Igatsha eliphethe lingenye yezinsika ezintathu eziyinhloko zikahulumeni wase-United States, lisebenza eduze kwamagatsha emithetho nezokwahlulela ukuze lilondoloze isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela okuchaza idemokrasi yaseMelika. Njengoba igatsha eliphetheyo elibonakalayo nelezenzo likahulumeni, igatsha eliphethe lithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke eMelika, kusukela ekulondekeni kwesizwe nasebuhlotsheni bangaphandle kuya ekuqondiseni isimiso sokwelapha nendawo ezungezile. Ukuqonda ukuthi leligatsha lisebenza kanjani, amandla alo, ukulinganiselwa, kanye nenhlangano enkulu yeminyango nezinhlangano ezihlanganisa nayo iso elibalulekile ebaluleke kakhulu ukuze noma isiphi isakhamuzi esifuna ukuqonda ukuthi uhulumeni waso usebenza kanjani.

Lo mqondisi obanzi uphula igatsha eliphethe ngolimi olulula, uhlole izisekelo zalo zomthetho-sisekelo, imithwalo yalo yemfanelo, inqubo ehlelekile, nezindlela elithinta ngazo ukuphila kwaseMelika. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi, isakhamuzi esikhathazekile, noma unelukuluku lokwazi ngemisebenzi kahulumeni, lesi sihloko sizokunikeza ukuqonda okuphelele ngalokho igatsha eliphethe elikwenzayo nokuthi kungani kubalulekile.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Segatsha Eliphethe

Igatsha eliphethe lithola igunya lalo eSiphakamisweni II soMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States, esimisa ihhovisi likaMongameli futhi sichaze imibuso eyisisekelo nemithwalo yemfanelo yomphathi. IFramers yoMthetho-sisekelo yaklama igatsha eliphethe ukuba liqine ngokwanele ukuba lithathe isinyathelo esiqinile ezikhathini zenhlekelele kuyilapho lihlala linesibopho sokulandisa kubantu ngokhetho oluvamile futhi libuswa amanye amagatsha kahulumeni.

Umthetho-sisekelo ufaka amandla okubusa kumuntu oyedwa, “‘ uMongameli we-United States usebenza njengomphathi wesifundazwe nomphathi kahulumeni. Lokhu kuhlukile ezimisweni zephalamende lapho lezizindima zivame ukuhlukaniswa khona. UMongameli ukhethwa ukuba abe yizinombolo zeminyaka emine futhi, ngemva kokuhlelwa kweSichibiyelo sama-22 ngo-1959, angafeza izilinganiso ezimbili. Le nkathi yamiswa ngemva kukaFranklin D. Roosevelt yaphula inqubo engokwesiko yeminyaka emibili ngokuwina ukhetho olune olulandelanayo.

Umongameli ongumsekeli, owamiswa yiSiphakamiso II, usebenza njengomlandeli oseduze kaMongameli futhi uqondisa iSigele, evota ngokunqanda isibopho uma kudingeka. Ngaphandle kwalemisebenzi engokomthetho-sisekelo, amasekela athatha imithwalo yemfanelo eyengeziwe eyabelwe uMongameli, ngokuvamile agxila ezindaweni ezithile ezikhethekile noma akhonze njengommeli wesihluthulelo.

Amandla kaMongameli oMthetho - sisekelo

UMthetho - sisekelo unikeza uMongameli imibuso eminingana eyisisekelo segunya eliphethe. Lemibuso iye yachazwa, yanwetshwa, futhi ngezinye izikhathi yaphikiswa kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, kodwa ihlala iyisisekelo esiyisisekelo sesenzo sobumongameli.

Umkhuzi Webutho Eliyinhloko

UMongameli ukhonza njengoMphathi weSikhulu samabutho ahlomile, enika igatsha eliphethe igatsha igunya eliphakeme kakhulu ekulweni. Lo mbuso uvumela uMongameli ukuba aqondise icebo lezempi, athumele amabutho, futhi aphendule ekusongeleni i-United States. Nokho, uMthetho-sisekelo unikeza uMkhandlu amandla okumemezela impi, usungula isimiso sokuthatha icala elifanayo lokulwa. Ngokwezwi lempela, abaholi beye bafaka amabutho amabutho ukuba alwe ngaphandle kokumemezela okungokomthetho kwempi, okuholela ezimpini eziqhubekayo ngokuphathelene nesikhundla sesikhulu sezempi.

I - War Powers Resolution ka - 1973 yazama ukubucacisa lobu buhlobo ngokufuna ukuba uMongameli azise uMkhandlu phakathi namahora angu - 48 ngokukhipha amabutho empini ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu - 60 ngaphandle kokuba uMkhandlu ugunyaze ukuqhubeka nesenzo. Naphezu kwalomthetho, ukungezwani phakathi kwegunya lezikhulu nelemithetho ngokuphathelene nemisebenzi yezempi kuyaqhubeka kuze kube namuhla.

Ukwakha Isivumelwano Nobuhlobo Bangaphandle

UMongameli unomthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wokuqhuba inkambiso yangaphandle nokumelela i-United States ezindabeni zomhlaba wonke. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuxoxa nezizwe zangaphandle, nakuba izivumelwano ezinjalo zidinga ukuhlawuliswa ngevoti yama-3 amabili eSigele. UMongameli umisa amanxusa ukuba amelele izithakazelo zaseMelika kwamanye amazwe, afanele aqinisekiswe yiSigebengu.

Ngaphandle kwezivumelwano ezingokomthetho, abaMongameli bangangena ezivumelwaneni zezikhulu namanye amazwe angadingi ukuvunyelwa yisigele. Lezi zivumelwano ziye zaba amathuluzi avamile enqubo yakwamanye amazwe, zivumela igatsha eliphethe ukuba livumelane kakhulu nobudlelwane bomhlaba wonke. UMongameli futhi unamandla okuqaphela ohulumeni bakwamanye amazwe, ithuluzi elibalulekile lokuxhumana elingaguqula ubuhlobo bomhlaba wonke nezombangazwe zezifunda.

Amandla Okunqumelana Izinqumo

UMongameli umisa abantu ngabanye ukuba bagcwalise izikhundla eziyinhloko kuhulumeni kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nonobhala bamaKhabhinethi, amajaji kahulumeni, amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, amanxusa, kanye namanhloko ezinhlangano ezizimele. Eziningi zalezi zinqumo zidinga ukuqinisekiswa kweSishaya-mthetho, zinikeza ishekethi emandleni okuphatha. Lokhu kumiswa kuvumela uMongameli ukuba asebenzise isimiso sokulawula uhulumeni futhi athonye isiqondiso sikahulumeni sezizukulwane.

Umbuso omisayo ufinyelela ezinkulungwaneni zezikhundla kulo lonke igatsha eliphethe, kusukela kubaphathi besimiso esiphakeme kuya kubaphathi bezinhlangano. Lapho uMongameli omusha ethatha isikhundla, cishe kumiswa abangu - 4 000 kwezombangazwe, okwenza ukuba ukubusa okuzayo kubeke izisebenzi zakhe ezikhundleni eziyinhloko kulo lonke elasehulumeni.

Indima Yomthetho Negunya Le - Veto

Nakuba igatsha lemithetho limisa imithetho, uMongameli ufeza indima ebalulekile enqubweni yomthetho. UMthetho-sisekelo ufuna ukuba uMongameli azise iSishaya-mthetho ngezikhathi ezithile ngesifundazwe sale nhlangano futhi atuse izinyathelo zokucatshangelwa. Lokhu kuye kwashintshela ekhelini lika-Hulumeni le-Union, lapho uMongameli echaza khona izinto eziza kuqala nezimiso zabo.

