I-SPread Castes (SCs) ne-Shedynamed Trinitys (ST) zimelela amaqoqo amabili ezenhlalo abekwe ngokwezinga elingokomlando kakhulu eNdiya. Ukuqaphela kwawo uMthetho-sisekelo waseNdiya kwaphawula isinyathelo esishintshayo sokulunga kwezenhlalo, kuhloselwe ukuxazulula ukucwaswa kwezimiso nokukhishwa kwezindawo. Namuhla, ukubaluleka kwezombangazwe kwe-SCs kanye ne-STS kudlulela kude kakhulu kunokumelelwa; kuhlela izimiso, ithonya elinomphumela owe-cwenganisayo, nezinselele zezakhiwo zamandla ezimisiwe. Lesi sihloko sihlola umongo womlando, imingcele yezombangazwe, izinselele zezombangazwe, izinselele eziqhubekayo, namathuba aqhubekayo alemiphakathi kwezwe lase-India.

Isizinda Esingokomlando: Kusukela Ekunqunyelweni Kuya Ekuqashelweni Komthetho - sisekelo

Isigaba esiphethe somphakathi sokubusa kwesigaba nokuhlukaniswa kwesizwe kwangaphambi kokubusa kwaseBrithani, kodwa kwakuphakathi nesikhathi lapho lezi zigaba zamakoloni zamiswa khona futhi zamiswa. Ukubusa kwaseBrithani kwasungula izimiso zokuthi imiphakathi ehlelwe ngokwezigaba ukuze kulawuleke, kwaqhubeka kunikeza ukubekwa kwe-Dalit (ngaleso sikhathi eyayaziwa ngokuthi "abangathonywa"; kanye ne-Adivasis (amaqembu esizwe). Ukubalwa kwamakoloni kwango-1991 kanye nokuhlolwa okulandelayo kwafakazelwa ngokwezinqubo zesigaba nesizwe, kwakha uhlelo oluzokwazisa inqubo yokwamukela.

Izinhlangano eziyinhloko zenguquko, njengalezo eziholwa nguDkt. B. R. Ambedkar noMahatma Gandhi, zabangela isimo esibucayi se-SCs ne-STS ukuba sihole enkulumweni yesizwe. U-Ambedkar ukusekela kuka-Ambedkar ukumelelwa kwezombangazwe namalungelo ezenhlalo apheleliswa eSivumelwaneni se-Poona sango-1932, esaqinisekisa izihlalo ezigciniwe zesigaba esicindezelekile esisezikondlulweni sesifundalweni sendlu yomthetho. I-Post-incencencencencence, i-Constiententient Assembly, kanye noMphathi omkhulu wemithetho ye-Constanticiple, wafaka isivikelo esibanzi se-SC. Umthetho waphumela ekusebenzeni ngoJanuary 26, 1950, kanye neNhlohloko ye-15, ye-16, 17, 46, ne-IX, kanye ne-XX (kwe-Panchatracratives (yo kanye ne-mthetho ka-uniststststst) yemithetho ehleli yemithetho elandela imithetho elandela imithetho

Le nqubo engokomlando yabekela ama-SC nama-ST indawo ukusuka ezintweni zenguquko yezenhlalo kuya kwabahlanganyeli abakhuthele ekubuseni kwentando yeningi. Isabelo sezihlalo ePhalamende nakumaqembu ombuso sasingesona isenzo esingokomfanekiso kodwa sasiyinqubo yamabomu yokuqinisekisa ukuthi le miphakathi inezwi ekuklameni komthetho nasekwakheni kwesimiso.

Umsebenzi Womthetho - sisekelo Nomthetho

UMthetho-sisekelo waseNdiya unikeza uhlelo oluqinile lokugunyazwa kwamaSC namaST. Amalungiselelo ayinhloko ahlanganisa:

  • Article 15 (4) no 16 (4): Vumela umbuso ukuba wenze amalungiselelo akhethekile okuthuthukisa iSC nama-ST, kuhlanganise nokuhlala ezikhungweni zemfundo nasemsebenzini womphakathi.
  • Article 17: i-bolishes "ukungathintwa" futhi yenqabela umkhuba wayo nganoma yiluphi uhlobo.
  • Article 46: Iqondisa umbuso ukuba uthuthukise ngokunakekela okukhethekile izithakazelo zokufundisa nezomnotho zezindawo ezibuthakathaka, ikakhulukazi amaSC namaST, futhi ubavikele ekungabini nobulungisa emphakathini nakuzo zonke izinhlobo zokuxhashazwa.
  • Article 330 no 332[[FL:1]: Bonisa indawo yezihlalo ze-SCs ne-STs eLok Sabha (Indlu Yabantu) kanye nemihlangano yesifundazwe, ngokulandelana.
  • Article 334: ekuqaleni yabekwa isilinganiso seminyaka eyishumi sokungagcinwa, kodwa lokhu kudluliswe ngezinguquko eziningi zomthetho-sisekelo (umz., iSichibiyelo se 95 ngo 2009 sanwetshwa kwaze kwaba ngu-2020, kanti i-109th Isichibiyeli sa 2020 sanwetshwa kwaze kwaba ngu-2030).
  • Ingxenye IX nengxenye IXA: Isethi ye-SC ne-ST ePanchayats nase Minicipa, iqinisekisa ukuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe.

