phakathi kwabaholi abaningi.

Ukuze kunikezwe uMongameli ukusekela adinga ukukubusa ngokuphumelelayo, iHhovisi Eliphethe loMongameli (EOP) lasungulwa ngo - 1939 uMongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt. Lesi simiso senhlangano siye sashintsha ngokuphawulekayo phakathi namashumi eminyaka, sakhula ukuze sihlangabezane nezinkimbinkimbi ezikhulayo zokubusa kwanamuhla.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo

UMbuso ophethe uzakunikezwa uMongameli wase-United States of America. Lamazwi alula kodwa anamandla avela eSiphakamiso II soMthetho-sisekelo amisa isisekelo segunya eliphethe. Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo bahlanganyela ezimpikiswaneni ezinkulu ngokuthi amandla angakanani okunika igatsha eliphethe, befuna ukulinganisela ukubusa okuphumelelayo nesivikelo ekubushiseni.

Indima yomhlaba ne-United States kuyo iye yashintsha ngokuphawulekayo kusukela ngo-1788 iholela kumongameli abanethonya elingcono nolawulo kunalawo amaFramers ayengayibikezela. Lokhu kuziphendukela kwemvelo kubonisa izidingo ezishintshayo zesizwe esikhulayo nendima yaso ekhulayo embulungeni yonke.

Isayizi kanye neSinashi

Lezizisebenzi ezinkulu zenza igatsha eliphethe libe umqashi omkhulu kunabo bonke kuhulumeni, elinomthwalo wemfanelo wokwenza imisebenzi eminingi ethinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika.

Kukhona iminyango ephethe engu-15 manje. Ngamunye wale minyango ugxila ezicini ezithile zokubusa, kusukela kwezolimo nezentengiselwano kuya ekuvikeleni nasezindabeni zolwazi oludala. Ngaphandle kwale minyango yesiteshi sekhabethe, amakhulu ezinhlangano zikahulumeni, amakhomishani, namabhodi asebenza ngaphansi kwegunya legatsha eliphethe.

UMongameli: Amandla Nemithwalo Yemfanelo

Njengesikhulu esiyinhloko, uMongameli uphethe amandla amakhulu futhi unemithwalo yemfanelo ebalulekile ethonya kokubili isimiso sasekhaya nobuhlobo bomhlaba wonke.

Amandla Okushaya Indiva

UMongameli unamandla okusayina umthetho noma ukukhipha izikweletu ezidluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho, nakuba uMkhandlu ungathatha indawo ngevoti yama-3 amabili kuzo zombili izindlu. Lo mbuso usebenza njengesehlo esibucayi egunyeni lomthetho, uqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha eliphethe linezwi enqubweni yokwenza imithetho.

UMongameli anganikeza iziyalo zezikhulu, eziqondisa izikhulu zezikhulu noma ezicacisa imithetho ekhona futhi eziqhubekisela phambili. Iziqondiso eziphethe ziye zaba ithuluzi elibaluleke kakhulu kumongameli lokusebenzisa isimiso esiza kuqala, ikakhulukazi lapho kubhekwana nemvume yokumiswa kwemithetho. Le mithetho inamandla kodwa ingavinjelwa enkantolo noma ipheshulwe yiziphathimandla ezilandelayo.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwamazwe Angaphandle Namandla Anamandla Angavamile

ISikhundla esiphethe siqhuba ukuxoxisana namanye amazwe, futhi uMongameli unamandla okuxoxa nokusayina izivumelwano, okumelwe zigunyazwe ngezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zeSishaya-mthetho. Lokhu kwahlanganisa amandla phakathi kwamagatsha aphetheyo nawabemthetho kuqinisekisa ukuthi izibopho ezinkulu zomhlaba wonke zithola ukusekelwa okukhulu.

UMongameli usebenza njengesekona somthetho waseMelika wangaphandle, ukuhlangana nabaholi bezwe, ukumelela isizwe ezingqungqutheleni zomhlaba wonke, nokuguqula ubuhlobo bezwe nezinye izizwe. Uzonika i-Congress Information of the State of Union ngezikhathi ezithile, futhi akhuthaze ukuba bacabangele izilinganiso ezinjalo ngendlela azakuhlulela ngayo okudingekile nokuwusizo.

Igunya Lezempi

UMongameli uzoba uMkhuzi weSikhulu seButho neButho leMpi lase-United States, kanye noweMilitia yamaZwe amaningana, lapho ebizelwa eNkonzo yangempela ye-United States. Lendima ibeka igunya lezempi eliphelele ezandleni zezakhamuzi, isimiso esiyisisekelo sentando yeningi yaseMelika esiklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukubusa kwezempi.

NjengoMkhuzi wempi, uMongameli wenza izinqumo ezigxekayo mayelana nokubekwa kwebutho lezempi, izinto eziza kuqala, nesivikelo sesizwe. Nokho, lo mbuso ulinganiswa igunya loMkhandlu lokumemezela impi nokulawula izikhali, wenze enye isheke elibalulekile emandleni abaphathi.