I-veto ye-presidentia isebenza njengendlela yokuhlola ephawulekayo egunyeni lomthetho. Uma uMkhandlu udlulisa umthetho, uMongameli angawusayina emthethweni, awudlulise, noma awuvumele ukuba ube umthetho ngaphandle kokuwusayina ngemva kwezinsuku eziyishumi. Umongameli weveto angamane ancishiswe yivotelwe ama-35 egumbini lamaBhungane, awenze libe yithuluzi elinamandla lokulungisa umthetho. Omongameli futhi banalo "i-pocketveto" ukhetho: uma i-Hulumeni i-ans afaka isibambiso kuMongameli phakathi nezinsuku eziyishumi zokuletha isibambiso, isibambiso sifa uma uMongameli ethatha isinyathelo.

Amandla EPardon

UMthetho-sisekelo unika uMongameli amandla okunikeza iziphakamiso futhi axolele izono zikahulumeni, ngaphandle kwalapho kusemcimbini wokungagunyazi. Lamandla aphakeme aphelele futhi awakwazi ukugumbuqelwa amanye amagatsha kahulumeni. Omongameli basebenzisa leligunya ukulungisa ukungalungi okucatshangelwayo, ukubonisa isihe, noma ukuthuthukisa ukwahlulela ngokulunga. Amandla okuthethelela adlulela ekukhipheni izigwebo (ukukhipha imisho), ukuthethelela (ukuthethelela amacala), kanye nokuthethelela (ukuthethelela amaqembu abantu).

Ukusebenzisa Imithetho Yamasipala

Umthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wegatsha eliphethe uwukuphoqelela nokusebenzisa imithetho edluliswa yi-Congress. Lomsebenzi, ngokuvamile ufingqwa ngokuthi isibopho sikaMongameli ukuba "yiqaphele imithetho ukuba iqedwe ngokwethembeka," uhlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zemisebenzi eyenziwa izigidi zezisebenzi zikahulumeni ezingamakhulu ezinhlangano neminyango.

Ukugcinwa komthetho ezingeni likahulumeni kuhilela izinhlangano eziningi ezizimele. UMnyango woMahluleli usebenza njengengalo eyinhloko yomthetho kahulumeni kahulumeni, uqondisa izinhlangano ezinjenge Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), i-Drug Inforcement Administration (DEA), iBureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firemorms and Exlosives (ATF), neU.S.

Ngaphandle komthetho ogunyaziwe womthetho, igatsha eliphethe lisebenzisa imithetho eminingi kahulumeni elawula yonke into kusukela ekulondekeni emsebenzini kuya ekuvikelekeni kwendawo ezungezile. Uma i-Congress idlulisa umthetho, inikeza iziqondiso ezibanzi neziphathimandla eziphethe izinhlangano eziphethe ukuba zakhe iziqondiso eziqondile nokusebenza. Lenqubo, eyaziwa njengokumisa imithetho, ivumela izinhlangano ukuba zimise imithetho eningiliziwe enamandla omthetho, uma zilandela izinqubo ezifanele zokuphatha futhi zihlale ngaphakathi kwemingcele yegunya lazo lemithetho.

Ngokwesibonelo, lapho iSishaya - mthetho sidlulisa umthetho wendawo ezungezile, i - Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) isungula imithetho ethile echaza amazinga okungcoliswa komhlaba amukelekayo, imisa izimfuneko zokuhlola, futhi imise izinqubo zokuqinisekisa ukuthi kusebenza.

Ukulawula Ukulondeka Kwesizwe Nokuzivikela

I-National Security imelela omunye wemithwalo yemfanelo ebucayi kakhulu yegatsha elikhulu. NjengoMphathi weSikhulu, uqondisa uMnyango Wezokuvikela, ophatha iButho Lempi, iButho Lempi, i-Air Force, i-Marine Corps, ne-Place Force. UMnyango Wezokuvikela usebenzisa amalungu enkonzo akhuthele angaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili nezisebenzi ezingasasebenzi emhlabeni, uwenza abe ngenye yezinhlangano ezinkulu emhlabeni.

I-National Security Council (NSC), eyamiswa ngo-1947, yeluleka uMongameli ngezindaba zezokuphepha bezizwe nezindaba zakwamanye amazwe. I-NSC ihlanganisa izikhulu eziyinhloko ezivela kulo lonke uhulumeni, kuhlanganise noMongameli onguMongameli, unobhala wezokhuselo, kanye nabanye abaqondisi abakhulu, ukuba baqondise futhi baphendule izinselele zokhuseleko. Ummeli we-National Security Adviser uhola izisebenzi ze-NSC futhi ukhonza njengomsizi omkhulu we-NSC ezindabeni zokuphepha.

Ukuqoqa nokuhlaziya kwakha esinye isici esibalulekile semisebenzi yesizwe yokulondeka. I-Intelligence Community inamaqembu nezinhlangano ezingu-18, kuhlanganise ne-Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), i-National Security Agency (NSA), i-Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), kanye namahhovisi okuhlakanipha egatsheni ngalinye lezempi nasemnyangweni omkhulu. UMqondisi we-National Intelligence uhlanganisa lezi zikhungo futhi usebenza njengelungu eliyinhloko le-arhente.

UMnyango Wezokuphepha WaseHomeland, owasungulwa ngo - 2002 ngemva kokuhlasela ngo - September 11, uhlanganisa izinhlangano eziningi ezinomthwalo wemfanelo wokuvikela izwe lazo ekuhlaseleni kwamaphekula nakwezinye izinsongo.

Ukuphatha Isimiso Sangaphandle Nokukhohlisa

Igatsha eliphethe lihola ukuthembisana nezwe laseMelika ngoMnyango woMbuso nangesimiso sezomthetho sakwamanye amazwe. Unobhala wezwe usebenza njengesimiso esiyinhloko soMongameli wamazwe angaphandle futhi ulawula ubuhlobo obuhlangene namazwe angaba ngu-200 ngenethi ye-mesters, izinyunyana, kanye nezithunywa zezokuxhumana emhlabeni wonke.

Izikhulu zombuso zaseMelika zisebenzela ukuthuthukisa izithakazelo zamazwe angaphandle eU.S., zivikela izakhamuzi zaseMelika ezihamba noma ezihlala phesheya, zikhuthaza ukubambisana kwezentengiselwano nezomnotho, futhi zakha ubuhlobo ezimpikiswaneni ezisukela ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu kuya ekulweni nobuphekula. UMnyango woMbuso unikeza nezinhlelo zosizo kwamanye amazwe, unikeza izinkonzo ezizimele, futhi ufaka izingxoxo zomphakathi ukuze uchaze izimiso nezindinganiso zaseMelika kubantu bamazwe ngamazwe.

UMongameli uhlanganyela ngokwakhe ezingxoxweni zezingxoxo zemihlangano nabaholi bakwamanye amazwe, ukuhlanganyela ezinhlanganweni zomhlaba wonke njengeZizwe Ezihlangene ne-NATO, nokuxhumana ngokuqondile nozakwabo emhlabeni wonke. Lokhu kusebenzelana okuphakeme kungathuthukisa ubuhlobo bomhlaba wonke, ukuxazulula izingxabano, nokumisa izisekelo zokubambisana ezinkingeni zomhlaba wonke.

