Table of Contents
Phakathi nokhetho lukamongameli, uhlelo olubanzi lwemithetho kahulumeni nombuso lusebenza ndawonye ukuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umvoti ofanelekayo angahlanganyela ngokufanelekile, ngokulondekile, nangokungakhethi. Lemithetho iye yavela phakathi namashumi eminyaka ukuze ilungise ukungalungi okungokomlando, ilungise izimiso zokuvota, futhi ivikele ilungelo eliyisisekelo lokuvota eliyisisekelo sesimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi yaseMelika. Ukuqonda lezisivikelo ezingokomthetho kusiza abavoti ukuba baqaphele amalungelo abo futhi kuqinisekise ukuthi inqubo yokuvota ihlala isobala, ifinyeleleka, futhi ithembekile.
Isisekelo: Isivikelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sokwamukela Amalungelo
Ilungelo lokuvota kukhetho lomongameli livikelwe ngezinguquko eziningi zomthetho-sisekelo eziye zanwetshwa futhi zaqinisa amalungelo okuvota kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika. ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesihlanu, esagunyazwa ngo-1870, saqinisekisa ukuthi ilungelo lokuvota alinakwenqatshelwa ngenxa yobuhlanga, imibala, noma isimo sobugqila sangaphambili. ISichibiyelo seSichibiyeli, esagunyazwa ngo-1920, sanwetshwa amalungelo okuvota kwabesifazane. ISichibiyelo seNguquko sokuvota sagunyazwa ngo-19646, savinjelwa intela yokuvota yokhetho. ISiphendulo Sezi Amashumi Amashumi Amahlanu namabili Nesithathu, sagunyazwa ngo- 1971, sehlisa iminyaka yokuvota yaso lonke isilinganiso sawokukhetha.
Lemithetho evikelayo inikeza isisekelo esingokomthetho lapho kwakhiwa khona yonke eminye imithetho yamalungelo okuvota.
UMthetho Ka - 1965 Wokugunyaza Ilungelo Lomphakathi Wasezweni: Umthetho Wamalungelo Omphakathi
UMthetho Welungelo Wasayinwa umthetho nguMongameli Lyndon B. Johnson ngoAugust 6, 1965, emelela okunye kokufezwa okuphawuleka kakhulu kwenhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi. NgokweSishaya - mthetho sase-U.S., loMthetho ubhekwa njengoyingxenye ephumelela kakhulu yomthetho welungelo lomphakathi owake wamiswa.
Amalungiselelo Ayinhloko Omthetho Wokudlulisela Amalungelo
Lo Mthetho wafuna ukuvikela ilungelo lokuvotela izinhlanga ezincane kulo lonke izwe, ikakhulukazi eNingizimu, ukhuluma namashumi eminyaka okuhlukaniswa okuhleliwe ngemikhuba yokukhipha isigwebo. Lomthetho uqukethe kokubili amalungiselelo avamile asebenzisa izinhlelo zezwe lonke kanye namalungiselelo akhethekile ahlasela imingcele engokobandlululo lwezivoti.
Ingxenye 2 iyilungiselelo elivamile elinqabela umbuso nohulumeni wendawo ukuba babeke umthetho othi "ufaka ekunqabeni noma ekwakheni ilungelo lanoma isiphi isakhamuzi lokuvota ngenxa yesizwe noma ibala" noma amalungu eqembu lolimi oluncane. Leli lungiselelo livumela abantu ngabanye noMnyango wobulungisa ukuba babekela inselele imikhuba yokuvota ngokufaka imvume.
Eminye imikhankaso yokuvimbela ukuhlola abantu abakwazi ukufunda nokubhala kanye nemishini efana nayo eyayisetshenziswa ngaphambili ekulahleni izinhlanga ezincane.UMthetho we - Voting Rights waqeda ukuhlola ukufunda nokukhokha intela yokuvota okuklanyelwe ukulahla abavoti baseMelika futhi wanika uhulumeni uhulumeni igunya lokuthatha ukubhaliswa kwabavoti ezikhundleni eziwubala ngendlela ephikelelayo yokucwasa.
Izivikelo Zokusiza Olimini
Izimfuneko zemibuso ethile yokunikeza usizo lwelimi kubavoti emiphakathini lapho kunezakhamuzi ezingafundile esiNgisini zanezelwa eMthethweni Wamalungelo Abantu ngo-1975. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi imingcele yolimi ayizivimbeli izakhamuzi ezifanelekayo ekusebenziseni ilungelo lazo lokuvota kukhetho lukamongameli.
Umphumela Nokuphumelela
I-Voting Rights Act yaba nethonya elisheshayo nelinamandla ekuthatheni iqhaza. Ekupheleni kuka-1965, ingxenye yesine yesigidi sabavoti abasha abaNsundu yabhaliswa, ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yabaphathi be-hulumeni. Eminyakeni engemva komsuka we-Voting Rights Act, ukuhluka ngokwezinga lokubhalisa phakathi kwabamhlophe nabamnyama abavoti behla kusuka emaqophelweni angaba ngu-30 ekuqaleni kwawo-1960 kuya kwamaphesenti angu-8 nje eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva.
Izinqumo Zamuva Zenkantolo Ephakeme
Nakuba i - Voing Rights Act isasebenza, lezi ziphetho ziye zaqedwa izinqumo zamuva zeNkantolo Ephakeme. Ukuqonda kokubili isivikelo esisele nezinselele ezibhekene nokugcinwa kwamalungelo okuvota kubalulekile kubavoti abafuna ukuvikela ukungena kwabo ebhokisini lokuvota.