Amandla Okunqumelana Izinqumo

UMongameli umisa futhi izinhloko zezinhlangano ezingaphezu kuka-50 ezizimele zeFederal Reserve Board ne-Secturalies and Exchange Commission, kanye namajaji e-Federal, amanxusa nezinye izikhulu zikahulumeni. Lokhu kumisa kulawula izikhungo zikahulumeni kanye nokuchazwa kwemithetho iminyaka eminingi noma ngisho namashumi eminyaka ezayo.

Amalungu eKhabhinethi akhethwa umongameli futhi kumelwe avunyelwe yiSigele. Le nqubo yokuqinisekisa yenza igatsha lemithetho likwazi ukuhlola ukumiswa komongameli futhi liqinisekise ukuthi abantu abafanelekayo bahole iminyango kahulumeni emikhulu.

Amandla Okwahlulela

UMongameli futhi unamandla angenamkhawulo okudalula ukuthethelelwa nokukhokhwa kobugebengu obungohulumeni, ngaphandle kwalapho kukhishwa icala.

Umongameli Ongumongameli Oyisekela: Indima Nempumelelo

UMongameli ophethe uyingxenye futhi yeGatsha Eliphethe, olungele ukuthatha isidingo singaphakama.

UMongameli ongumsekeli ukhonza futhi njengoMongameli weSigele sase - United States, lapho evotela khona icala le - thayi.

Umthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko woMongameli ongumsizi wase-United States uwukuba akulungele ngesaziso sobuBusi uma uMongameli engakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yakhe. Lokhu kungaba ngenxa yokufa kukaMongameli, ukuyeka, noma ukuphelelwa amandla kwesikhashana, noma uma uMongameli ongumsekeli nomphakathi weKhabhinethi bethi uMongameli akasakwazi ukuthatha imisebenzi kamongameli.

IKhabhinethi: Inhlangano Nesiqondiso

Amalungu ekhathene asebenza njengesekela likamongameli. Ahlanganisa isekela likamongameli, izikhulu zeminyango ephethe, nezinye izikhulu zikahulumeni ezithatha izikhundla eziphakeme. IKhabhinethi imelela indikimba eyinhloko yoMongameli, iletha abaholi abanolwazi ezimisweni ezihlukene.

Umnyango ngamunye uholwa unobhala onesiqu esifana nesiqu somnyango wawo, ngaphandle koMnyango Wobulungisa, onhloko yakhe yaziwa ngokuthi ujenene wommeli. Abaholi beminyango ephethe bamiswa umongameli futhi bathathe isikhundla ngemva kokugunyazwa iSigele saseUnited States, futhi bakhonze ngenjabulo kamongameli.

Izinhlangano Eziphethe Eziyishumi Nanhlanu

IKhabhinethi ihlanganisa iminyango engu - 15 ephethe, ngayinye enemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukile ehlanganisa yonke imisebenzi kahulumeni:

Isifundazwe:[ Silawula izindaba zakwamanye amazwe kanye nobudlelwane bobungane bezwe
[[ITL:0] Izindawo zeNdawo yezimali: Ithatha izimali zikahulumeni, ukuqoqwa kwentela, kanye nenkambiso yezomnotho
Isethulo sovikelo: Ilawula amabutho ahlomile nokulondeka kwesizwe
ISivumelwano sobulungisa: imisa imithetho kahulumeni futhi imele uhulumeni ezindabeni zomthetho
Ukuphuma kwengaphakathi: Umphathi wamazwe kahulumeni nemithombo yemvelo
Izindawo zezolimo: Isekela abalimi futhi yengamela ukuphepha kokudla nokukhula kwasemaphandleni
[ Izindawo zezentengiselwano:[ ithuthukisa ukukhula kwezomnotho nokuhwebelana
Izindawo zemisebenzi: ivikela amalungelo ezisebenzi futhi ikhuthaza umsebenzi
Isebe sezempilo nezinkonzo zobuntu:[ izinhlelo zezempilo nezinkonzo zomphakathi
Izindawo zezindawo nentuthuko yasedolobheni: amakheli okwakha adinga ukuhlalisana nentuthuko yasemadolobheni
Indawo yezokuthutha: ibheka phezulu isakhiwo sezethutho kanye nokulondeka
Isekhi samandla:[ ilawula isimiso samandla nezinhlelo zenuzi
Ingxenye yemfundo:[ Isekela izinhlelo zokufundisa nosizo lwabafundi
[[INDAWO:0] Isiza ezindaweni zezindaba: Inikeza izinkonzo komakad ’ ebona bezempi
Izindawo zokuphepha kwe Homeland: ivikela ebuphekulani futhi ilawula ukulondeka komngcele

Ukuhlolisisa Umnyango: Ukulondeka Kwamakhaya

I - DHS yamiswa yi - Homeland Security Act ka - 2002, ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yokuhlasela kwamaphekula ngo - September 11, 2001, lomnyango omusha waqinisa izinhlangano zamagatsha ezingu - 22, kuhlanganise ne - United States Customs Service, i - Secret Service Security Administration, ne - Federal Emergency Management Agency.