Isimiso sokuhweba simelela esinye isici esibalulekile sobuhlobo bakwamanye amazwe esiphethwe yigatsha elikhulu. I-United States Trade Messadex ixoxa ngezivumelwano zezohwebo nezingxabano zezohwebo, isebenzela ukuvula izimakethe zempahla nezinkonzo zaseMelika kuyilapho ivikela izisebenzi zaseMelika nezimboni emikhubeni yokuhweba engenabulungisa. Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje kuye kwaba nezimpikiswano ezinkulu ngenqubo yezohwebo, futhi abaMongameli bathatha izindlela ezihlukene ekubopheni izimali emhlabeni wonke.

Iziqondiso Zokuba Umongameli Neziqondiso

Iziqondiso eziphethe zimelela elinye lamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu kaMongameli ekuqondiseni imisebenzi kahulumeni nokusebenzisa isimiso. Lezi ziqondiso ezibophayo ezisemthethweni ziyala izinhlangano zikahulumeni nezikhulu ngendlela yokusebenzisa igunya lazo futhi zifeze imithwalo yazo yemfanelo. Nakuba iziyalezo zezikhulu zingenakusungula imithetho emisha noma izimali ezifanele − Amandla agcinelwe iSishaya-Mnyango .

Abameli baye bakhipha iziyalo zokuqondisa eziphethe kulo lonke umlando waseMelika zokusingatha izindaba eziphuthumayo, ukubheka phambili kwesimiso, nokuphatha i-operatimenti kahulumeni kahulumeni. Izibonelo eziphawulekayo zihlanganisa i-Emancpiation Proclation, uhlelo luka-Franklin Roosevelt lokumisa amakamu aseJapane phakathi neMpi Yezwe II (kamuva aqashelwa njengokungalungi okungathí helo), umthetho kaHarry Truman owehlisa amabutho, kanye neziyalezo eziningi zamuva zabaMongameli ezimayelana nezindaba ezisukela ekuthuthweni ukuya ekushintsheni kwezweni kwezwe.

Iziqondiso eziphethe kumelwe zisekelwe egunyeni lomthetho-sisekelo noma lomthetho. Izinkantolo zingakhipha iziyalezo ezidlula amandla kamongameli noma ezephula uMthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kuhlola kokwahlulela kunikeza isheke elibalulekile egunyeni eliphethe, nakuba abaMongameli ngokuvamile benokuqonda okuqinile endleleni abachaza futhi basebenzise ngayo igunya labo elingokomthetho.

Ngaphandle kweziyalo zezikhulu, abaPhathiswa banikeza ezinye izinhlobo zeziqondiso ezihlanganisa umongameli we-randa, izimemezelo, neziqondiso zesizwe. Lamathuluzi afeza izinjongo ezifanayo kodwa angase abe nezisekelo ezingokomthetho ezihlukene noma izimfuneko ezingokwesiko. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli i-taclanda, ngokuvamile ukhuluma ngezindaba zokuphatha noma unikeza isiqondiso ezinhlanganweni ngaphandle kohlelo oluhleliwe lwesimiso sokuqondisa.

Isimiso Sohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali Nesimiso Sezomnotho

Igatsha eliphethe lidlala indima eyinhloko ekuhleleni imali kahulumeni ngenqubo yokuhlelwa kwemali. Unyaka ngamunye, uMongameli ufaka isiphakamiso semali eningiliziwe kuKhomishane echaza izinto eziza kuqala nemali ekhona ngonyaka wemali ozayo. Lemali imelela uhlelo lwezimiso zezomthetho ezihunyushwe ngokwezimo eziphansi, ebonisa ukuthi uMongameli ufuna ukutshalaphi imithombo nokuthi iziphi izinhlelo okufanele zithole imali ekhudlwanayo noma encishisiwe.

I-Office of Management and Baccount (OMB), ingxenye yeHhovisi Eliphetheyo loMongameli, ihlela ukuthuthukiswa kwemali phakathi kwegatsha eliphethe. i-OMB isebenza nezinhlangano ukuze zakhe izicelo zokusebenzisa imali, ihlaziye iziphakamiso zezimiso, futhi yengamele ukubulawa kwezinhlelo uma i-Congress ifaneleka ngezimali. Inqubo yokuhlela izindleko ithatha izinyanga zokulungisa nokuxoxa, kokubili phakathi kwegatsha eliphethe igatsha naphakathi kwe-Congress.

Nakuba iziKhongolo ziphethe amandla omthetho-mthetho wesikhwama semali futhi kumelwe zivumele yonke imali kahulumeni, isihlongozo sohlelo lokuhlela imali sihlanganisa impikiswano futhi sibonise izinto eziza kuqala. Imali yokugcina ephuma ekuhlolweni kwengqungquthela ngokuvamile ihluka kakhulu esicebweni sikaMongameli, ibonisa ukuphana kwenqubo yemithetho kanye nezinto eziphikisanayo zabadlali bezombangazwe abahlukene.

Ngaphandle kohlelo lwemali, igatsha eliphethe lithonya isimiso sezomnotho ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. UMnyango wezimali uqondisa izimali zikahulumeni, uqoqa intela nge-Internal Revolution Service, futhi uqondisa izinhlangano zezezimali. UMongameli umisa iSihlalo namalungu eFederal Reserve Board, emisa isimiso semali, nakuba iFed isebenza ngokuzimele uma nje izikhulu ziqinisekiswa. Izinhlangano eziphethe imishini evimbela ukugcinwa kwemithetho yezezimali, futhi zisebenzisa izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa intuthuko yezentengiselwano elawula isimo sezebhizinisi nentuthuko.

IKhabhinethi: Abaholi Abayinhloko Nezikhulu Zomnyango

IKhabhinethi inekhophi likaMongameli ophethe kanye nabaphathi beminyango ephethe engu-15, kanye nezinye izikhulu ezinikeza uMongameli isikhundla seKhabhinethi. Lezizikhulu eziphakeme zikhonza njengabasunguli abakhulu boMongameli futhi ziphatha iminyango emikhulu emisa isimiso sikahulumeni kuyo yonke imikhakha yohulumeni. Amalungu eKhabhinethi amiswa nguMongameli futhi kumelwe aqinisekiswe yiSigele.

Isimiso seKhabhinethi sivumela uMongameli ukuba aphathise igunya futhi athembele ochwepheshe abaphethe izikhulu ukuba balawule izindawo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Omabhalane beKhabhinethi bengamele imisebenzi yeminyango yabo, bathuthukise iziphakamiso zezimiso, bamele ukuphatha ngobufakazi obuhleliwe nokubonakala obala, futhi bakhonze njengamalungu ayinhloko eqembu lomholi lomongameli.

Umnyango Wezwe

I-Divince of State, eholwa nguNobhala woMbuso, ilawula ubuhlobo bezokuxhumana nomthetho waseMelika nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso zakwamanye amazwe. Njengomnyango weKhabhinethi omdala kunawo wonke, owamiswa ngo-1789, uMbuso uqondisa izikhundla futhi ufaka izimemezelo emhlabeni wonke, uxoxa ngezivumelwano zezizwe zonke, futhi uxhumanisa nohulumeni bakwamanye amazwe ezindabeni ezisukela ekusekeleni ukubambisana kwezenhlala-mphakathi kuya ekusizeni abantu. Lomnyango ukhipha futhi amafasipala nezincwadi zokunikeza usizo kwamanye amazwe, futhi uqhube izinhlelo zokusiza abantu bakwamanye amazwe, futhi ufaka izivumelwano zomphakathi ukuze uthuthukise izindinganiso nezithakazelo ze-Melika.