Usizo LweMelika Luhlanganisa Umthetho Ka - 2002
IHelp America Vote Act (HAVA) ka-2002 yadluliselwa yi-United States Congress ukuze yenze izinguquko ezinkulu enqubeni yokuvota yesizwe, ibhekisa ukuthuthukiswa kwezimiso zokuvota nokungena kovota okwatholakala ngemva kokhetho luka-2000. Lo mthetho owenziwe wasebenza ngokhetho lwanamuhla futhi wamisa izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe zokulandela imibuso.
Izimiso Zokubhalisa Ezikomkhulu Lasezweni
IHAVA idinga ukuba amazwe asungule uhlu olulodwa, olusemthethweni, oluphakathi, oluhlanganisayo lwe-computer e-opera i-opera i-opera ichazwa, igcinwa, futhi isetshenziswa ezingeni loMbuso. Lemfuneko isiza ekuvimbeleni abavoti abafanelekayo ukuba baphambukiswe ngokuphutha ezindaweni zokuvota futhi inciphisa ingozi yokubhaliswa ngokuphinda-phindeka.
Izimfuneko Zombhamu Olungiselelayo
U HAVA udinga abavoti abachazwa njengabangakholeki (njengoba abavoti bengatholakali ohlwini olubhaliwe), kodwa abakholelwa ukuthi bafanelekile, bakwazi ukukhipha i-authom. Ngemva kokhetho, uHulumeni ofanele noma inhlangano yokuvota yendawo iyakunquma ukuthi umvoti ufanelekile yini, uma kunjalo kubalwa ivoti futhi uma bemazisa umvoti ngomphumela. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi amaphutha okulawula noma izinkinga zokubhalisa akuvimbeli ukuba abavoti abafanele ukuba babale abavoti babo.
Ukutholakala Kwezisebenzi Ezikhubazekile
UNobhala weHealth and Human Services ugunyazwe ukuba akhokhele uhulumeni wendawo intela yokwenza izindawo zokuhlola zitholakale kubantu abakhubazekile, kuhlanganise nezimpumputhe nezingaboni, ngendlela enikeza ithuba elifanayo lokungena nokuhlanganyela (kuhlanganise ukuba wedwa nokuzimela) njengabanye abavoti. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi abavoti abakhubazekileyo bangawaphonsa amabhola abo ngasese nangaphandle.
Izimfuneko Zokuqala Zesikhathi
I HAVA ifuna ukuba abavoti ababhalisa ngeposi okokuqala, futhi abangavotelanga ngaphambili kukhetho lukahulumeni eZweni, ukuba banikeze uhlobo oluthile lokuzichaza kuHulumeni ofanelekayo noma kumphathi wokhetho lwendawo ngaphambi noma ngosuku lokhetho. Ukuzichaza kungaba yi-ID yezithombe noma izincwadi ezinjengezikweletu zezenzuzo, izitatimende zebhange, noma uhulumeni ohlola okubonisa igama nekheli lomvoti.
Isikhungo Sosizo Lokhetho
HAVA wasungula i - Evotion Application Commission (EAC), inhlangano ezimele kahulumeni wase - United States enomthwalo wokuqulwa kwecala, esebenza njengendlu ehlambululayo yokwaziswa kokhetho, yakha uhlelo lokuhlola nokugunyaza izimiso zokuvota, inikeza isiqondiso sokuzithandela emazweni, futhi isebenzisa i - HAVA izinhlelo ezinikezayo.
Imithetho Yokubhalisa Nezivikelo
Imithetho yokubhalisa imisa uhlelo lapho izakhamuzi ezifanelekelayo zingabhalisa khona ekuvoteleni okhethweni lukamongameli. Lemithetho iye yavela ukuze ikwenze ukubhalisa kutholakale kalula kuyilapho ilondoloza ubuqotho bezincwadi zomvoti.
Umthetho Wokubhalisa Wesizwe
I-National Voter Brigister Act ka-1993, eyaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi "Umthetho we-Motor Voter", ifuna ukuba amazwe anikeze amathuba okuvota eminyangweni yezimoto, izinhlangano zosizo lomphakathi, nangokubhalisa iposi. Lo mthetho wandisa kakhulu ukubhalisa umvoti ngokuwenza utholakale ezindaweni lapho izakhamuzi seziqhuba khona ibhizinisi lenqubo.
Umthetho futhi umisa isivikelo ekukhishweni okungafanele kwezincwadi zokuvota, okudinga ukuba amazwe alandele izinqubo ezithile ngaphambi kokususa abavoti ezinhlabeni zokubhalisa. Lezi zivikelo zisiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abavoti abafanelekayo abanqanyulwa ngenxa yamaphutha okulawula noma imikhuba yokulungisa yohlu enzima kakhulu.
Ukubhalisa ngolwe - Internet nangosuku olufanayo
Izifunda eziningi ziye zasebenzisa izimiso zokubhalisa ze - Internet ezivumela izakhamuzi ezifanelekayo ukuba zibhalise noma zihlaziye ukwaziswa kwazo nge - website elondekile.
Ezinye izifundazwe zinikeza futhi ukubhalisa usuku olufanayo, zivumela izakhamuzi ezifanele ukuba zibhalise futhi zivote ngosuku olufanayo phakathi nezikhathi zokuvota zakuqala noma nge-Econttion Day ngokwayo. Lokhu kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi abavoti abafanelekayo abaphuthelwa isikhathi sokubhalisa noma abasanda kuthutha bangahlanganyela kukhetho lukamongameli.