Amadoda nabesifazane baseDHS bayasiza ekuqapheni imingcele yethu, bavikele izihambi nezakhiwo zokuthutha, bamise imithetho yokufuduka, babhekane nezinhlekelele nezimo eziphuthumayo, futhi bakhuthaze ukulungiselela nokuvinjelwa okuphuthumayo kulo lonke izwe.

Ukuhlolisisa Umnyango: Izindlu Nentuthuko Yasemadolobheni

I-Dervince of House and Urban Development (UUD) iyinhlangano yesizwe ephethe izimiso nezinhlelo ezisingatha izidingo zezindlu zaseMelika, zithuthukise futhi zithuthukise futhi zimise imithetho yesizwe, futhi ziqikelele imithetho yezindlu elungile. UMnyango futhi unendima enkulu ekusekeleni izakhiwo zasekhaya zomnini-khaya ngenxa yomshuwalense wezindlu eziphansi nezinezinga eliphezulu ngezimiso zawo zokukhokhela intela.

Ihhovisi Eliphethe Lomongameli

Ihhovisi eliphethe likaMongameli (EOP) lihlanganisa izisebenzi eziseduze kuMongameli, kanye nezinhlangano ezinjenge-Hhovisi Lokuphatha Nokusetshenziswa Kwemali neHhovisi le-United States Trade Memorest. I-EOP isebenza njengesimiso sokusekela uMongameli ngokuqondile, inikeza ukuhlaziywa kwezimiso, ukuhlanganiswa, nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso.

I-EOP inomthwalo wemfanelo wemisebenzi esuka ekudluliseleni isigijimi sikaMongameli kubantu baseMelika kuya ekuthuthukiseni izithakazelo zethu zezohwebo kwamanye amazwe. I-EOP, eyanganyelwa yiWhite House of Staff, ngokwesiko ibiyikhaya kuweluleki abaningi bakaMongameli oseduze kakhulu.

Izingxenye ze-EOP eziyisihluthulelo

Mhlawumbe izingxenye ezibonakala kakhulu ze-EOP yi-White Houses Communications Office neHhovisi likaNobhala wePress. Lamahhovisi alawula ukuxhumana komongameli komphakathi nokwezindaba, okusebenza njengendawo eyinhloko phakathi kwe-athorn kanye nezindaba.

Nakuba kudingeka isiqinisekiso seSigele kwabanye abeluleki, njengoMqondisi weHhovisi Lokuphatha noHlanzeko, abaningi bamiswa ngokuhlakanipha okuphelele koMongameli. Lokhu kuvumela uMongameli ukuba akhe iqembu labasizi abathenjwayo ngaphandle kokulibala okukhulu.

Izinkonzo Zokubusa: Umbuso Ophethe

Ngaphandle kweminyango yeKhabhinethi, igatsha eliphethe lihlanganisa izinhlangano eziningi ezizimele, amakhomishane azimele, nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ezenza imisebenzi ekhethekile. Lezi zikhungo zakha lokho okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi "umbuso Ophethe" noma "inhlangano ephethe"."

Izinhlangano zeKhabhinethi nezinhlangano ezizimele zeFederal zinomthwalo wemfanelo wokuqinisekisa nokuqondisa imithetho ye-Federal usuku nosuku. Le minyango nezinhlangano zinemisebenzi nemithwalo yemfanelo eyandayo njengaleyo ye-Defense and the Environmental Protection Agency, i-Social Security Administration, ne-Security and Exchange Commission.

Izinkonzo Nezimemezelo Ezizimele

Izinhlangano ezizimele zisebenza ngokuzibusa okukhulu ekulawuleni okuqondile komongameli, nakuba abaholi bazo besamiswa nguMongameli. Izibonelo zihlanganisa:

Environal Protection Agency (EPA): ivikela impilo yomuntu nendawo ezungezile
I-CIAgency (CIA):[ ihlanganisa futhi ihlaziye ukuhlakanipha
[ Ibhodi ye-Federal Reserve:[ ilawula uhlelo lwemali nomthetho webhange
[[[QURT:0] Izindawo kanye ne-Exchange Commission (SEC): ihlela izimakethe zezimali
Umbuso wezokuphepha:[ Abaphathi-nkonzo bazuza umhlalaphansi nokukhubazeka
Ukuziphatha kwesizwe kuhlola umkhathi nokucwaninga

Abanye abaphethe njenge - CIA ne - Environmental Protection Agency bahlanganyela kulomthwalo wemfanelo, abaholi bawo abangaphansi kwegunya eligcwele likaMongameli.

Ama - agency Amandla Nemisebenzi

Imishini yezokuhlola kufanele inqume ukuthi kumelwe ikhishwe kanjani usuku nosuku lwemithetho kahulumeni. Lokhu kuhilela ukwenza imithetho eningiliziwe echaza indlela imithetho edluliswa uMkhandlu eyosetshenziswa ngayo. Imishini inquma izimfuneko ezimisayo, izakhiwo zenkokhelo, izinqubo zokulalela, kanye nezimiso zokuphoqelela.