UMnyango Wezimali

I-Treasurer Department iphatha izimali zikahulumeni, iqoqa izintela, iveza imali, futhi yengamela izikhungo zezimali. UNobhala weNdawo yezimali usebenza njengommeli wezezimali omkhulu kaMongameli futhi umelela i-United States ezinhlanganweni zezezimali zomhlaba wonke. Imithwalo yezimali ihlanganisa ukuphatha isikweletu sesizwe, ukusebenzisa izijeziso zezomnotho, ukulwa nokukhokha imali nokuxhasa amabhange nezinye izinhlangano zezimali ukuze kulondolozwe isimiso sezimali.

Umnyango Wezokuvikela

I-Dervince of Defense, eholwa nguNobhala wezokuvikela, iphatha amabutho ahlomile namathuluzi esimiso sezempi. I-DOD yengamela iButho, iButho Lasemoyeni, iButho Lasemoyeni, i-Marine, ne-Prace Force, kanye nezinhlangano eziningi zezokuvikela. Lomnyango uthuthukisa inqubo yezempi, uyakwazi ukuvikela, ulondoloza ukufakwa kwempi emhlabeni wonke, futhi usekela amalungu enkonzo nemikhaya yawo. Ngokwehlela imali engaphezu kwama-R350 000 000 000 000 000 ngonyaka, i-DOD imelela iqembu lemali esetshenziswa kakhulu emali yokuzivikela emali engongongongongongongongongongozwe.

UMnyango Wobulungisa

UMnyango Wezobulungisa, oholwa yi-Attorney General, usebenza njengemithetho yomthetho kahulumeni nengalo engokomthetho. U-DOJ umangalela uhulumeni, umelela i-United States ezindabeni zomthetho, futhi unikeza iseluleko esingokomthetho kuMongameli nakubaphathi abaphethe. Lomnyango uhlanganisa i-FBI, i-DEA, i-ATF, i-Marshals Service, kanye nezinye izinhlangano zomthetho, kanye ne-U.S. Attorney's emahhovisi ejajini ezwe likahulumeni kulo lonke izwe. UDoJ ubuye ubeke amajele asemthethweni kahulumeni, ubeke imithetho yezentengiselwano, futhi uphethe imithetho elwayo.

Umnyango Wengaphakathi

Umnyango wezeMzabalazo uphatha amazwe kahulumeni nemithombo yemvelo, kuhlanganise namapaki esizwe, iziphephelo zezilwane, kanye namazwe omphakathi. UNobhala weSizawo uqondisa izinhlangano ze-National Park Service, i-Bureau of Land Management, i-Fish and Wildlife Service yase-U. ne-Bureau of Indian Affairs. Izilinganiso zokulondolozwa kwezindawo nokuthuthukiswa kwezimpahla, ukuphatha ubuhlobo nohulumeni besizwe, futhi uvikela izidalwa nezindawo zemvelo ezisengozini.

Umnyango Wezolimo

I - Department of Agriculture isekela abalimi nabezitshali baseMelika, iqinisekisa ukulondeka kokudla, iqondisa ukucwaninga kwezolimo, futhi inikeza izinhlelo zokusiza ekufuyweni kokudla. i-USDA inikeza umshuwalense wezitshalo nemali egciniwe elungiselelwe amapulazi, iqhube ukucwaninga ngezolimo, futhi iphatha izinhlelo ezinjenge - Constal Nutrition Active Program (SNAP) esiza izigidi zamaMelika ukuba zithenge ukudla. Umnyango ulawula futhi ulawula inyama nezokulungisa izinkukhukhuni futhi usebenzela ukuthuthukisa ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe aseMelika.

UMnyango Wezentengiselwano

Izentengiselwano zihlanganisa i-Census Bureau, ephethe ukubalwa kwabantu okunciphileyo futhi iqoqe imininingwane yezomnotho; i-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOA), elawula ukubikezelwa kwesimo sezulu nemithombo yamanzi; i-Paten and Trantemark Office; nezinhlangano ezikhuthaza ukuhwebelana, zisekela amabhizinisi azimele, kanye nokucwaninga ngezomnotho.

UMnyango Wezisebenzi

I-Arcom Department ivikela amalungelo ezisebenzi, ithuthukisa ukuphepha emsebenzini, futhi inikeza izinhlelo zemisebenzi nezokuqeqesha. Imisa iholo nemithetho yamahora, ilawula izinhlelo zomshuwalense wokungasebenzi, iqoqa izibalo zezisebenzi, futhi yengamele ukuphepha emsebenzini nge-Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSA). Lomnyango uvikela futhi amalungelo empesheni, uphoqelela imithetho elwa ukunqanda ukungahleleki kwemisebenzi emsebenzini, futhi unikeza ukuqeqeshwa nomsebenzi.

UMnyango Wempilo Nezinkonzo Zabantu

HHS uphatha izinhlelo zempilo zikahulumeni nokucwaninga kwezokwelapha ngezinhlangano ezinjenge Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), iFood and Drug Administration (FDA), iNational Institutes of Health (NIH), neZikhungo zeMinyango yeMedicaid Services (CMS). Umnyango wengamela iMedicare neMedicaid, enikeza intengo yezempilo kubantu baseMelika abayizigidi ezingu - 140, ilawula ukudla nokuphepha kwezidakamizwa, ucwaninga ngesayensi yesayensi yesayensi yesayensi yemvelo, futhi usabela ezimweni zempilo zomphakathi.

UMnyango Wezindlu Nentuthuko Yasemadolobheni

I-HUD isebenza ukuze iqinisekise ukuthi ikhona indawo yokuhlala ekwazi ukuthengwa futhi ithuthukise umphakathi. Umnyango unikeza izinhlelo zomphakathi zokuqasha izindlu, unikeza usizo lokuqasha, umisa imithetho yezindlu ehlelekile, futhi usekela izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa umphakathi. I-HID futhi yengamela i-Federal House Administration, efaka izikweletu zezimali ukuze isize amaMelika abe aba abaninikhaya, futhi asebenzele ukusingatha ukungabi namakhaya ngezinhlelo ezihlukahlukene ezigunyazayo.

Umnyango Wezokuhamba

UMnyango Wezokuthutha wengamela izakhiwo zezezokuthutha kanye nokulondeka kwezwe. I-DOT ihlanganisa i-Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), elawula uhambo ngezindiza; i-Federal Highway Administration; i-National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; nezinhlangano eziqondisa izitimela, izitimela, ezokuhamba ngemikhumbi, nezokuthutha. Imisebenzi yezezimali zomnyango wezezimali, imisa izinga lokuphepha, kanye nezokuqondisa ukuqinisekisa ukuhamba okuphephile nokuphumelelayo kwabantu nezimpahla.

Umnyango Wamandla

I-Ener Department ilawula uhlelo lwezikhali zenuzi zezwe, ithuthukisa ukulondeka kwamandla, futhi yenza ukucwaninga kwezesayensi. I-DOE yengamela izikhungo zokucwaninga zesizwe, ilawula ukulahlwa kwemfucumfucu yenuzi, ithuthukisa amandla avuselelwe, futhi isebenzela ukuthuthukisa amandla asebenzayo. Lomnyango ulondoloza futhi izikhali zenuzi ezigciniwe futhi usebenzela ukuvimbela ukwanda kwenuzi embulungeni yonke.