Ukubhalisa i Voter okuzenzakalelayo
Inani elandayo lamazwe liye lamukela izimiso ezizenzekelayo zokubhalisa ezibhalisa izakhamuzi ezifanelekayo lapho zisebenzelana nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ezinjengeminyango yezimoto, ngaphandle kokuba zikhethe. Lokhu kushintsha umthwalo kusuka kumuntu uye kuhulumeni, kwenza ukubhalisa kube yikho okungathandeki futhi amazinga akhuphuka kakhulu okubhalisa.
Isivikelo Ekucindezelweni Kobandlululo Nokucwaswa Kwezizwe
Umthetho kahulumeni unikeza izingqimba eziningi zesivikelo ekucwaseni nomzamo wokuvimbela umvoti ovela kuhulumeni wokhetho.
Isivikelo Sobandlululo Lobuhlanga
Umthetho wenqabela ukucwaswa okusekelwe ebala, ibala, noma ukubhaliswa kwenani lolimi nokuvota ezweni lonke. Lezi sivikelo zidlulela ngalé kokubhaliswa nje kuphela ukuba zihlanganise zonke izici zenqubo yokuvota, kuhlanganise nokuvota izindawo, amahora okuvota, nomklamo wokuvota.
Isiqephu 2 se-VRA senqabela ukudweba izigodi zokuvota ngezindlela ezilula amandla okuvota amancane. Lokhu kunqabela ukuba kusetshenziswe emazweni, emadolobheni, ezifunda, nakunoma yiziphi ezinye izikhundla zikahulumeni ezithatha ukhetho. Lokhu kuvimbela ukulawulwa kwemingcele yesifunda ukuze kuncishiswe ithonya lezombangazwe lemiphakathi emincane.
Isivikelo Sezinto Zokuvocavoca Ngezinkinga
IVRA futhi inikeza isivikelo kubavoti abayizimpumputhe, abakhubazekile, noma abangafundile. iMelika eneziphakamiso zokukhubazeka i-Act iphinde ibeke iziqondiso zokuthi izindawo zokuvota kumelwe zitholakale kubantu abavoti abakhubazekile, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi imingcele engokomzimba ayizivimbeli izakhamuzi ezifanelekayo ekufakeni amavoloti azo.
Polling locations must provide accessible voting equipment that allows voters with disabilities to cast their ballots privately and independently, without requiring assistance that could compromise the secrecy of their vote. This includes equipment with audio interfaces for visually impaired voters and devices that accommodate voters with limited mobility or dexterity.
Izivikelo Zokuvikela Igesi
Lomthetho kahulumeni wenqabela ukwesatshiswa kwamavoti, ukusongela, noma ukuvota ngokubambisana ekuvoteleni okhethweni lukamongameli.
Abahloli bezokuvota namaqhawe ezindawo ezithile lapho kunobufakazi bemizamo yokwesabisa abavoti abambalwa kule mibiko yokuhlola kungathunyelwa ukuze kuhlolwe ukuvumelana nemithetho yokuvota yamalungelo abantu futhi kuvinjelwe imizamo yokwesabisa.
Imithetho Ecacile
Izimfuneko zokuhlukanisa zihluka kakhulu ngokombuso, zidala imithetho eyinkimbinkimbi elawula lokho abavoti okumelwe bakubonise phakathi nokhetho lukamongameli.
Izinhlobo Zezimfuneko Ze - “soter ”
I-States iwela ezigabani eziningana ngokuphathelene nezimfuneko zokuvota. Ezinye izifundazwe zinemithetho yezithombe eqinile edinga abavoti ukuba banikeze iziphawuli zezithombe ezinjengomalayisense kahulumeni, amakhadi kahulumeni we-ID, amapassport, noma ama-ID ezempi. Uma abavoti bengakwazi ukuveza uphawu lwezithombe ezamukelekayo, kungadingeka ukuba bafake i-operator futhi bathathe izinyathelo ezengeziwe ngemva koSuku lokhetho ukuze babalwe ivoti yabo.
Ezinye izifundazwe zinemithetho yezithombe ze - ID engekho endaweni lapho abavoti abangenazo izikhombo ezamukelekayo bengasayina khona i - affidavit efakazela ukuthi zingobani noma babe nezisebenzi zokuvota ezifaka isiqinisekiso, bevumela ukuba izincwadi zabo ezivamile zibalwe ngaphandle kwezinyathelo ezengeziwe.
Ezinye izifunda-zwe zamukela ukungakhombi njengentela yenzuzo, izitatimende zebhange, uhulumeni ohlolayo, noma amanye amabhukwana abonisa igama nekheli lomvoti. Noma kunjalo amanye amazwe awanakho imfuneko yokuthola ukwaziswa ehlelweni, esikhundleni sokuthembela ekusayineni noma kwezinye izindlela eziyiqiniso.
Izinselele Ezingokomthetho Nezimpikiswano
Imithetho yevoter ihlala iphikisana, njengoba abasekeli bephikisana bevimbela ukukhwabanisa kwevoti futhi belondoloza ukuthembela komphakathi okhethweni, kuyilapho abagxeki bephikisa ngokungadingekile bethwesa umthwalo abavoti abayingcosana, izakhamuzi esezikhulile, abantu abathola imali ephansi, nabafundi abangase babhekane nobunzima obukhulu bokuthola ukukhomba okwamukelekayo.