Izinhlangano zithatha lezondima, ngakho ziba "njenge-police" ne-"court-". Izinhlangano eziningi zinamandla ombuso, zivumela ukuba zihlole ukuphulwa, ziphoqe amafa, futhi zibe izimpikiswano ezingekho emthethweni ezindaweni zazo zokubusa.

Indima Nemithwalo Yemfanelo Eyinhloko Yegatsha Eliphethe

Igatsha eliphethe lenza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile egcina uhulumeni kahulumeni usebenza futhi ukhonza abantu baseMelika.

Ukuphoqelelwa Komthetho Nokusetshenziswa Kwawo

UMongameli unomthwalo wemfanelo wokusebenzisa nokumisa imithetho ebhalwe yiKhongolose futhi, ukuze enze lokho, umisa izinhloko zezinhlangano zeFederal, kuhlanganise neKhabhinethi. Lomthwalo wemfanelo oyisisekelo usho ukuguqula inhloso yokushaya umthetho ibe isenzo esingokoqobo esithinta izigidi zaseMelika.

Lesibopho somthetho - sisekelo sidinga uMongameli ukuba aqiniseke ukuthi imithetho kahulumeni igcinwa ngokungaguquki nangempumelelo kuzo zonke izinhlangano eziphethe.

Ukuzivikela Kwezwe Nokulondeka

Ukuvikela isizwe ekusongelelweni kwamanye amazwe nasekulondolozeni ukuzimisela kwezempi kumelela omunye wemithwalo yemfanelo enzima kakhulu yegatsha elikhulu. I-Divince of Defense, izinhlangano zokuhlakanipha, kanye nemishini yokuvikela izwe lakubo isebenza ndawonye ukuvikela amaMelika ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe.

UMongameli wenza izinqumo ezingokomthetho mayelana nokuthunyelwa kwempi, ukusetshenziswa kwemali ephambili, nokusabela ezinkingeni zomhlaba wonke. Lezi zinqumo zingaba nemiphumela ephawulekayo yokulondeka kwesizwe nokuzinza kwezizwe zonke.

Ubuhlobo Bakwamanye Amazwe Nokweqisa

Igatsha eliphethe i-Amerika liphatha ubuhlobo namanye amazwe ngoMnyango woMbuso nangamaqembu ahlangene. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuxoxa ngezivumelwano, ukuphatha izinhlelo zosizo zakwamanye amazwe, ukuthuthukisa izithakazelo zaseMelika kwamanye amazwe, nokumelela i-United States ezinhlanganweni zomhlaba wonke.

Le nkonzo yemikhosi neyemicikilisho isiza ekulondolozeni ubuhlobo obuhleliwe namanye amazwe nezindikimba zomhlaba wonke.

Ukuphathwa Kwezomnotho

NgoMnyango Wezimali, uMnyango Wezentengiselwano, kanye nezinhlangano ezihlukahlukene eziqondisayo, igatsha eliphethe lifeza indima enkulu ekuqondiseni umnotho. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuqoqa izintela, ukuphatha izikweletu zikahulumeni, ukuqondisa izimakethe zezimali, ukuthuthukisa ezohwebo, nokusebenzisa izimiso zezomnotho.

NgoMnyango Wezimali, unamandla okubhala ukuhlolwa kwemithetho yokukhipha izicelo. Lo mbuso wokusebenzisa imali kahulumeni uthinta yonke into kusukela ekukhokheni kwezenhlalaphansi zezenhlalakahle kuya ezivumelwaneni zokuvikela.

Izinkonzo Zomphakathi Nokuphatha

Izinhlangano eziphethe zinikeza izinkonzo ezingenakubalwa amaMelika athembele kuzo nsuku zonke, kusukela ekulungiseni i-social Security neMedicare zithi zigcina amapaki esizwe futhi ziqinisekisa ukulondeka kokudla. Lemisebenzi yokuphatha ingase ibonakale iyizwe kodwa ibalulekile empilweni yezakhamuzi.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela: Ukulinganisela Amandla Okubusa

UMthetho - sisekelo umisa isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela ukuze uvimbele noma iliphi igatsha elilodwa ukuba libe namandla kakhulu.

Ikhono legatsha ngalinye lokusabela ezenzweni zamagatsha alo yisimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela. Lesi simiso siqinisekisa ukuthi amandla ayaqhubeka ekhona nokuthi alikho igatsha elingathatha isinyathelo ngaphandle kokusebenza ezimweni eziningi.

Ukuhlolwa Kwemithetho Egunyani Eliphethe

UKhongolose luqinisekisa noma lulahle ama-minees kamongameli. Ingasusa umongameli ehhovisi ezimweni ezingavamile. Ukuqinisekisa kweSigele amandla okumisa ukumiswa nenqubo yokungagunyazi kunikeza imingcele ephawulekayo egunyeni lomongameli.

UKhongolo-mthetho lulawula ukusetshenziswa kwemali kuhulumeni ngenqubo yokubhula, unciphisa ikhono legatsha eliphetheyo lokusebenzisa izinqubo ngaphandle kokusekela kwemithetho. UKhomishane ingazilawula futhi izintambo zomongameli, uhlole izenzo zobuphathi, futhi umise imithetho elinganisela igunya eliphethe.