UMnyango Wemfundo

I-Ed ilawula izinhlelo zemfundo kahulumeni futhi imisa imithetho yemfundo. I-ED iphatha izinhlelo zabafundi zokuboleka imali, inikeza izimali ezikoleni ezikhonza abafundi abaswele, imisa imithetho yamalungelo omphakathi emfundweni, futhi iqoqa imininingwane yemfundo. Nakuba isimiso semfundo esiningi sibekwe kuhulumeni nasemazingeni endawo, uhulumeni uthonya imfundo ngezinhlelo zezimali nangezimfuneko zokulawula.

Umnyango Wezindaba Zezigelekeqe

I-VA inikeza ukunakekelwa kwempilo, izinzuzo, nezinkonzo komakadebona ezempi nemikhaya yabo. Umnyango usebenza isimiso sokunakekela impilo esihlangene kakhulu ezweni, unikeza izinxephezelo zemali nezinhlelo zempesheni, uphatha amathuna omakad ’ ebona, futhi unikeza izinzuzo zemfundo ngezinhlelo ezinjenge-GI Bill. Nezisebenzi ezingaphezu kuka-400 000, i-VA ikhonza izigidi zomakadlwana kulo lonke izwe.

UMnyango Wezokulondeka Kwasekhaya

I-DHS, umnyango omusha weKhabhinethi, uvikela izwe lakubo ekuhlaseleni kwamaphekula nezinye izinsongo. Lomnyango uhlanganisa izinhlangano ezinjenge-Cmstoms and Borders Protection, i-Immigration and Custommentedment, i-Scheal Security Administration, i-Scheal Service, i-Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). I-DHS ilawula ukuvikelwa kwemingcele yomngcele, ukugcinwa kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe, ukupheliswa kwezekwe, ukusabela ngenhlekelele, ukusabela kwenhlekelele, nokuvikelwa kwezindawo ezisekwe kakhulu.

Izinhlangano Ezizimele Nemizimba Ezimele

Ngaphandle kweminyango yeKhabhinethi, igatsha eliphethe lihlanganisa izinhlangano eziningi ezizimele ezisebenza ngamazinga ahlukahlukene ngokuzibusa ngokulawula okuqondile. Lezi zikhungo zivame ukuba nemisebenzi ekhethekile negunya lokuqondisa ezindaweni ezithile noma ezinqunyweni ezithile. Nakuba uMongameli evame ukumisa izinkampani, izinhlangano eziningi ezizimele ziklanywe ukuze zivikeleke ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe, namakhomishane akhonza izibopho nemithetho eqinile ekhonweni likaMongameli lokuzisusa.

I-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA) ivikela impilo yabantu nendawo ezungezile ngokumisa imithetho nezimiso zendawo ezungezile. I-EPA imisa izindinganiso zokungcola, yengamela ukuhlanzwa kwezindawo ezingcolisiwe, ilawula izibulala zinambuzane namakhemikhali anobuthi, futhi isebenza nezindawo nezizwe ukuze isebenzise izinhlelo zendawo ezungezile. Umsebenzi wenhlangano uthinta izinga lomoya, ukuphepha kwamanzi, kanye nesivikelo sendawo ezungezile ezweni lonke.

I-Secreties and Exchange Commission (SEC) ilawula izimakethe zokuvalwa kwemali nokuvikelwa kwezimali. I-SEC ifuna izinkampani zomphakathi ukuba zembule ukwaziswa okungokwezimali, ziphoqelele imithetho yezezimali, zilawule ukuhwebelana kwezimpahla kanye nezenzo zokukhokhwa kwezezimali, futhi zijezise ukukhokhwa kwezezimali. Inhlangano isebenzela ukugcina izimakethe ezithengiswe kahle neziphumelelayo futhi ithuthukise izimali.

I-Federal Communications Commission (FCC) ilawula ukuxhumana okuphakathi kwezwe namazwe ngemisakazo, ithelevishini, ucingo, isiphuphutheki, nentambo. I-FCC ilawula imingcele yezindawo, imithetho yokuxhumana ephoqelelwayo, ikhuthaza ukuncintisana ezimaketheni zokuxhumana, futhi isebenzela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izinkonzo zokuxhumana zitholakala emhlabeni wonke.

I-Social Security Administration (SA) iphethe uhlelo lwe-Social Security, olunikeza izigidi zabantu baseMelika izinzuzo zomhlalaphansi, ukukhubazeka, nokusinda. I-SSA iqoqa izintela ezikhokhayo, inquma ukuthi inzuzo yokuthola inzuzo, iziteshi ze-social Security. Lo hlelo luyizinhlelo zikahulumeni ezinkulu kakhulu futhi ezibaluleke kakhulu zomshuwalense wezenhlalo.

Ezinye izinhlangano ezizimele ezivelele zihlanganisa iFederal Reserve System (isimiso se-monetary), iFederal Trade Commission (isivikelo se-consor ne-antix), iNational Labortion Board (ubudlelwane obungokwemisebenzi), i-Unime Accomplic Option Commission (ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi), ne-NASA (ukuhlolwa kwendawo), phakathi kwezinye eziningi. Lezi zisebenzisa amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu futhi zilawula imingcele emikhulu yezomnotho nezenhlalo yaseMelika.

Ihhovisi Eliphethe Lomongameli

Ihhovisi eliphethe loMongameli (EOP) lihlanganisa izinhlangano namahhovisi asekela umsebenzi kaMongameli ngokuqondile. Idalwe ngo-1939, i-EOP iye yakhula yahlanganisa amahhovisi amaningi asiza uMongameli ukuba athuthukise isimiso, alawule igatsha eliphethe ihhovisi, futhi axhumane nomphakathi noMkhandlu.

IHhovisi le House White lihlanganisa abaqondisi abaseduze kakhulu bakaMongameli kanye nezisebenzi, kuhlanganise neNkulumbuso kaStaff, ophatha imisebenzi yendlu emhlophe futhi okhonza njengomgcini wesango kuMongameli; abaqondisi abakhulu abeluleka uMongameli ngezindaba zezombangazwe; unobhala wePress, okhuluma nezokuxhumana; kanye namanye amalungu amaningi ezisebenzi asingatha uhlelo, iposi, izindaba zomthetho, neminye imisebenzi ebalulekile.

I-Office of Management and Baccount (OMB) ilungisa isiphakamiso sohlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali, yengamela ukukhishwa kwemali, futhi ibukeze imithetho yezinhlangano. I-OMB isebenza njengethuluzi elinamandla lokulawula umongameli egatsheni eliphethe, isebenzisa uhlelo lwayo lokuhlela nokuqondisa igunya lokuqinisekisa izinhlangano ukuba zivumelane nezinto eziza kuqala kumongameli.

INational Security Council (NSC) yeluleka uMongameli ngesimiso sokuphepha sesizwe nesezizwe. Izisebenzi zeNSC, ziholwa yiNational Security Advisor, zihlanganisa isimiso ezinhlanganweni, zilawula izinqubo zokubambisana, futhi zinikeza uMongameli ukuhlaziywa nokukhethwa ezindabeni zokulondeka.