Izinkantolo ziye zaqeda imithetho ye-ID ethile njengegunya noma njengegunya, kuyilapho zisekela eminye. Umthetho uyaqhubeka uguqula njengoba amazwe eguqula izimfuneko zawo futhi ebekela inselele ukumiswa nomphumela wale mithetho.
Amalungiselelo Akhululekile
Izwe elidinga ukuboniswa kwezithombe zokuvota kumelwe linikeze amakhadi okuzichaza mahhala kubavoti abangafaneleki abangenayo i-ID. Lemfuneko isuka esimisweni sokuthi intela yokuvota ayigunyaziwe, futhi ukukhokha intela yokuzichaza okuphoqelelwe kuyosho intela yokuvota ngokuphumelelayo. Nokho, ukuthola izincwadi eziyisisekelo ezidingekayo ukuze uthole i-ID ekhululekile, njengezitifiketi zokuzalwa, kungase kuhlanganise izindleko ezibangela imigoqo kwabanye abavoti.
Ukulondeka Kwezitho Zokukhetha Nezinyathelo Zobuqotho Bebhola
Imithetho eminingi kahulumeni nohulumeni isebenza ndawonye ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukulondeka nobuqotho bokhetho lukamongameli, ivikele ekukhwabaniseni kuyilapho ilondoloza ukutholakala kovoti.
Ukuthuthukisa Izindinganiso Zesimiso Nesiqinisekiso
I-EComtion Appendice Commission imisa iziqondiso zesimiso sokuvota zokuzithandela ezimisa izindinganiso zokuphepha, ukunemba, nokutholakala kwemishini yokuvota.
Izimiso zokuqamba kumelwe zihlolwe kakhulu futhi zifakwe isiqinisekiso ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi ziqopha futhi zibale amavoti ngokunembile, zivikele ekushintsheni, futhi zinikeze abavoti amathuba okubukeza nokulungisa amavoti abo ngaphambi kokuba bawaphonse. Lezizindinganiso zisiza ukuba kugcinwe ukuqiniseka komphakathi ekunembeni kwemiphumela yokhetho.
Ukuthunyelwa kwemvume neposi ku Ballot Protections
Imithetho elawula ukungekho nokuvota imisa izinqubo zokuqinisekisa ukuthi ungubani umvoti, ivimbela ukuphazanyiswa kwevoti, futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi amabhola atholakele futhi abalwe kahle. Lezi zinqubo zihlanganisa ukuqinisekisa, izindlela zokubuyisela ezilondekile, kanye neketa lezimfuneko zokubopha ijele ukuze kulandelwe amabhola kusukela ngesikhathi akhishwa ngaso kuze kubalwe.
Amazwe anezimfuneko ezihlukene zokuba ubani angavota ngeposi, amanye evumela noma yimuphi umvoti ukuba acele ivoti engekho ngaphandle kokunikeza isizathu, kuyilapho amanye efuna abavoti bahlangabezane nezindinganiso ezithile ezinjengokungabi kude nendawo yabo yokuvota ngoSuku Lokhetho, bekhubazekile, noma begugile.
Izinhlelo Zokubala Nezokuphothula
Imithetho yokuhlela imisa izinqubo ezinemininingwane yokubala izicatshulwa, ukuxazulula ukuphikisana, nokuhlola ukunemba kwemiphumela yokhetho. Izizwe eziningi zihlola izibalo zangemva kokhetho ezibukeza ngezandla isampula yamavoti ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi izimiso zokuvota zibhalwe ngokunembile futhi zibalwe amavoti.
Lezi zinqubo zokuhlola zinikeza ukulondeka okwengeziwe futhi zisiza ekuphawuleni noma yiziphi izinkinga ngemishini yokuvota noma izinqubo okudingeka zixoxwe ngaphambi kokhetho lwesikhathi esizayo. Izimfuneko zokubonana ngokucace ziqinisekisa ukuthi izingqapheli zamaqembu ezombangazwe nomphakathi zingayihlola inqubo yokubala.
Isivikelo Sokuzivikela
Njengoba izimiso zokukhetha ziqhubeka zisebenza ngama - computer, ukuncika kuyi - Internet kuye kwavela njengenkinga enkulu. izinhlangano ze - Federal zinikeza isiqondiso, imithombo yengcebo nokusekela ukuze zisize amazwe avikele isisekelo sawo sokhetho ekuhlaseleni nge - Internet, imizamo yokuhlasela i - computer, nezinye izinto ezisongela umshini.
Izikhulu zezokuvota zisebenzisa izingqimba eziningi zokulondeka kuhlanganise neziqhumane zokucisha umlilo, ukubhala ngokukopishwa, ukuhlolwa kokungena kwemvume nokuphepha okuvamile ukuze zivikele imithombo yezincwadi ezibhaliswayo, izimiso zokuvota, nemiphumela yokukhetha ebika izimiso zingena ngokungemthetho noma zisebenziseke ngokungemthetho.
Izivikelo Zempi Nezasolwandle
Amalungiselelo akhethekile avikela amalungelo okuvota amalungu enkonzo yezempi nezakhamuzi zase - United States ezihlala phesheya kwezwe ezifuna ukuhlanganyela okhethweni lukamongameli.
Izakhamuzi Ezifanayo Nezaphesheya Kolwandle Ziyayekwa
I-View Express ne Overses Abface Voing Act (UOCAVA) ifuna ukuba kuvunyelwe amalungu empi nezakhamuzi zaphesheya ukuba zibhalise futhi zishiye amavoti okhethweni lukahulumeni. Lo mthetho uqaphela ukuthi lezi zakhamuzi akumelwe zilahlekelwe ilungelo lazo lokuvota ngenxa nje yokuthi zikhonza izwe lazo kwelinye izwe noma zihlala ngaphandle kwe-United States.
UHAVA ugunyaza izinguquko ekuthuthukiseni ukungena kwezakhamuzi zempi nakwamanye amazwe, kuhlanganise nokufuna ukuba uNobhala Wezokuvikela asebenzise izinyathelo zokuqinisekisa ukuthi uphawu lweposi noma obunye ubufakazi obungokomthetho bosuku lokuthumela lunikezwa ebhokisini ngalinye elingekho eliqoqwe kunoma iyiphi indawo noma isikebhe olwandle.
Ukubeletha Nge - electronic Ballot
Izifundazwe eziningi zivumela amasosha nabavoti baphesheya ukuba bathole amacomputer abo nge-imeyili noma ngama-opera alondekile, ziqinisekisa ukuthi ukuthunyelwa kweposi okucothayo kwezwe lonke akubavimbeli laba bavoti ukuba bawabuyisele ngesikhathi esifanele. Nokho, izifundazwe eziningi zisafuna ukuba abavoti babuyiselwe ngeposi noma ngezinye izindlela ezingokoqobo ukuze balondoloze ukuphepha komgunyathi.
Imigqa Ebanzi Yabafileyo
Ezinye izifundazwe zinikeza izikhawu zemali yokubhalisa amafomu emali enqunyiwe ethunyelwa kwezempi nakwamanye amazwe, ziqaphela izinselele zokuthunyelwa kweposi emhlabeni wonke. Lemigomo ethé xaxa isiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi amabhola akhishwa abavoti abafanelekayo abakhonza phesheya abalwa ngisho noma ukulibala kweposi kubavimbela ukuba bafike ngenkathi emisiwe.
Umkhankaso Wezimali Nemithetho Yokusiza
Nakuba ingeyona into ehlobene ngokuqondile nokuphonsa amavolovolo, imithetho yezezimali ewumkhankaso inendima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni ubuqotho bokhetho lukamongameli ngokukhuthaza ukuba sobala nokuvimbela ukonakala.
Izimfuneko Zokuthola Imfihlo
I-Federal Evotion Campaign Act ifuna ukuba abazothatha izikhundla zomongameli namakomiti ezombangazwe baveze iminikelo yabo nezindleko, bavumele abavoti babone ukuthi imiphi imikhankaso yezimali nokuthi isetshenziswa kanjani imali. Lokhu kusiza abavoti ukuba benze izinqumo eziqondiswe futhi banciphise ingozi yenkohlakalo noma ithonya elingadingekile.
Amakhandimende kumelwe afake imibiko njalo ne-Federal Ecomfication Commission enikeza imininingwane ngokuqoqa nokusebenzisa kwawo imali, futhi lokhu kwaziswa kwenziwa ukuba kutholakale kumphakathi ngezinhlelo ze-intanethi. Iminikelo emikhulu kumelwe ibikwe ngokushesha, ngezinye izikhathi phakathi namahora angu - 48, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi abavoti bayakwazi ukuthola ukwaziswa kwamanje.
Imingcele Yengxenye
Umthetho wesifunda umisa imingcele yokuthi abantu ngabanye, amakomiti ezombangazwe, nezinye izinhlangano zingaba nengxenye kangakanani kubazokuba abaholi nasemaqenjini ezombangazwe.
Imingcele ilungiswa ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze kunciphe ukwehla kwamandla emali futhi ihlukahluka kuye ngohlobo lomnikelo nowamukelayo.
Ukugqugquzelwa Kwamazwe Akwamanye Amazwe
Umthetho kahulumeni wezwe langaphandle uvimbela ngokuqinile ukuba kube nengxenye emikhankasweni kamongameli noma ekukhokheleni izindleko ukuze kuthonywe ukhetho lukahulumeni.
Ukuqamba nokuqamba nge-methali
Izifunda eziningi ziye zandisa izindlela zokuvota ngaphandle kwezindawo zokuvota ezingokwesiko, futhi imithetho ivikela abavoti abakhetha lezi zindlela ezihlukile.
Izikhathi Zokuqala Zokuzwa Izitshalo
I - United States ekhipha imvume yokuvota ngaphambi kwesikhathi ivumela abavoti abafanelekayo ukuba bafake amavoti abo phambi koSuku Lokhetho, ngokuvamile ezindaweni eziqalwayo zokuvota.
Ukuvota kwakuqala kunikeza abavoti abangase babe nobunzima bokungena ezinhlwini zohlelo lokuvota ngoSuku Lokukhetha ngenxa yezimiso zomsebenzi, izibopho zomkhaya, noma ezinye izibopho. Isivikelo esingokomthetho esifanayo esisebenza ekuvotelweni koSuku Lokhetho, kuhlanganise nokunqatshelwa kobandlululo nokwesabisa, sisebenza ngokufanayo ekuvoteni kwasekuqaleni.
Ukukhishwa Kwemali Ngezaba
Izifundazwe eziningi zivumela noma imuphi umvoti obhaliwe ukuba acele ivoti engekho ngaphandle kokunikeza isizathu noma izaba. Lokhu kwanda kokungena kovota okungekho kwenza kube lula ngabavoti ukuba bahlanganyele okhethweni lukamongameli ngisho noma bekhetha ukungavoti ngokoqobo noma babhekane nezinselele zokuthola indawo yabo yokuvota.
Izwe elingenakho ukuvota okungekho lifuna abavoti ukuba bacele ivoti, noma uma kukhethwa okhethweni olulodwa noma bonke okhetho abafanele ukuvota. I-colot ithunyelwa kuvoti, oyiqeda futhi ayibuyise ngeposi noma ngokuyifaka ebhokisini leconsi elilondekile.
Ukusakaza kwemeyili yonke
Ezinye izifundazwe ziqhuba ukhetho ngokuyinhloko noma ngokuphelela ngeposi, zithumela amavoti ngokuzenzakalela kubo bonke abavoti ababhalisiwe. Lezi zifundazwe ziye zasungula izimiso ezibanzi zokuqinisekisa ukuthi uvoti ungubani, zilandelela amavoti, futhi ziqinisekise ukulondeka kuyo yonke inqubo yamavoti ngeposi.
Izifunda zokuvota eziphuma ngeposi zinikeza abavoti abakhetha ukuvota ngokoqobo noma abadinga usizo, ziqinisekisa ukuthi ukuvota ngeposi akubenzi abavoti abangakwazi ukusebenzisa isimiso seposi kalula.
Imfundo Engenisa Ugesi Nezimfuneko Zokwaziswa
Imithetho ifuna ukuba izikhulu zokhetho zinikeze abavoti ukwaziswa ngenqubo yokuvota, zisize ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izakhamuzi ezifanelekayo zingawasebenzisa ngokuphumelelayo amalungelo azo.
Ukungcolisa Kwenza Ulwazi Lube Khona
Izwe kumelwe linikeze abavoti ukwaziswa ngendawo yokuvota abayabelwe, kuhlanganise nendawo yalo namahora okusebenza kuyo. Lokhu kwaziswa kutholakala ngezincwadi zokubhalisa ze-inthanethi, ngeposi, noma ngocingo.
Izindawo ezingcolisiwe kumelwe zibhale ukwaziswa okuphathelene nezinqubo zokuvota, amalungelo omvoti, nendlela yokubika izinkinga noma amafayela. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi abavoti bayakwazi ukuthola ukwaziswa abakudingayo ukuphonsa amavolovoti abo ngokuphumelelayo futhi bayazi ukuthi bangalufuna kanjani usizo uma bebhekana nezinkinga.
Isampula Izinkinobho zeBolot kanye nezi Voter
Izindawo eziningi zinikeza amavoti abonisa abavoti okuzovela ephepheni labo lokuvota, abavumele ukuba babukeze abazohlolwa kanye nezimpikiswano ngaphambi kokufika ezindaweni zokuhlola. Ezinye izifundazwe ziveza iziyalezo zovota ezinokwaziswa okuphathelene namanyathelo okuvota, zisiza abavoti ukuba benze izinqumo zolwazi.
Lezi zincwadi zemfundo zibaluleke kakhulu okhethweni lukamongameli, ngokuvamile oluhlanganisa amavoloti amade ngezindlela eziningi zikahulumeni, uhulumeni, nezindawo zendawo. Ukubukeza ibhodi lezincwadi kusengaphambili kungasiza abavoti ukuba baqondise inqubo yokuvota ngendlela ephumelelayo futhi baqinisekise ukuthi bavote kuzo zonke izinhlanga abazikhathalelayo.
Usizo Lolimi
Ukugxeka okunezakhamuzi ezivelele ezikhuluma ezinye izilimi ngaphandle kwesiNgisi kumelwe kunikeze izinto zokuvota nosizo ngalezo zilimi.
Usizo lolimi lungase luhlanganise amavolovolo ahunyushwe, izisebenzi zokuvota ezikhuluma izilimi eziningi.
Ukuphoqelela Imishini Nezindlela Zokwelapha
Izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho yokuvota ilandelwa futhi inikeza amakhambi lapho kwephulwa.
UMnyango Wobulungisa Uphoqelelwa
I-Department of Civil Rights Division imisa imithetho yokuvota yamalungelo kahulumeni, ehlanganisa i-Voting Rights Act, i-National Voter Religionation Act, i-Help America Vote Act, ne-Act e-Aviced ne-Overseas Act. UMnyango ungahlola izikhalo, ukumangalelwa kwamafayela, futhi ufune iziyalo zenkantolo ezifuna igunya lokuvumelana nomthetho kahulumeni.
UMnyango uqondisa nokhetho kwezinye izindawo ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi kuvumelana nemithetho yokuvota yamalungelo abantu futhi ungathumela izingqapheli zikahulumeni ukuba zibukele ukucwaswa noma okunye ukwephulwa kwemithetho ezindaweni zokuvota.
Ilungelo Lezenzo Langasese
Imithetho eminingi yamalungelo okuvota ivumela abantu nezinhlangano ukuba zifake iziphakamiso ezingokomthetho ukuze ziqikelele amalungiselelo azo. Leli lungelo lesenzo lenze ukuba abavoti namaqembu alwayo abeke inselele amaqembu alwa nemikhuba yokulahla imingcele, imingcele engekho emthethweni, noma ukwephulwa kwamalungelo okuvota ngaphandle kokulinda ukugcinwa kukahulumeni.
Izinhlangano zamalungelo ezakhamuzi, amaqembu okuvota, nabavoti ngabanye baye baphumelela ekumiseni imithetho yokuvota elahla ubandlululo, ekutholeni imvume yokuvota, nasekuvikeleni amalungelo okuvota kuhulumeni wokhetho.
Izindlela Zikahulumeni Zokukhononda
Izwe elithola imali yokuxhasa okhethweni lukahulumeni kumelwe limise izinqubo zokulawula ezivumela abavoti ukuba babike ukwephulwa kwezimfuneko zokhetho lukahulumeni. Lezi zinqubo zinikeza indlela yokuxazulula izinkinga ngokushesha, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuzichaza.
Abavoti abakholelwa ukuthi amalungelo abo aphuliwe bangafaka izikhalo ezikhona nezikhulu zikahulumeni zokhetho, okumelwe zihlole futhi ziphendule ngokwezinqubo ezimisiwe. Uma inqubo kahulumeni ingayixazululi lendaba, abavoti bangase bafune amanye amakhambi kuhlanganise nezikhalo zikahulumeni noma ukuqulwa kwecala.
Izindaba Ezivusayo Nezinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo
Isimiso esingokomthetho sokuvikela amalungelo okuvota kukhetho lomongameli siyaqhubeka siguquka ukuze sibhekane nezinselele ezintsha nezimo ezishintshayo.
Ukungaqondi Ngokukhetha
Ukusakazwa kokwaziswa okungamanga ngezinqubo zokuvota, imiphumela yokuvota, nokukhwabanisa komvoti kubangela izinselele ezikhulwini zokhetho nabavoti ngokufanayo.
Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zamisa imithetho enqabela ukukhohlisa kwenhloso kwabavoti, njengokunikeza ukwaziswa okungamanga ngezinsuku zokuvota, izindawo, noma izimfuneko ezifanelekile ngenjongo yokuvimbela abantu ekuvotelweni. Ukuphoqelelwa kwalemithetho kumelwe kulinganise ukuvikela abavoti ekukhohliseni ngokuhlonipha amalungelo okuHlaziya Isinqumo Sokuqala.
Ukugcinwa Kwendwangu
Izwe kumelwe lilondoloze uhlu oluqondile lokubhalisa, lisuse abavoti abaye bafa, bathutha, noma abangakwazi ukukhishwa lapho bevikela abavoti abafanelekayo ekukhipheni okungafanele. Ukuthola ukulinganisela okulungile kuhlala kuyinselele, njengoba ukugcinwa kohlu olunonya kungasusa abavoti abafanelekayo, kuyilapho ukunakekelwa okunganele kungalulaza ukuqiniseka ngethemba lokhetho.
Umthetho we-freader umisa izinqubo ezimisiwe Kumelwe zilandele lapho abavoti besusa uhlu lokubhalisa, kuhlanganise nokunikeza isixwayiso namathuba okulungisa amaphutha. Nokho, izingxabano ziyaqhubeka ngezindlela ezifanele kanye nemisebenzi yokulungisa uhlu.
Ukuziphendukela Kwendlela Yobuchwepheshe Yokuthuthukisa
Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bokuvota buqhubeka buguqula, imithetho kumelwe izivumelanise nokunakekela okusha okudinga ukuphepha, izimfuneko zokuthola ulwazi, kanye nezindlela zokuqinisekisa. Ukusuka emishinini yokuvota kuya ezimisweni zomshini zomshini nokusetshenziswa okwandayo kwe-voti ngeposi kuye kwadinga ukushintshwa kwezimiso ezingokomthetho zokulawula ukhetho.
Izenzakalo zesikhathi esizayo ezinjengokuvota i - blockchain, ukuvota kuyi - Internet, noma ezinye izinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe kuyodinga ukucatshangelwa ngokucophelela kokuthi ungakulondoloza kanjani ukulondeka, ukutholakala, novoti besebenzisa amakhono amasha.
Yazi Amalungelo Akho Njengencwadi Yokwaziswa
Ukuqonda amalungelo akho angokomthetho kuyakusiza ukuba uhlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo okhethweni lukamongameli futhi wazi ukuthi yini ongayenza uma uhlangabezana nezinkinga.
Ilungelo Lokubhala Uma Ubhaliswe Futhi Ufundeka
Uma ungumvoti obhaliwe futhi uhlangabezana nezimfuneko ezisemthethweni, unelungelo lokuvota kukhetho lomongameli. Izikhulu zezikhulu zenkonganiso azinakukuxosha uma ubhaliswe kahle futhi uvela endaweni yokuvota elungile phakathi namahora okuvota.
Uma igama lakho lingaveli ohlwini lokubhalisa kodwa ukholelwa ukuthi ubhalisile, unelungelo lokufaka ibhodi le-oda. Izikhulu zokhetho zizoqinisekisa ukuthi ubhaliwe ngemva koSuku lokhetho futhi zibale ibhodi lakho uma ufanele.
Ilungelo Lokusiza
Abasebenzi bemishini abadinga usizo ngenxa yokukhubazeka, ukungakwazi ukufunda noma ukubhala, noma ukumelana nolimi banelungelo lokwamukela usizo lokufaka amavoloti abo. Ungaletha othile ukuba akusize, noma ezimweni eziningi, ucele usizo lwezisebenzi zezokuvota.
Umuntu okusizayo akanakuba umqashi wakho, umqashi wakho, noma isikhulu noma inxusa lenyunyana yakho.
Ilungelo Lokukhululeka Ekucwaseni Nokwethemba Abanye
Unelungelo lokuvota ngaphandle kokubhekana nokucwaswa okusekelwe ohlwini lohlanga, ibala, ulimi, ukukhubazeka, noma ezinye izici ezivikelwe.
Uma ubhekana nokucwaswa noma ukwesatshiswa kulenhlolo - vo, ungabika ezisebenzini zokuvota, izikhulu zokhetho, noma eMnyangweni Wobulungisa.
Ilungelo lokuya Ebhayisikilini Elithathelwe indawo
Uma wenza iphutha ephepheni lakho ngaphambi kokuliphonsa, unelungelo lokucela ivoti yokubuyisela. Izinqubo ezithile ziyahluka ngokwendlela yokuvota, kodwa izikhulu zokhetho kumelwe zikunikeze indlela yokulungisa amaphutha kunokuba ziphoqelelwe ukuba uphoqelele ukuphoqelela ifomu lokuvota ngamaphutha.
Ilungelo Lokudlala Uma Kuseceleni Lapho Impova Iseduze
Uma usemgqeni endaweni ohlola kuyo lapho uqeda ukuvota, unelungelo lokuvota. izisebenzi ezikhohlisayo azinakuxosha abavoti abafika ngaphambi kwesikhathi sokuphetha, ngisho noma kuthatha amahora engeziwe ukuhlanganisa wonke umuntu emgqeni.
Imithombo Yezincwadi
Kutholakala imithombo eminingi yokukusiza ukuba uqonde amalungelo akho okuvota futhi usebenzise inqubo yokukhetha.
Imithombo Kahulumeni
I-U.U.U.Upration Application Commission inikeza ukwaziswa ngemithetho yelungelo le-ovethis kazwelonke, izindinganiso zesimiso sokuvota, kanye nokuqondisa kokhetho. Izikhulu zikahulumeni wakho nokhetho lwendawo zilondoloza futhi amawebhusayithi anokwaziswa okuphathelene nokubhaliswa, izindawo zokuvota, kanye nezinqubo zokuvota eziqondelwe ngokomthetho wakho.
ISikhundla seJaji i-Civil Rights Division sinikeza ukwaziswa mayelana nesivikelo samalungelo okuvota kahulumeni nendlela yokubika ukuphulwa komthetho. Iwebhusayithi yoMnyango ihlanganisa imithombo ngezilimi eziningi nokwaziswa ngemithetho yokuvota ekhethekile.
Izinhlangano Ezingaphangi Ngenkululeko Yamalungelo Abantu
Izinhlangano ezinjenge Brennan Center yeJaji, Inkululeko yomphakathi yase-Americanam Union, kanye I-League of Women Voters[[FLT:] inikeza ukwaziswa mayelana namalungelo okuvota, umthetho wokuvota wendlela, futhi inikeze imithombo yokusiza ukuvota ukuqonda amalungelo abo nokuqondisa inqubo yokuvota.
Lezinhlangano ziqhuba namavoti asheshayo lapho ungathola khona izimpendulo zemibuzo ephathelene nokubhalisa, izinqubo zokuvota, nokuthi yini ongayenza uma uhlangabezana nezinkinga kulezi zinqumo.
Ulwazi oluchazayo lwezwe
Ngoba izici eziningi zesimiso sokhetho zisingathwa ngokwezinga likahulumeni, kubalulekile ukubheka imithombo eqondile esifundeni sakho. Iwebhusayithi yokhetho kahulumeni wakho iyakuba nokwaziswa okunembe kakhulu nokulandelana nosuku olugcwele kakhulu ngokuphathelene nezikhathi zokubhalisa, izimfuneko zokubonakalisa, indawo yokuhlola izindawo, kanye neminye imininingwane eqondile ukuvota esimweni sakho.
Izifunda eziningi zisebenzisa futhi amavoti asheshayo lapho ungakhuluma khona nezikhulu zokhetho ngemibuzo noma izinkathazo. La magama ashisayo awusizo kakhulu ngoSuku Lokhetho uma uhlangabezana nezinkinga endaweni yakho yokuvota.
Isiphetho
Isimiso somthetho sokuvikela amalungelo okuvota kukhetho lukamongameli simelela amashumi eminyaka entuthuko efinyelele emgomweni wokuqinisekisa ukuthi sonke isakhamuzi esifanelekayo singahlanganyela ekukhetheni abaholi besizwe. Kusukela ekusunguleni komthetho-sisekelo ukumiswa kwamalungelo ayisisekelo kuya kwimithetho kahulumeni enikeza izici ezithile zokhetho, lemithetho isebenza ndawonye ukuze ivikele ukutholakala komphathi kuyilapho ilondoloza ukulondeka kokhetho nobuqotho.
Ukuqonda lezi sivikelo ezingokomthetho kunikeza abavoti amandla okusebenzisa amalungelo abo ngokuphumelelayo futhi baqaphele lapho lawomalungelo ephulwa.
Ngokuhlala wazi ngamalungelo akho, wazi ukuthi uzokutholaphi ukwaziswa okunembile, futhi ukulungele ukuzimelela wena nabanye uma kuphakama izinkinga, ungasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi isivikelo esingokomthetho esiklanyelwe ukuvikela amalungelo okuvota sifeza injongo yaso.