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Amandla Aphethe

AmaJaji eNkantolo Ephakeme angagumbuqela imithetho engekho emthethweni. izinkantolo zeFederal zingakhipha neziyalezo eziphethe, iziqondiso zezinhlangano, nezenzo zokuphatha ezidlula igunya lomthetho - sisekelo noma lomthetho - sisekelo.

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kusebenza njengenhlolo - vo egxekayo ekwakheni amandla okuphatha, kuqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zikamongameli zivumelana noMthetho - sisekelo nemithetho edluliswa uMkhandlu. Izinkantolo zingakhipha imiyalo evimbela izinqubo zokuqondisa futhi ziyale igatsha eliphethe ukuba lenze izenzo ezithile.

Inqubo Yokuzivumelanisa Nezinto

UMongameli, uMongameli oyisekela nawo wonke abaphathi bezwe base-United States, uyosuswa ehhovisi ngokuncintisana, futhi akhululwe, anikeze, afumbathise, noma amanye amaChosa aphakeme. Lokhu kuhlola kugcina kuvumela izikhulu eziphethe ezisebenzisa kabi amandla azo noma ezenze amacala amakhulu.

Ukuziphendukela Kwamandla Anegunya

Amandla obumongameli aye anda ngokuphawulekayo kusukela enkathini yokusungulwa, eshukunyiswa izimo ezishintshayo nezincazelo ezihilela igunya elinegunya eliphethe.

Amandla aye ageleza kakhulu eGatsheni eliphethe, eliphumela emandleni omongameli achazwa hhayi ngemithetho-sisekelo njengemiyalo eyadalwa phakathi namakhulu amabili eminyaka adlule. Maphakathi nekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, umbuso okhulayo wokuphatha kanye nesenzo esilula sokuthatha isinyathelo ngokushesha ngaphezu kwamandla egatsha omthetho athatha kancane aqinisayo.

Namuhla, lokhu kunikeza umqondisi amandla engeziwe ukuze avumele uhulumeni ukuba athathe isinyathelo esisheshayo ngenxa yesizwe, nokuthambekela komongameli ababambelele emandleni anwetshiwe njengoba isikhathi siqhubeka bebasiza ukuba bafeze izithembiso zomkhankaso, kuyaqhubeka. lokhu kwanda kubonisa kokubili izidingo eziwusizo namandla ezombangazwe asekela ukubusa kwezwe.

Izici Ezishukumisa Ukwanda Kwezikhundla Eziqondisayo

Izici eziningana ziye zaba nengxenye ekwandeni kwamandla okuphatha:

Izimo eziphuthumayo zesizwe:[ Izimpi, izinkinga zezomnotho, nezinhlekelele ziye zaholela ekwandisweni kwesikhashana kwegunya eliphethe ngokuvamile eliba elihlala njalo

Ukulandela ukubusa kwanamuhla: izimpikiswano zobuchwepheshe zidinga ulwazi olukhethekile izinhlangano eziphethe ezingalunikeza kalula kakhulu kunoKhongolo

Ijubane lokwenza izinqumo: Igatsha eliphethe lingasabela ngokushesha kakhulu ezimweni eziphuthumayo kunenqubo yokushaya umthetho evumela
Ukwenziwa kube yi-ibhulakthi:[ kwezindaba zamazwe ngamazwe nenkambiso yakwamanye amazwe kudinga ukuhola abaphethe ngokuhlangene
I-registrock e-' Uma uMkhandlu ungakwazi ukudlulisa umthetho, amongameli basebenzisa kakhulu iziyalezo zeziphathimandla nezenzo zokuphatha

Indlela Igatsha Eliphethe Elikuthinta Ngayo Ukuphila Kwezakhamuzi Nsuku Zonke

Izenzo nezimiso zegatsha eliphethe zithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika, ngokuvamile ngezindlela izakhamuzi zingase zingaqapheli ngokushesha.

Ukunakekelwa Kwempilo Nempilo Yomphakathi

I-Department of Health and Human Services inikeza iMedicare ne-Medicaid imithi egunyazwa udokotela nge-Food and Drug Administration, ihlola ezokwelapha nge-National Institutes of Health, futhi isabela ezimweni eziphuthumayo zezempilo zomphakathi. Izinqumo eziphethe mayelana nenqubo yezokwelapha zithinta izigidi zabantu baseMelika ekutholeni ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha namayeza agunyaziwe.

Phakathi nezinkinga zempilo zomphakathi, izinhlangano eziphethe zihlela ukusabela, zisakaza imithombo yengcebo, futhi zikhiphe iziqondiso ezithonya indlela abanakekela impilo nomphakathi abasabela ngayo ezisongweni.

Imfundo Nosizo Lwabafundi

I - Department of Education iphatha izinhlelo zabafundi zikahulumeni eziboleka imali, inikeza izikole imali, iphoqelela imithetho yamalungelo ezakhamuzi ezimisweni zemfundo, futhi imisa izindinganiso zezinhlelo zemfundo. Izimiso zokuqondisa ukuthethelelwa kwabafundi, ukuxhaswa kwemali yesikole, nezindinganiso zemfundo zithinta ngokuqondile abafundi, imikhaya, nothisha.

Amathuba Ezomnotho Nomsebenzi

UMnyango Wezisebenzi uphoqelela ukuba kuqikelelwe imithetho yokuphepha emsebenzini, imithetho yeholo enciphile, kanye nezokuvikela ukumelana nobandlululo. I-Small Business Administration iboleka futhi isekele abahwebi. Izimiso zezomnotho ezimiswe yi-athom yegatsha eliphethe ithonya lomsebenzi, ukukhuphuka kweholo, nentuthuko yezebhizinisi.

Izinhlangano eziqondisayo ezinjenge - Secretates and Exchange Commission zivikela abatshali bezimali futhi zilondoloze izimakethe ezingokwezimali ezifanele, zithinta imali elondolozwayo yomhlalaphansi namathuba okutshala imali ezigidini zabantu baseMelika.

Isivikelo Sendawo Ezungezile

I - Environmental Protection Agency imisa izindinganiso zomoya nezinga lamanzi, ilawula ukungcola, futhi iphoqelela imithetho yendawo ezungezile. izinqumo eziqondiswayo ngezimiso zendawo ezungezile zithinta impilo yomphakathi, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, nokulinganisela phakathi kokuthuthuka kwezomnotho nokuvikelwa kwendawo ezungezile.

Izinto Zokuhamba Nezakhiwo Eziyinkimbinkimbi

I - Department of Treams ilondoloza imigwaqo emikhulu, iqondisa ukuphepha kwezindiza, yengamela izitimela futhi ibeka izimoto eziphephile.

Ukulondeka Komphakathi Nokuthatha Umhlalaphansi

Ukuqondisa okuphethe le zinhlelo kuthinta ukulondeka ngokwezimali kwabantu abathathe umhlalaphansi nabakhubazekile.

Izindawo Zokulondoloza Imvelo Namazwe Omphakathi

UMnyango Wezangaphakathi unakekela amapaki esizwe, iziphephelo zasendle, namazwe omphakathi, unikeza izizukulwane ezizayo amathuba okuzijabulisa nawokulondoloza imithombo yemvelo nengokwesiko.

Isivikelo Sethengiselwano

I - Consumer Product Safety Commission ikhumbula imikhiqizo eyingozi, kuyilapho i - Federal Trade Commission ilwa nezikhangiso ezikhohlisayo nemikhuba yezebhizinisi.

Ukuhlanganyela Negatsha Eliphethe Izakhamuzi

Izakhamuzi zinezindlela eziningi zokuhileleka nokuthonya igatsha eliphethe, okwenza uhulumeni alalele futhi alandise.

Ukukhangisa Nokukhetha

Njalo ngemva kweminyaka emine, abantu baseMelika bakhetha uMongameli noMongameli onguMongameli, banqume ukuthi inqubo yokuqondisa iphethe ihhovisi likahulumeni iyini.

Ukhetho lukamongameli luhilela kokubili okhethweni abayinhloko, lapho amaqembu ekhetha khona ombaleki bawo, nokhetho oluvamile, lapho iElectoral College ikhetha khona uMongameli ngokusemthethweni ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni kahulumeni.

Ukukhulumela Komphakathi Ngemithetho

Lapho izinhlangano eziphethe zimisa imithetho emisha, ngokuvamile kumelwe zivumele isikhathi sokukhulumela komphakathi lapho izakhamuzi, amabhizinisi, nezinhlangano zinganikeza khona ukuzwana. Lamazwi angathonya uhlobo lokugcina lwezimiso futhi ngezinye izikhathi aholele amanxusa ukuba ashintshe noma akhiphe imithetho ehlongozwayo.

IFederal Register ikhipha imithetho ehlongozwayo nezimpawu zezikhathi zokukhulumela komphakathi, inikeza ukuvela kwenqubo yokuqondisa. Izakhamuzi zingathola lokhu kwaziswa kuyi - Internet futhi zithumele izimpendulo ngomshini.

Inkululeko Yokwaziswa Ithatha Izicelo

I-Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zicele amaphepha nokwaziswa okuvela ezinhlanganweni eziphethe, zikhuthaza ukubonakala nokulandisa. Nakuba ukwaziswa okuthile kungakhishwa ngenxa yezizathu zokhuseleko lwesizwe noma zobumfihlo, i-FOIA inikeza ithuluzi elibalulekile lokuqonda imisebenzi kahulumeni.

Ukuxhumana Nendlu Emhlophe Nezimo Eziphuthumayo

Izakhamuzi zingathintana neWhite House ngokuqondile ukuze ziveze imibono ezindabeni zezenqubo, futhi izinhlangano eziningi eziphetheyo zinehhovisi lezindaba zomphakathi eliphendula izakhamuzi ngemibuzo.

Ukuba Ingcweti Nezinhlangano Ezingalawuleki

Ukujoyina amaqembu ombuso nezinhlangano zomphakathi kufaka amazwi ahlukahlukene futhi kubangele ukucindezela okuhleliwe egatsheni eliphethe. Lezizinhlangano ngokuvamile zinobuchwepheshe ezinqubweni zikahulumeni futhi zingakhuluma ngokuphumelelayo ngezindaba zomphakathi ezikhathaza abakhi bemithetho.

Ukuhlanganyela Ekuqulweni Kwabantu

Ngezinye izikhathi izinhlangano eziphethe ziqulela umphakathi icala ezindabeni ezibalulekile, zinikeze izakhamuzi amathuba okufakazela futhi zihlanganyele imibono yazo ngokuqondile nabenzi besinqumo.

Izinselele Zamanje Ezibhekene Negatsha Eliphethe

Igatsha eliphethe libhekene nezinselele eziningi ekufezeni imithwalo yalo yemfanelo enkathini yanamuhla.

I - partisan Polaryation

Ukwanda kwezombangazwe kwenza kube nzima ngegatsha eliphethe ukwakha ukuvumelana nokusebenzisa izimiso ezijabulela ukusekelwa umphakathi obanzi. Ukuhlukana kwesigaba kungaholela ekushintsheni njalo kwezimiso lapho abaphathi beshintsha, kudala ukungaqiniseki nokuntengantenga.

Ukuyinkimbinkimbi Kwemibuso Yasebuthweni Lase - Australia

Ubukhulu nobunkimbinkimbi besimiso sikahulumeni bungenza kube nzima ukuhlanganisa izimiso ezinhlanganweni futhi kuqinisekise ukumiswa okuphumelelayo.

Ushintsho Lwezobuchwepheshe

Intuthuko esheshayo yezobuchwepheshe idala izinselele ezintsha ezinhlanganweni eziphethe, kusukela ekuqondiseni ukuhlakanipha kokuzenzela kanye nokuqapha kuya ekuvikeleni usongo lwezingcingo ze-inthanethi nasekusebenziseni izimfihlo zobuchwepheshe. Imishini kumelwe isheshe ijwayelane nokulawula ubuchwepheshe obungekho lapho kubhalwa umthetho owenza kube lula.

Ukungenela Embulungeni Yonke

Izinselele zamazwe ngamazwe ezinjengokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukugadla kobhadane, ubuphekula nokuhlangana kwezomnotho zidinga ukusabela okuvumelanayo okudlula imingcele yezwe.

Ukuvinjelwa Kwemithombo Yezinto

Ukulinganiselwa kohlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali nezinselele zezisebenzi kungaphazamisa ikhono lezinhlangano lokufeza imisebenzi yazo ngokuphumelelayo. Ukuqoqa imfuno yemithombo elinganiselwe kudinga izinqumo ezinzima.

Imishini Ebona Kahle Neyisibopho Sokulandisa

Izindlela ezihlukahlukene zithuthukisa ukuba sobala futhi igatsha eliphethe liyolandisa emphakathini nakwamanye amagatsha kahulumeni.

Amahhovisi Okuhlola Avamile

Umnyango omkhulu ngamunye unoMhloli wezezimali ozihlolela ngokwawo imishini yokuhlola nokuhlola imisebenzi yezinhlangano, ukuhlukanisa imfucumfucu, ukukhwabanisa, nokuxhaphaza. La mahhovisi anikeza ukuqondisa okubalulekile futhi atuse intuthuko emikhankasweni yezinhlangano.

Ihhovisi Lokulandisa Kukahulumeni

I - Governmentability Office (GAO), kuyilapho iyingxenye yegatsha lomthetho, ihlola izinhlelo nemisebenzi yegatsha, inikeza iSishaya - mthetho nomphakathi iziqondiso ezizimele zokusebenza kukahulumeni.

Ukuqondisa Okuyingqungquthela

Amakomiti e-Congress ahlala equlwa lapho izikhulu zifakaza khona ngemisebenzi yezinhlangano zawo, uhlelo lwawo, nezimiso. Lokhu kuqondisa kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukulandisa futhi kunikeze amathuba okuhlola umphakathi.

Ukusakazwa Kwezindaba Nemithombo Yezindaba

Iphephandaba elikhululekile lifeza indima ebalulekile ekuqondiseni imisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe, ekuhloleni ukuthi kungenzeka wenze okubi, nasekutsheleni umphakathi ngezenzo zikahulumeni.

Izivikelo Zokuvuthela

Imithetho yokuvikela abashaya ikhwelo ikhuthaza izisebenzi eziphethe amagatsha ukuba zibike ukulahlwa, ukukhwabanisa, ukuxhashazwa, nemisebenzi engekho emthethweni ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuziphindiselela.

Igatsha Eliphethe Ngombono Oqhathaniswayo

Ukuqonda indlela igatsha eliphethe laseMelika eliqhathanisa ngayo izakhiwo eziphethe kwezinye imibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi kunikeza umongo owusizo wokuhlola amandla nobuthakathaka balo.

Umongameli/umongameli/iPhalamende Izimiso zePhalamende

I-United States isebenzisa isimiso sobumongameli lapho umphathi ekhethwa khona ngokuzimele esimi esimi esimi esimi esimi esiteshini. Lokhu kuhlukile ezimisweni zephalamende lapho umphathi (umphathi) ekhethwa khona yisishayamthetho futhi angasuswa ngokuvota kokungathembi.

Izimiso zikamongameli zinikeza ukuzinza ngezindlela ezimisiwe kodwa zingaholela ekuhleleni izintambo lapho isikhulu nesishaya - mthetho silawulwa amaqembu ahlukahlukene. Izimiso zePhalamende zivumela ukubusa okuvumelana nezimo ngokwengeziwe kodwa zingabhekana nezinguquko zikahulumeni ezivamile.

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla

Ukuhlukanisa okuqinile kwesimiso semibuso phakathi kwesikhulu, i-guvertical, namagatsha okwahlulela kuphawuleka kakhulu kunakweminye imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi. Lokhu kuhlukana kwakha amaphuzu amaningi eveto angavimbela ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokuxhamazela kodwa futhi kwenza kube nzima ukuxazulula izinkinga eziphuthumayo ngokushesha.

Ukubheka Phambili: Ikusasa Lamandla Aphethe

Igatsha eliphethe lizoqhubeka liguquka ngenxa yezimo nezinselele ezishintshayo.

Ubuchwepheshe Nokubusa

Intuthuko ekwazini ukwaziswa okungahloniphi, ukuhlakanipha kokuzenzela, nokuxhumana ngemishini kuyoguqula indlela izinhlangano eziphethe ezisebenza ngayo futhi zinikeze izinkonzo. Lezi zinkonzo zobuchwepheshe zinikeza amathuba okuphumelela okuthuthukisa nokudluliswa kwenkonzo okungcono kodwa futhi ziphakamisa ukukhathazeka mayelana nokungafihliwe nokucwasana.

Izinselele Zesimo Sezulu Nendawo Ezungezile

Ukusingatha ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu nokuwohloka kwendawo ezungezile kuyodinga ukuhola okuqhubekayo nokusebenzelana kwezinkampani eziningi.

Izinguquko Zesimo Somzimba

Inani labantu asebegugile, abahlukahlukene, nabashintshashintshayo bezindawo kuyobangela izidingo ezintsha ezinhlanganweni eziphethe futhi kudinga izindlela ezivumelanayo zokunikeza umsebenzi nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso.

Ukuncintisana Nokubambisana Kwembulunga Yonke

Ukuphatha ubuhlobo nemibuso ekhulayo, ukusingatha izinselele zamazwe ngamazwe, nokulondoloza ukuhola kwaseMelika ezweni elinamaqembu amaningi kuyovivinya amakhono okuqondisa amagatsha ekuhleleni kwamanye amazwe nasekulondekeni kwesizwe.

Isiphetho: Isizathu Sokuqonda Izindaba Zegatsha Eliphethe

Igatsha eliphethe limelela isici esibonakalayo nesinamandla kakhulu sikahulumeni kahulumeni, esithinta ukuphila kwezakhamuzi ngezindlela eziningi nsuku zonke. Kusukela ekubekeni imithetho nasekuvikeleni umbuso wezwe kuya ekunikezeni izinkonzo ezidingekile nasekuqondiseni umnotho, izinhlangano eziphethe kanye nezikhulu zenza izinqumo ezibumba umphakathi waseMelika.

Ukuqonda indlela igatsha eliphethe elisebenza ngayo, imibuso elinayo, nendlela elicindezelwa ngayo ngemishini nezilinganiso kwenza izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ekubuseni kwentando yeningi. Izakhamuzi ezifundile zingahlola kangcono abazothatha izintambo zomongameli, zihlanganyele ezinqubweni zokwenza izinqumo zezinhlangano, futhi zigcine izikhulu zikahulumeni zinecala ngezenzo zazo.

Njengoba igatsha eliphethe liqhubeka liphendukela ekuphenduleni izinselele namathuba amasha, ukuthembisana kwezakhamuzi nokuqondisa kusebalulekile ukuze kuqikelelwe ukuthi amandla okuqondisa afeza isithakazelo somphakathi. Ngokuhlala benolwazi ngemisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe nokusebenzisa amalungelo abo okuvota, ukuphawula ngemithetho nokuhlanganyela ekuphileni komphakathi, amaMelika angasiza ekulolongeni indlela kahulumeni wawo futhi aqiniseke ukuthi uyaqhubeka esabela ezidingweni nasezindinganisweni zawo.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngegatsha eliphethe nemisebenzi yalo, izakhamuzi zingavakashela iwebhusayithi esemthethweni ye-White House, zihlole amawebhusayithi azimele ngakuwo ngama-website enhlangano ngapha nangapha . USUSA.gov[, futhi zihlole imisebenzi eqondiswayo nge- FLERY] Register [[. Lezi mithombo zinikeza ukukhanya emikhankanyeni kahulumeni namathuba okwakha izakhamuzi.