I-Council of Economic Advisers inikeza uMongameli ukuhlaziywa kwezomnotho neseluleko. I-CEA, eyakhiwe izazi zezomnotho ezingochwepheshe, ihlaziya isimo sezomnotho, ihlola izihlongozo zezimiso, futhi isiza ekuthuthukiseni isimiso sezomnotho sezisebenzi.

Ezinye izingxenye ze-EOP zihlanganisa iHhovisi likaMongameli oyisekela likaMongameli, iHhovisi loMmeleli we-Trade yase-U.S., i-Council on Environmental, iHhovisi le-Sayensi ne-Technology Policy, kanye neHhovisi lokuLawula kwe-National Drug Policy, phakathi kwezinye. lamahhovisi avumela uMongameli ukuba ahlele isimiso phakathi kukahulumeni futhi aqinisekise ukuthi imisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe ifanelane nezinto eziza kuqala zomongameli.

Amasende Nokulinganisela Egunyeni Eliphethe

Nakuba igatsha eliphethe linamandla amakhulu, isimiso somthetho-sisekelo saseMelika sihlanganisa izinhlolo nezilinganiso eziningi eziklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukuphambana kwezikhulu nokuqinisekisa ukulandisa. Lezi zinqubo zibonisa ukukhathazeka kwabaseFramers ngamandla akhethekile kanye nokuzinikela kwabo kuhulumeni wemibuso ehlukene.

I-Congress iqondisa igatsha eliphethe ngokulalela, ngokuhlola, nangemibiko. Amakomiti e-Congregational avame ukubiza izikhulu ukuba zifakaze ngemisebenzi yazo, izimiso, nokusetshenziswa kwezimali ezifanelekile. ISishaya-Mkhandlu singahlola futhi izenzo zegatsha eziphethe, izincwadi zomthetho ezingaphansi komthetho, futhi sidelele izikhulu ngenxa yokuhluleka ukubambisana. Lo msebenzi wokwengamela usiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi igatsha eliphethe lisebenzisa imithetho njengeSishayamthetho futhi lisebenza phakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho.

Ukugunyazwa kweSigele amandla okumisa umongameli kunikeza enye i-ekeyi ebalulekile. UMongameli ngeke angabeki abantu ezikhundleni eziyinhloko; iSigele kumelwe sivumele onobhala bamaKhabhinethi, abahluleli bakahulumeni, amanxusa, nezinye izikhulu eziphezulu. Lemfuneko iphoqelela omongameli ukuba bacabangele ukuthi omongameli babo bangazuza yini ukusekelwa kweSigele futhi banikeze ithonya legatsha lobukhomanisi elihola izinhlangano zezikhulu futhi bakhonze ebhentshini likahulumeni.

Ukulawula ukuhlelwa kwemithetho-mthetho kulinganisela amandla okuphatha ngokufuna uMongameli ukuba afune imali yezinhlelo nemisebenzi. UMongameli akanakuyisebenzisa imali engazange isetshenziswe iSishaya-mthetho, futhi uMkhandlu ungasebenzisa amandla awo okusebenzisa ukuhlela, unqande imisebenzi ethile, noma udinge izenzo ezithile. Le "Igunya lesikhwama" limelela enye yezindlela zokuhlolwa ezibaluleke kakhulu zegunya lesikhulu.

Igatsha lokwahlulela lihlola amandla okuphatha ngokuhlola kokwahlulela, amandla okunquma ukuthi izenzo zezikhulu ziyavumelana noMthetho-sisekelo nemithetho. Izinkantolo zingaqeda iziyalezo zezikhulu, izimiso zezinhlangano ezilulazayo, futhi zibuse ukuthi izikhulu eziphethe ziye zalidlula igunya lazo. Nakuba izinkantolo ngokuvamile zibhekene nobuchwepheshe bezikhulu ezindaweni eziningi, zisebenza njengesivikelo esibalulekile ekuphathweni impatho futhi zivikele amalungelo abantu ngabanye ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni.

Ukuqapha kunikeza ukuhlola okuphelele ekuziphatheni okubi komongameli. Indlu yabameli ingamtshela uMongameli "ngesizathu, ukufumbathisa, noma obunye ubugebengu obukhulu," futhi iSigele singasusa uMongameli esikhundleni lapho evotelwa ngamavoti amabili-mithathu. Nakuba ukujezisa kungavamile phela abameli abathathu abaye bamiswa, futhi akukho noyedwa osusiwe ngenqubo yokungagunyazi, futhi akukho noyedwa osusiwe enqunyweni ewumthetho wesisekelo wokusingatha ububi obungathi sína bukamongameli.

Umbono wezindaba nomphakathi usebenza futhi njengendlela yokuhlola ngokwethukela kodwa enamandla embusweni wegunya. Ukuhlola kwezemisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe, ukuhlola ukucwaninga okudalula ububi bukahulumeni, kanye nokucindezela komphakathi ezikhulwini ezikhethiwe konke kucindezela bonke ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuphatha futhi kukhuthaza ukulandisa. Ebuthweni lentando yeningi, ukuhlola okuphelele ngamandla aphezulu kuvela kubavoti, abangakhetha uMongameli omusha njalo ngemva kweminyaka emine futhi bashintshe isakhiwo somthetho wokhetho oluvamile.

Izisebenzi Ezizimele: Ukusebenzisa Umthetho Olawulayo

Igatsha eliphethe lisebenzisa izisebenzi ezivamile ezicishe zibe izigidi ezingu- 2,2 (zithumela izisebenzi zeposi) ezisebenza umsebenzi wansuku zonke kahulumeni. Lezi zisebenzi zomphakathi zisebenza ezinhlanganweni kulo lonke izwe nasezweni lonke, zisebenzisa imithetho, zinikeza izinkonzo, zicwaninga, futhi zenze eminye imisebenzi eminingi edingekayo kuhulumeni.

Izisebenzi eziningi zikahulumeni ziyizisebenzi ezisebenzayo ezisebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso somphakathi esisekelwe ekufezekeni esiklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imisebenzi kahulumeni igcwaliswe ngokwezimfuneko esikhundleni sokuhlangana kwezombangazwe. Isimiso senkonzo yomphakathi, esamiswa ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 ukuze silwe nesimiso sombuso, sivikela izisebenzi zikahulumeni ekuxoshweni ngenkani nakukucindezela kwezombangazwe, ezizivumela ukuba zinikeze ukuqhubekela phambili nobuchwepheshe phakathi kwabaphathi bezwe.

Izisebenzi ezisebenza ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kusukela kososayensi abaqhuba ukucwaninga kwezokwelapha eNational Institutes of Health kuya kubaphathi bezindawo zokupaka bavikela amapaki esizwe, kusukela kwabaqondisi bezindiza abaqinisekisa ukuphepha kwezindiza kuya konomashi abamelela izithakazelo zamazwe angaphandle. Bahlanganisa izikhulu zomthetho, abagcini bezomthetho, onjiniyela, abameli, izazi zezomnotho, nochwepheshe bazo zonke izici zomzamo womuntu.

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwababengamele kwezombangazwe nezisebenzi zomphakathi ezisebenzayo bungashukuma ngezinye izikhathi, njengoba abamiselwe befuna ukusebenzisa uhlelo lukaMongameli kuyilapho izisebenzi ezisebenzayo ziletha ulwazi lwamaqumrhu nobuchwepheshe. Ukubusa okuphumelelayo kudinga ukubambisana phakathi kwabaholi bezombangazwe nabasebenzi abasebenzayo, kanye nabamiselwe ukunikeza iziyalezo zezimiso nezisebenzi ezisebenzayo benikela ngobuchwepheshe nenkumbulo yezemisebenzi.