Ngaphezu kwemilungiselelo yomthetho-mthetho, izindikimba zemithetho njenge- Commission yesizwe ye-Shedynamed Castes ne- Commission yesizwe yeShemedyd Parmational[ ihlola ukumiswa kwezivikelo nokuhlola izikhalo zobandlululo. IShedymander Castes ne-Shemedyd Comments (Isivumelwano Servanication of Actritications), 1989, iqinisa ngokwengeziwe isivikelo esingokomthetho ngokuchaza nangokujezisa izenzo zobudlova nokuhlupha kule miphakathi.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwemithetho: Umshini Wokukhipha Izwi

Isabelo sezihlalo ePhalamende nasemihlanganweni yombuso sikhuluma ngokuqondile ngokubekwa kwe-SCs ne-STs okungokomlando. Ngokwesibonelo, eLok Sabha, izihlalo ezingu-84 (kusukela ku-553) zigcinelwe i-SCs kanye ne-47 ezigcinelwe i-STS, cishe ezilingana nesabelo sazo sabantu abaphakathi kule ndawo (16.6% no-8.6% ngokulandelana, njengakuwo wonke umkhakha-2011 Censues). Esifundazweni, isilinganiso siyahluka ngokwezwe kodwa silandela izimiso ezifanayo. Lesi sabelo siqinisekisa ukuthi okungenani i-sigamu esisodwa sendlu ephansi sakhiwe ngabameleli abameleli abavela kulemi, sinikeza umzila oqondile ophathelenekanye.

Nokho, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukubeka izithuba kukodwa akuqinisekisi ukuthi kuyasebenza. Ama-MP nama-ML agcinelwe ukusetshenziswa kwe-MP kanye ne-ML Ase-owamaqembu ezombangazwe aphethe futhi angase angawafaki phambili njalo ama-compatein angomphakathi. Noma kunjalo, ukuhlola kuye kwabonisa ukuthi ama-constitue agcinelwe inzuzo ngokuvamile abona ukuchithwa komphakathi emfundweni, empilweni, engokwempilo, kanye nezezisekelo zemisebenzi kuzuzisa i-SC kanye ne-ST. Ngokwesibonelo, ukucwaninga kwezezomnotho njengo- u-Pande (2003) kusikisela ukuthi isamba sezombangazwe siholela ekutholeni imali eningi ekwandisweni kwezentengo yezentengiselwano yezentengo yezentengo yezelo.

Ukubaluleka Kwezombangazwe: Akubonakali Kuyisibonakaliso

Ukubaluleka kwezombangazwe kwe-SC neSTs kudlulela ezingxenyeni eziningi: imishini elawulayo, ithonya, kanye namandla ezenhlalo. Amaqembu ezombangazwe kulo lonke uhlangothi lelizwe (kusukela ezindaweni zesizwe njenge-BJP kanye ne-Congress ukuya emabuthweni esifundazwe) ngokubambisana ibhange le-SC/ST. Inani elihlangene le-SCs ne-STs (ngaphezu kwe 25% yengqikithi yabantu baseNdiya) libenza babe isici esinqumayo ezindaweni eziningi ze-constitue, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinjenge-Utar Pradesh, Bihar, i-Maharashtra, i-Odisha, nesifunda sasenyakatho-mpumalanga.

Ithonya Eliphakeme Nezikhundla Zamaqembu

Kukhetho, i-SC kanye novota ngokuvamile kwakha iqembu elibucayi. Izindawo zisebenzisa amasu anjenge-SC/ST abameleli be-consituencies (kwenezela ezihlalweni ezigciniwe), zithembisa ukuvuma izimiso, nokuqokomisa amapulatifomu ezenhlalo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) e-Utar Pradesh ikhula ngokusuka ekubeni i-Dalit-centric ku-istrice, kodwa ukusekela kwayo okuyisisekelo kuhlala kusuka emiphakathini ye-SC. Ngokufanayo, izifunda ezinamapulatime ephakathi nasempumalanga ye-Ndiya ngokuvamile zibona izigaba zikhuthaza amalungelo ehlathi, izinguquko zomhlaba, nezinzuzo zemiculo.

Ukukhula kobuholi bamaDalit esikhungweni sezwe − njengokumayawati e-Uttar Pradesh, uJignesh Mevani eGujarat, noRamdas Athawale eMaharashtra . kuveza ukuqina kokuzichaza kwe-SC ezombangazwe. Ngokufanayo, abaholi be-ST e-Odhisha, i-Jaharkand, ne-Northernast iye yadlala indima ebalulekile ezinhlanganweni zesizwe nezingxoxo zezemisebenzi ezibusayo.

Umphumela Wokwenziwa Kwesimiso

Abameleli be-SC nezizinda ze-STT baye baba negalelo ekulolongeni umthetho wezenhlalakahle, amalungelo ezwe, nemfundo. Ukufinyelela okuyinhloko kwenqubo kuhlanganisa:

  • Ilungelo lemfundo Act (2009): iqukethe amalungiselelo okukhokha imali nokusekela okukhethekile kwe-SC kanye nabafundi ezikoleni ezingabodwa.
  • I-Fest Rights Act (2006): Iqaphela amalungelo ama-STS kanye nabanye abahlala ehlathini ngokwesiko ngenxa yendawo nemithombo yamahlathi, ukususa amakhulu eminyaka okuhamba.
  • [ Ukuvinjelwa komthetho womthetho we-Atrocity Act (2015 no-2018)]: Isijeziso esiqinile futhi sandisa izinga lobugebengu obumelene ne-SC ne-ST.
  • Isimiso kanye nezimiso zezehlukaniso: Izimali eziphumayo, ulwazi lwangemva kwemfundo yamuva, kanye nesethi yemfundo ephakeme kuye kwathuthukisa amazinga okubhalisela, nakuba amagebhugesa esekhona.

Ezimpikiswaneni zephalamende, ama-SC/ST avame ukuphakamisa izindaba zokukhohliswa kwemisebenzi, ukugqilazwa, ubudlova bezinhlanga, nokuthathelwa indawo kwezizwe ngenxa yezimayini noma amadamu. Ukukhokha kwazo izigebengu ezikhethekile kuye kwaholela ekusungulweni kwecala elikhethekile lezempatho ezikhethekile nezimali ezinikezelwe zeze-SC/ST ezitshalweni ezisezansi.

Izifunda Nezindawo Ezinamandla

Ezifundazweni ezinezinombolo ezinkulu ze-SC/ST, amaqembu esifunda ngokuvamile aphuma njengabalweli balemiphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, iJanata Dal (United) e-Bihar igxile eMahadalit-cading, kuyilapho amaqembu anjengeBijuJanata Dal e-Odisha neJarkand Mokcha eJakkah umxhasi wamalungelo esizwe. Le zinhlangano ze-parican ifaka izakhiwo zikahulumeni ukusunduza izinqubo zikahulumeni eziqondene nemingcele ephakeme (umz., Tamil Nadutam Nadu's 69% yabelanti) nezinhlelo ezibomvu zendawo.

Imidlalo ephakathi kwamaqembu esizwe namabutho esifunda ibangela ukushukuma okukhulu lapho kuxoxwa khona nge-SC ne-ST emazingeni amaningi okulawula. Lokhu kuye kwaphumela ekuhlelweni kwenani elandayo lezemali yentuthuko ye-SC/ST emazweni amaningi.

Izinselele Ekuhlanganyeleni Kwezombangazwe

Naphezu kwemingcele engokomthetho - sisekelo nentuthuko yezombangazwe, imingcele ephawulekayo isaqhubeka.

Ukucwaswa Nokuphathwa Ngenkohlakalo Kwezenhlalo

Ubudlova obusekelwe ekucandeni kwemicikilisho eqinile nemikhuba yokungalawuleki kuhlala kugxilile ezingxenyeni eziningi zaseNdiya. NgokweNational Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), izenzakalo ezingaphezu kuka-40 000 zobugebengu obumelene ne-SCS kanye nezingu-8 000 ezimelene nama-STS zabikwa ngo-2020 kuphela, nakuba inani langempela liphakeme kakhulu ngenxa yokungabikwa. Ubudlova obunjalo abuqalisi imiphakathi kuphela kodwa futhi bunqanda nokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe. I-SCC/STRR ngokuvamile ibhekene nezinsongoso, ukuvikelwa kwemivoti, kanye namadodana angabantu abavamile ezindaweni zasemaphandleni.

Izenzo zonya zivame ukuhlanganiswa nezingxabano zezwe, ukufinyelela emanzini, noma ukuncintisana ngevolution. Izikhulu zikaHuman Rights Watch (2021) zaqokomisa ukucwaswa kwezimiso ezihlelekile ezindlini, emfundweni, nasemsebenzini, okubhebhethekisa ubumpofu nokulinganisela izinhlangano zezombangazwe.

Ukungalingani Kwezomnotho

Ukuhlehla kwezomnotho kuseyisithiyo esikhulu. Izindlu ze-SC ne-ST zinendawo ephansi, inzuzo, nemfundo uma ziqhathaniswa nezigaba ezivamile. Njenge-National Carap Survey (201-12), 29% yemikhaya ye-SC kanye ne-43% yemikhaya ye-ST zazingaphansi kobubhashobhi, uma kuqhathaniswa nekhulu le-12% kwamanye amaqembu. Ubumpofu bunciphisa amandla okuxhasa izimali, ukufinyelela imithombo yezindaba, futhi benza abameleli be-SC/ST bancike kakhulu eqenjini, okunganciphisa ubushiqela babo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhululeka kwezomnotho ngokuvamile kuye kwadlula lemiphakathi. Intuthuko ephazanyiswayo ezindaweni zesizwe iye yaholela ekuhoxeni ngaphandle kokulungisa isimo ngokwanele, okubangela ukucasuka nokuhlukana kwezombangazwe.

Ukuwohloka Kwezombangazwe Phakathi Kwezigaba

Phakathi kwamaqembu ezombangazwe, i-SC kanye nabaholi be-ST bavame ukubhekana nokukholelwa ebukhoneni obuyikho. Bavame ukwabelwa e-portfolio babhekwa njenge "soft" (jengesibonelo, inhlalakahle yezenhlalo, ukuthuthuka kwezezimali, ukuvikela, noma isisekelo sesisekelo sesisekelo sezindawo ezisemqoka) kunokuba kukhethwe abamele, i-consituencciation ivame ukubhekwa njenge "izihlalo ezilondekile" ngenxa yemibhoshongo emikhulu, kunokuba ime engcono yokugunyazwa umphakathi wangempela. Ukubusa ngentando yeningi kwamaqembu (noma ukuntula ama-sline SC/ST) amaphini angaphakathi eqembu asemaceleni eqembu phakathi komthetho yesinqumo esiyinhloko.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isenzakalo se-"izentengiselwano" sisalokhu sikhona lapho abameleli be-SC/ST benganikezwa inhlonipho elinganayo ezindlini zomthetho noma emaqenjini. Ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwabangane nezikhulu kungaphazamisa ukuphumelela kwabo.

Amathuba Neziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo

Naphezu kwalezi zithiyo, kunamathuba aqinisekile okuthuthukisa ukubaluleka kwezombangazwe kwamaSC namaST. Ukungenela okuqondile ezimpandeni zotshani, izinguquko ezingokweziqu, nokushintsha kwezenhlalo kungasheshisa amandla azo.

Izimpande Ezinamandla Ngokubusa Kwendawo

IziNguqulo zomthetho-mthetho we-77th no-74 ze-1992 ziye zaba baluleke kakhulu ekuletheni ama-SC nama-ST emazingeni ezindawo nase-panchayats. Izihlalo ezigciniwe ePanchayats naseMasipala ziqinisekisa ukuthi inani elikhulu labesifazane base-SC/ST namadoda lithola ulwazi lokuhola. Kusukela ngo-2022, amalungu angaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-7 ePanchayat angama-SC nama-ST (ingxenye eqinile), futhi abaningi baye baguqula imiphakathi yabo ngemisebenzi yezemisebenzi yezezimali, ukuqapha, nangemfundo.

Izinhlelo ezifana neMahatma Gandhi National Rural Accoupt Act (MGNREGA) zinikeze ukulondeka kwezomnotho, okwenza ukuba imikhaya ye-SC/ST ikwazi ukuhlanganyela kakhulu kwezombangazwe. Ukuqinisa izindikimba zendawo nokususa amandla emali amaningi kungaqhubekisela phambili ukubusa le miphakathi.

Imfundo Nokuhlangana Kwamanani

Ukufinyelela imfundo kungumshayeli oyinhloko onamandla ezombangazwe. I-Gross E RELIGN yo-SCS (GER) emfundweni ephakeme ithuthukisiwe kusukela ku 11.6% no-8.9% (2010-11) kuya ku- 21.8% no-17.6% (209-20) ngokulandelana, ngokwe-All India Survey on Expand Education. Ukugxila ezifundweni, izikhungo ze-gosa, izakhiwo, kanye nokufundisa ngokuphelelisa kungathuthukisa lo kuthambekela.

Izindlela zobuchwepheshe zokufunda nokubhala zibalulekile futhi. Amathuluzi ezokuxhumana asiza abantu abashisekela i-SC/ST asiza ukuba bagweme imigoqo emikhulu yemithombo yezindaba, baqoqe ukusekela, futhi baqokomisa izenzo zonya. Imishini enjenge-Twitter ne-YouTube iye yabangela ukuba kube nabashisekeli bemizwa yamaDalit ne-Adivasi abathonya izimpikiswano zemithetho. I-SC/ST i-Gov [[FLT:] i-plut] i-plut kanye nezimiso ze-atrosocial zingathuthuzelwa ngokwengeziwe lemiphakathi.

Ukungezwani Kwezindawo Nesakhiwo Esinemicikilisho Ehlukahlukene

Umbuso wezombangazwe we-SCs kanye ne-STs unganyuswa ngokuhlangana namanye amaqembu ancishiswe ngokweziphakamiso: Amanye ama-Clages angemva kwe-OBC, abesifazane, izinkolo ezimbalwa, kanye nabampofu basedolobheni. Imibono eveza izithakazelo zesigaba sebhuloho nezesigaba sesigaba sesigaba sesigaba [1] njengoba ibonwa e-Delhi ihelm ye-Mahagathbanhan e-Bahar, noma i-INDIA i-ianscsmea i-SC/ST iphakamisa izimpikiswano ze-SC/SC/SC/CM esikhungweni semimende se-meom eDelhi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvelela okukhulayo kwabesifazane be-SC/ST kwezombangazwe (umz., Meenakshi Lekhi, Kumari Selja, no-Auna Sahu) kwenezela ubulili bobulili obucebisa ukumelelwa. i-Reservation Bill (2023), egcinela abesifazane izihlalo ezingamaphesenti angu-33 ePhalamende nasemihlanganweni yombuso, ihlanganisa i-SC/ST, ngokunokwenzeka iphindeke ukumelelwa kwabo phakathi kwezilinganiso ezigciniwe.

Ukushintsha Imishini

Ukuphumelela kwe-National Commissions for SCs and STs kumele kuqiniswe. Okwamanje, banamandla alinganiselwe okuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwamandla ngaphandle kokuphenywa nokutuswa. Bawanikeza igunya lobushiqela, baqinisekisa ukukhethwa kwamalungu ngesikhathi esifanele, futhi bahlanganisa imibiko yabo nesenzo sephalamende kungaqinisa ukulandisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimiso sesimiso sidinga ukubukezwa ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze kuhlolwe ukuhlelwa kwe-SCs (ukuze kuzuze abancishwa kakhulu emphakathini) nokusingatha izihloko zohluzo ezisemfashinini we-SC.

Isiphetho

I-Schemed Castes and Spiderd Lived Coval Isendaweni ekhethekile nebalulekile kwezombangazwe zamaNdiya. Ukuqashelwa kwawo umthetho-sisekelo, ukubekwa kwezindawo ezisemkhakheni wezindlu zomthetho, nezinhlangano eziqhubekayo zezenhlalo kuye kwawaguqula kusukela kumamukelisi angenzi lutho abasebenzi abaya ezombangazwe abanamandla. Isikhungo somlando kusukela kuPoona Pact kuya kulokhu kugomela kwanamuhla kwabaholi be-Dalit no-Adivasi kuveza ukuqina kwalemiphakathi naphezu kobunzima bezimiso zezimiso.

Noma kunjalo, uhambo aluphelele. Ukuphumelela kwesimiso sokulawula izenhlalo kuhlala kugcwele, ukungalingani kwezomnotho kulinganisela amandla eqiniso, futhi ukumelelwa kwezombangazwe kuvame ukulokhu kukha phezulu. Ukuze kuqashelwe ngokugcwele ukungenela kwe-SC ne-ST , i-Ambedkar ingemuva kwe-democracy, ukugcinwa kwamandla angokomthetho, ukukhuthaza imfundo, nezombangazwe ezihlangene. Ukuphumelela kwentando yeningi yaseNdiya ngokwayo kuxhomeke ekutheni ikwazi kanjani ukuhlanganisa izakhamuzi zayo ezingaphansi kakhulu nesisekelo samandla. Njengoba uDkt. Ambedkar edumile, amandla ezombangazwe yisihluthulelo sokuguqula umphakathi (neSC) futhi i-SCs ne-STS, lokho akuwona nje umgomo kodwa ukulwa kwempi.