Umphumela Ophethe Igatsha Ekuphileni Kwansuku Zonke

Imisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe ithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika, ngokuvamile ngezindlela izakhamuzi ezingase zingaziqapheli ngokushesha. Ukuqonda lokhu kuxhumana kusiza ekuboniseni ukuthi kungani izindaba zegatsha eliphetheyo zithinta abantu ngabanye, imikhaya, nemiphakathi.

Uma amaMelika evuka futhi ehlola isibikezelo sezulu, ancike ekwazisweni okuvela e-NOA, ingxenye yoMnyango Wezentengiselwano. Ukudla akudla ukudla kwasekuseni kuye kwahlolwa yi-FDA noma i-USDA ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha. Uma esebenzisa imithi kadokotela, i-FDA iyavuma ukuthi i-FDA iphephile futhi iyasebenza. Amanzi abawaphuzayo ahlangabezana nezindinganiso ezibekwe i-EPA, futhi umoya abaphefumulayo uhlanzekile ngenxa yemithetho ye-EPA ngokungcola.

Lapho amaMelika ehamba ngemoto eya emsebenzini, ahamba ngemigwaqo eyakhiwe ngezimali zokuhamba nokushayela izimoto ezihambisana nezindinganiso zokuphepha zikahulumeni. Uma endiza, iFAA iqinisekisa ukuphepha kwezindiza futhi ilawula ukulawulwa kwezindiza. Emsebenzini, imithetho ye-OSHA ibavikela ezingozini emsebenzini, futhi imithetho yezisebenzi inikeza iholo elilinganiselwe, iholo elithatha isikhathi esengeziwe, nesivikelo ekucwaseni.

Igatsha eliphethe livikela ukulondeka kwemali kwaseMelika ngezinqubo eziningi. I-FDIC insurensies egcina ibhange, i-SEC ilawula izimakethe zokungangenwa kofako, ne-Consumer Financial Protection Bureau ivikela abathengi ekubolekiseni abaphangi nakukhwabanisa ngokwezimali. Ukulondeka kwezezimali kunikeza izigidi zabantu abadala umhlalaphansi iholo lomhlalaphansi, futhi iMedicare iqinisekisa ukukhokhelwa kwempilo yabantu abadala nabanabantu abakhubazekile.

Izinhlangano zezokuphepha zezwe zisebenza kanzima ukuze zivikele amaMelika ekuhlaselweni amaphekula, ekusongelwani nge - Internet nakwezinye izingozi.

Lapho kugadla izinhlekelele, i - FEMA ihlela ukusabela kwenhlekelele kahulumeni, inikeza usizo emiphakathini ethintekile futhi isize ukuba yakhiwe kabusha. i - CDC ihlola ukuqubuka kwezifo futhi isebenza ukuze ivikele impilo yomphakathi.

Izinselele Nezimpikiswano Zesikhathi Esizayo

Igatsha eliphethe libhekene nezinselele eziningi ekhulwini lama - 21, futhi izimpikiswano eziphathelene namandla okubusa, ukuphumelela kukahulumeni, nendima efanele yezinhlangano zikahulumeni ziyaqhubeka zihlela ezombangazwe nokubusa kwaseMelika.

Ukukhula kwegunya lokulawula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kuye kwabangela izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngokulinganisela phakathi kwamagatsha. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi oMongameli baye banqwabelana kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinjengempi, ukuphoqelelwa kwezokuthutha, nesimiso sokulawula. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ukubusa kwanamuhla kudinga isikhulu esinamandla esikwaziyo ukusabela ngokushesha ezinkingeni eziyinkimbinkimbi lezo iSishayamthetho esingenakuzisingatha kalula.

Umbuso wokuphatha [1] Iqoqo elikhulu lezinhlangano nezimiso ezibusa ukuphila kwanamuhla − liveza impikiswano phakathi kwesigaba sezombangazwe. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi izinhlangano zisebenzisa amandla amakhulu kakhulu futhi zingakhululi ngecala lentando yeningi, zidala imithetho yokuthi amabhizinisi nabantu abathwele imithwalo enzima ngaphandle kwemvume ecacile yokuhlela. Abanye bagomela ukuthi izinhlangano ezingochwepheshe zidingekile ukusingatha izinselele zezobuchwepheshe ezingenabo amakhono okusingatha ngokuqondile.

Ukwenelisa nokulwa okulwa nabashokobezi kuye kwenza ukuba imisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe i-ofisi ne-Congress ibe yinselele kakhulu. Uma amaqembu ahlukene elawula umongameli noMkhandlu, izingxabano ezimayelana nokuhlelwa kohlelo, uhlelo lokuhlelwa kwemali, nenkambiso yezimiso zijula kakhulu. Abaholi bathembela ngokuqhubekayo eziqondisweni zezikhulu nasemisebenzini yokuphatha lapho bengenakuyifinyelela ngemithetho, okuholela ekuntengantengantengisweni kokulawula njengoba ukuguqula kwezenzo zabanduleli babo.

Ukuzimela kwesayensi yobuchwepheshe nokushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe kudala izinselele ezintsha ezisezinhlanganweni zegatsha eziphethe. Izimiso zikahulumeni zibhekene nezinsongo zezobuchwepheshe ezingapheli ezivela kubaphikisi bakwamanye amazwe nezinhlangano zobugebengu. Izinhlangano kumelwe zizivumelanise noshintsho olusheshayo lwezobuchwepheshe kuyilapho zivikela amathuba ezindaba zomuntu siqu nenkululeko yomphakathi. Ukuphakama kokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, ibhayotechnology, kanye nezinye izinto zobuchwepheshe ezisandayo kuphakamisa imibuzo edinga ukulawulwa okungalashwa kahle.

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kudinga ukubambisana phakathi kwezinkampani eziningi nohulumeni. Igatsha eliphethe linendima ebalulekile ekuxazululeni izinselele zesimo sezulu ngezimiso zendawo ezungezile, isimiso samandla, ukutshala izakhiwo, nokuxoxa ngesimo sezulu emhlabeni wonke. Nokho, isimiso sezulu siyaqhubeka siphikisana kwezombangazwe, nabaphathi abahlukene abathatha izindlela ezihlukene zokusingatha isimo sezulu.

Ikusasa Legatsha Eliphethe

Njengoba iMelika iqhubekela phambili ekhulwini lama - 21, igatsha eliphethe liyoqhubeka liguquka lisabela ezinkingeni ezintsha nasezimweni ezishintshayo.

Ubuchwepheshe buzoguqula indlela igatsha eliphethe elisebenza ngayo futhi lidlulisele ngayo izinkonzo. Izinyathelo zikahulumeni wamanani zihlose ukwenza izinkonzo zikahulumeni zifinyeleleke futhi ziphumelele, zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zixhumane nohulumeni kuyi-intanethi kunokusebenzisa izinhlelo zamaphepha kanye nokuhambelana. Ukuhlakanipha nokwaziswa okuzenzekelayo kungathuthukisa ukwenza izinqumo nokuthunyelwa kwenkonzo, nakuba kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokungaboni ngaso linye, ukucwasana, nokulandisa.

Ukulinganisa phakathi kwamandla aphethe negunya lombuso kuzohlala kuphikiswana. Omongameli besikhathi esizayo bazobhekana nemibuzo ngemingcele yezenzo zokuqondisa, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho uMkhandlu unganikezanga isiqondiso esicacile noma lapho i-glated lomthetho ivimbela ukumiswa kwemithetho emisha. Izinkantolo ziyoqhubeka zifeza indima ebalulekile ekuchazeni imingcele yegunya eliphethe.

Izinselele zomsebenzi ziyodinga ukunakwa njengoba uhulumeni kahulumeni uncintisana nezisebenzi ezizimele ukuze zithole ikhono. Ukuthunyelelwa izisebenzi ezinekhono enkonzweni yomphakathi, ikakhulukazi emikhakheni yobuchwepheshe, kudinga imbuyiselo yokuncintisana, umsebenzi onenjongo, kanye nempucuko engcono yenhlangano. Izisebenzi zikahulumeni nazo ziyakhula, njengoba izisebenzi eziningi ezinokuhlangenwe nakho zisondela emhlalaphansini, zidala izinselele zokuhlela ngokulandelana.

Izinselele zomhlaba wonke ziyodinga ukuhola abaqondisi begatsha abaphumelelayo. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ubhadane olulungiselelwe, ukuncintisana kwe - Internet, ubuphekula emhlabeni wonke nokuncintisana okukhulu kwamandla kagesi kudinga ukusabela okuvumelana okuphelele okusekela amakhono egatsha eliphethe.

Ukubuyisela ukuthembela komphakathi ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni kuyinselele enzima. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuncipha kokuthembela ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise negatsha eliphethe. Ukwakha kabusha ukuthemba kudinga ukuba kube nokubonana, ukulandisa, ukunikeza umsebenzi ophumelelayo, nokubonisa ukuthi uhulumeni angaxazulula izinkinga futhi athuthukise ukuphila kwabantu.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingahlanganyela Ngayo Negatsha Eliphethe

Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo kunika abantu amandla okulawula futhi kugcine uhulumeni unecala.

Le nqubo yokuqondisa inikeza amathuba angokomthetho okuthola ulwazi lomphakathi. Uma amanxusa ehlela imithetho emisha, avame ukuyishicilela kuyi-Federal Register futhi amukele ukukhulumela komphakathi. Noma ubani anganikeza izimpendulo ezichaza indlela umthetho ohlongozwayo ongabathinta ngayo noma osikisela ngayo izinguquko. Izimo eziphuthumayo kumelwe zicabangele lamazwi ngaphambi kwemithetho yokuphetha, okwenza lokhu kube indlela ebalulekile yokuthonya isakhamuzi.

Izakhamuzi zingathintana ngqo neWhite House ngezincwadi, ama-imeyili, nezingcingo ukuze ziveze imibono yazo ezindabeni. Nakuba uMongameli engakwazi ukusabela ngokomuntu siqu kukho konke ukukhulumisana, izisebenzi zeWhite House zilandelela umzwelo womphakathi kanye nezimpikiswano ezinkulu eziphakanyiswe yizinhlangano ezithile. Ulwazi lokuxhumana ngezinhlangano ezithile lukhona kumawebhusayithi azo, kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zifinyelele izikhulu ezinomthwalo wokuxhumana ngezindawo ezithile.

Imvume yenkululeko yolwazi (FOIA Act) izicelo zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zithole amaphepha nokwaziswa. Nakuba okunye ukwaziswa kungatholakali ngenxa yezizathu zokhuseleko lwesizwe noma zobumfihlo, i-FOIA inikeza ithuluzi elibalulekile lokubona nokulandisa. Izintatheli, abacwaningi, nezakhamuzi ezivamile zisebenzisa i-FOIA ukuze zifunde ngemisebenzi kahulumeni futhi zidalule ububi.

Ukuqamba kumelela indlela ebaluleke kakhulu izakhamuzi ezithonya ngayo igatsha eliphethe. Ukhetho lukamongameli lunquma ukuthi ubani ohola igatsha eliphethe futhi lumise isiqondiso salo sesimiso. Ukhetho lwe-Congregational luthinta imisebenzi yegatsha eliphetheyo ngokuqondisa, ngokufaka iziphakamiso, nangokuqinisekisa abamiselwe umongameli. Ukuvota okunolwazi kudinga ukuqondwa kwezikhundla zabazohlolwa kanye nendlela izimiso zegatsha eziphethe ezithinta ngayo imiphakathi nesizwe.

Izinhlangano zezentengiselwano namaqembu ezithakazelo zinikeza enye indlela yokuthembisana kwezakhamuzi. Lezinhlangano ziqondisa imisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe, zisekela izinguquko zesimiso, futhi zikhuthaza izakhamuzi ukuba zithintane nezikhulu noma zihlanganyele enqubweni yokuqondisa. Nakuba abagxeki ngezinye izikhathi bebheka amaqembu enzalo njengemelela izithakazelo ezilinganiselwe, zinikeza futhi izikhulu eziphikisana ngezimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Isiphetho: Igatsha Eliphethe Kuhulumeni WaseMelika

Igatsha eliphethe liyingxenye ebalulekile kahulumeni waseMelika, elinomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa imithetho, ukuqondisa imisebenzi kahulumeni, ukuvikela ukulondeka kwesizwe, nokusingatha izinselele ezingenakubalwa ezibhekene nesizwe. Ukusuka ekuholeni kukaMongameli ukuya emsebenzini wezigidi zezisebenzi zikahulumeni, igatsha eliphethe lithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika.

Ukuqonda igatsha eliphethe isisekelo somthetho-sisekelo, uhlelo lwenhlangano, imibuso, kanye nokulinganiselwa kudingekile ukuze umuntu abe isakhamuzi esinolwazi. Igatsha eliphethe lisebenza phakathi kwesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela okuklanyelwe ukuvimbela ubushiqela kuyilapho likwazi ukubusa ngokuphumelela. Lesimiso sidinga ukunakwa okuqhubekayo nokuthembisana kwezakhamuzi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla aphethe afeza isithakazelo somphakathi futhi ahlala elandisa kubantu.

Njengoba iMelika ibhekene nezinselele ezintsha ekhulwini lama - 21, igatsha eliphethe lizoqhubeka liziguqula. ubuchwepheshe, ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, ukushintsha kwenani labantu nokusongela okuvelayo kuyodinga ukuvumelana nendlela igatsha eliphethe elisebenza ngayo.

Izakhamuzi ezifuna ukuqonda uhulumeni wazo futhi ezihlanganyela ekubuseni ngentando yeningi, ulwazi ngegatsha eliphethe lunikeza isisekelo sokuthembisana ngesithembiso somshado.

Igatsha eliphethe limelela kokubili amandla nesithembiso sikahulumeni waseMelika, qha ‚ amandla okuthatha isinyathelo esiwujuqu ethakazelweni lesizwe nesithembiso sokuthi amandla anjalo ayosetshenziswa ngokufanele, phakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho-sisekelo, nasenkonzweni yabantu baseMelika. Ukulondoloza lokhu kulinganisela kuhlala kuyinselele eqhubekayo nomthwalo wemfanelo esizukulwaneni ngasinye samaMelika.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngemisebenzi yegatsha eliphetheyo nohulumeni ophethe, vakashela USA.gov, isiqondiso segunya lokwaziswa nosizo lukahulumeni, noma ukuhlola [ White House.gov[ ukuze uthole ukwaziswa ngemisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe.