Ukuqonda Izinhlelo ZezaseRaje Sabha Nemihlangano Ephuthumayo

I-Raje Sabra, njengendlu ephezulu yePhalamende laseNdiya le-Baya, inendima ebalulekile ekwakheni umthetho kahulumeni, ukumelelwa kwezwe, nokuhlolwa kwemisebenzi kahulumeni. Nakuba iziqephu zayo zasikhathi sonke zilandela ikhalenda elimisiwe (ngokuvamile izingxenye ezintathu ngonyaka (iBridget, iMonshoon, neWinter)). Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo ezilandelayo kuyi-memo ye-Profetry ebaluleke kakhulu yokusingatha izindaba zesizwe. Le ngxoxo ihlela izinhlelo ezikhethekile nemihlangano ephuthumayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi uMkhandlu wamazwe ungazenza ngamabomu, umthetho obalulekile, noma uphendule izenzakalo ezingalindelekile ngaphandle kokuhlala. Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo ezihlelelwe ngokulandelana. Ukuqonda lezi zibaluleke kakhulu kubafundi bezedemoli yentando yezwe, umthetho womthetho, nomthetho ka-othoriji.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Negunya Elilawula Imithetho

Ukubizwa kwePhalamende kulawulwa ngokuyinhloko yiSiphakamiso 85 soMthetho-sisekelo waseNdiya. Kugunyaza ukuba uMongameli afake inombolo yendlu ngayinye yePhalamende ukuze ahlangane ngesikhathi nendawo efana naleyo uMongameli acabanga ukuthi iyafaneleka, kanye neproviso yokuthi izinyanga eziyisithupha ngeke zingene phakathi kokuhlala kwayo kokugcina esiqephini esisodwa nosuku olumiswe ukuba ihlale okokuqala esiqephini esilandelayo. Le lungiselelo liqinisekisa inani elilinganiselwe lokuhlala kodwa futhi linikeza amandla okulawula ukubiza imihlangano eyengeziwe lapho kudingekile. Igunya lokubiza isimiso esikhethekile alikho ngokuphelele; lisetshenziswa eselulekweni soMkhandlu yezikhulu eqondiswa uNdunankulu. Ngokusebenza, i-Compliniasteriast, itusa ukubuthwa kwesaziso esingokomthetho ngaphansi kwe-Adion, i-Syrab, kanye ne-Synha ye-Syday.

Imihlangano yezehlakalo − ngokuvamile kubhekiselwa kuyo ngokuthi “ukuhlala okukhethekile” noma“umhlangano ongavamile” (_awunawo amagebe ahlukene angokomthetho embhalweni womthetho-sisekelo kodwa uphathwa njengesethi lezikhathi ezikhethekile. Igama elithi “umhlangano wesikhathi esiphansi” usetshenziswa ngokwethukela lapho isidingo sokucabanga sicindezela kakhulu kangangokuba isikhathi esivamile sokuqaphela sincitshiswe kakhulu. Imithetho yenqubo yeRajiya Sabba, eyaziwa njenge-RLES yeProcreedure neS, ye-Chostments eMkhabeni yase-United States, inikeza isikhathi sokusebenza. Umthetho 3 ugunyaza i-Cheam (umphereant-Prent) ukulungisa isikhathi kanye nesihloko sokuhlenga. Ukubusa kwe-Centerna, noma ukuhla kwe-5).

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi “isimiso esikhethekile” singahlanganiswa futhi ngesicelo samalungu amaningi. Ngaphansi komthetho 5A, uma kungangaphansi kwesithupha sengqikithi yamalungu eRajiya Sabhaha inikeza isaziso ngokubhalela unobhala-Jixohova-wonke ukuthi afisa ukuhlala akhulume ngendaba ethile ekhethekile ebaluleke kakhulu emphakathini, uSihlalo singabheka ukuphuthuma nokungafezeki, situsa kuMongameli ukuba kuthunyelwe inqubo ekhethekile. Lokhu kunikeza inqubo yokuphikisa noma amalungu azimele ukuba aphoqelele ukuxoxa ngenkulumo engaphandle kwesimiso sikahulumeni, nakuba isinqumo sokugcina sisemqoka kuMongameli.

Ukufundwa okwengeziwe eSiphakamisweni 85 nakumandla okuthunga, kubhekisela ku- Constitution of India (Artle 85) ku-Constitution Of India.net.

Ukwehluka Phakathi Kwezikhathi Ezivamile, Ezikhethekile, Neziphuthumayo

Ukuze kugwenywe ukudideka, kudingeka kucaciswe izigaba ezintathu:

  • Iziqephu ezicubungulayo: zihlelwe kusengaphambili (Izimo, iMonsyoon, Ubusika) futhi zihlanganisa uhlelo olubanzi lwemithetho. Ivame ukuthatha amasonto ambalwa.
  • Izinhlelo ezihlukene[: Ihlanganisiwe ngaphandle kwekhalenda elivamile ukubhekisa impikiswano ethile(umk., uphawu lwesibonakaliso, isenzakalo sesikhumbuzo, noma inhlekelele yesizwe. Isaziso sinikezwa izinsuku ezimbalwa noma amasonto ambalwa ngaphambili, futhi uhlelo luvame ukulinganiselwa.
  • Imihlangano ebanzi[: Iqoqo elincane lezikhawu ezikhethekile elibizwa ngesaziso esincane (mhlawumbe 24-48) lisabela esimweni esiphuthumayo noma esingakaze sibonwe ngaphambili (umz., ukuqapha kwesizwe, inhlekelele engokwemvelo edinga ukuvunyelwa kwemithetho yosizo, noma inhlekelele engokomthetho-mthetho.

Kumkhuba wephalamende laseNdiya, igama elithi “isimiso esikhethekile” livame ukusetshenziswa kuzo zombili izigaba, kodwa imithetho yezaziso nezinhlelo iyahluka. Ngokwesibonelo, isimiso esikhethekile esenziwa ngo-September 2023 ukuze kuxoxwe nge-Women’s Reservation Bill sahlelwa kusengaphambili, kanti umhlangano ophuthumayo wokuxoxa ngokuphazima kweso kwezempi ungenziwa ngesaziso esifushane kakhulu.

Izinyathelo Zokufingqa Isimiso Esikhethekile

Ukungena Nokuhlola

Le nqubo iqala ngohulumeni (ngokuvamile iKomiti yeKhabhinethi ePhalamende efuna iMacala) inquma ukuthi isiqephu esikhethekile siyadingeka, noma ngokucelwa amalungu ngaphansi koMthetho 5A. Esimweni sikahulumeni, uNdunankulu noma uNgqongqoshe Wezindaba zePalamente unikeza isaziso esingokomthetho kuMongameli. UMongameli, eboshwe ngosizo nangeseluleko soMkhandlu Wezikhulu (iSiphakamiso 74), unikeza ukwaziswa ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 85(1). Kulungu eliyilungu elizimele, isihlalo kumelwe siqale siqinisekise ukuthi indaba ibalulekile emphakathini futhi isicelo sisekela (isithathungu-6).

Ukusakazeka Kwezilinganiso

Uma isaziso sikaMongameli sesikhishiwe eGazette yaseNdiya, uRajiya Sabha-Jikelele ubiza ilungu ngalinye, kanye nohlu lwezimo zokuqala noma lwebhizinisi. Ngaphansi kwezinqubo ezivamile, isaziso esincane sezinsuku eziyisikhombisa sinikezwa isimiso esikhethekile, nakuba lokhu kungakhishwa ezindaweni eziphuthumayo nguNobhala weSihlalo noMongameli. Izibalo zisho usuku, isikhathi, indawo (ngokuvamile iHholo Eliyinhloko lePhalamende noma, iHholo Eliphakathi lokuhlalisana), kanye nezinto zebhizinisi.

Ukuhleleka Kwe - Agenda

Izinhlelo zesimiso esikhethekile zincane kakhulu. Uhulumeni angasikisela isikweletu esisodwa, isinqumo, noma ingxoxo ngaphandle kokuvota (Umthetho 176). Ngokuphambene, izinqumo zasikhathi sonke zinezinqumiso ezinde ezihlanganisa izikweletu zebhizinisi, imibuzo, nemibiko yekomiti. Ezinhlamini ezikhethekile, iKomiti ye-Business Advisory (BAC) ye-Rapya Sabba, ephethwe nguNgqongqoshe we-Palamente Affary Affairs, ihlangana ukuze iqede uhlu lwezebhizinisi nezikhathi eziphuthumayo. Emihlanganweni yesimo esiphuthumayo, i-BACC inganqanyulwa, futhi i-Cairman anqume ngokuqondile uhlelo lwezebhizinisi.

4. Ukuqhuba Isimiso

Izikhathi ezikhethekile zilandela imithetho efanayo yenqubo njengezikhathi ezivamile eziphathelene nokuziphatha, ukuvota, nokuthatha izivumelwano. Nokho, uSihlalo ngokuvamile ucela uMthetho ka-267 ukuba umise noma yimuphi umthetho ongase uvimbele ibhizinisi eliphuthumayo. Ngokwesibonelo, imfuneko yesaziso sangaphambili semvume (awuvamile izinsuku ezimbili) inganqandwa. Quorum (amalungu angu 25) kumelwe abe khona; uma kunoma kunoma kuliphi iqophelo isaziso sokuntula kwe-carmam, ukuhlala kuyadidelwa. Izindaba ezingaphansi kwe-aststantive, njengomthetho noma isinqumo, ziqhutshwa ngisho nokuhlukana (izwi eliwuhlelo noma izwi) ngaphandle kokuba indlu ivumelana nokubukiswa okulula kwezandla. Ngomthetho-mthetho-onke, amalungu amaningi (inani elikhethekile, futhi amaningi) alandelana amalungu alandelana kanye nengqikithi yesimiso esikhethekile.

Inqubo Yemihlangano Ephuthumayo

Imihlangano ephuthumayo ibekwa ngesivinini esikhulu kakhulu nangomthetho omncane. Uhlelo olungokomthetho lufanayo(Arthucle 85) kodwa izinyathelo ezisebenzayo zicindezelwe:

  • Isinqumo seCabinet: UNdunankulu umisa umhlangano wekhabethe wesimo esiphuthumayo, otusa ukubizelwa ngokushesha. UMongameli uyatshelwa futhi ukhiphe isaziso ngamahora ambalwa.
  • Nothi lokwaziswa kumalungu: UNobhala-oxhumane--Jikelele amalungu ngocingo, nge-SMS, nge-imeyili, nangesikhulu i-AwasApp. Amaqembu asemthethweni anyathelisiwe angahanjiswa kamuva. Amalungu alindeleke ukuba atholakale ngesaziso esifushane; imithetho ivumela isaziso esifushane njengokubona inkathi elula (uma kuvamile amahora angama-24).
  • Agenda: Izinhlelo zinqunywa ngaphambi kokuba zifike futhi ngokuvamile zihlanganisa into eyodwa(umz. izwi lokuvuma ukubusa kukaMongameli ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 356, noma ukugunyaza umthetho wesimo esiphuthumayo. Akukho zikweleta ezintsha ezingathunyelwa ngaphandle kokusakazwa kwangaphambili, kodwa isikweleti esisusiwe kakade esiqeshini esidlule singathathwa.
  • Isikhathi silinganiselwa: Usihlalo ubeka imingcele eqinile yesikhathi yezinkulumo (umzk., imizuzu eyishumi ngelungu) ukuze aqinisekise umhlangano uphele ngokushesha. Umhlangano ungase ufe ngemva kokuba into ilahliwe, noma ungabekwa ngokusemthethweni nguMongameli.

Isibonelo somhlangano wesimo esiphuthumayo wenziwa ngo-26 November 2008, ngemva kokuhlasela kobuphekula baseMumbai. IRaje Sabha ibizelwa ukuba kuhlale isenzakalo esikhethekile ngosuku olulodwa ngo-77 November ukuze kudluliswe isinqumo esilahla ukuhlasela nokuxoxa ngezinyathelo zokuphepha.

Ukuze uthole ukuqonda ngezimo ezinjalo eziphuthumayo, bheka PRS Legislative Research – IPhalamende's sessions.

Indima Yosihlalo Nomongameli

UMongameli waseNdiya uyinhloko yomthetho-sisekelo obiza, ofaka iziphakamiso, okhuluma nazo zombili izakhiwo. Ngezikhathi ezikhethekile, uMongameli angakhetha ukubiza ukuhlaliswa (isimo, ekuqaleni kwePhalamende elisha noma isikhumbuzo esibalulekile). Nokho, uMongameli akanakwenqaba ukumenywa uma iKhabhinethi iluleka, ngaphandle kwezimo ezingavamile lapho iseluleko singahambisani nesimiso sobuProtoma.

Usihlalo weRaje Sabha (umongameli ongumKhosi) usebenzisa ukuqonda okuphawulekayo phakathi nezikhathi ezikhethekile. Usihlalo:

  • Isinqumo esinquma ukuthi into ethile engenakuhamba ingeyokuhlala ngaphansi koMthetho 5A.
  • Ungamisa imithetho evamile yebhizinisi (isib., phawula izikhathi) ngaphansi koMthetho 267 ukuze kuvuselelwe impikiswano ephuthumayo.
  • Ukugcina ukuhleleka futhi kungamisa indlu uma kwenzeka ukuphazamiseka —hhayi isenzakalo esingavamile ezimisweni ezikhethekile ezishisayo.
  • Iqondisa inqubo yokuvota futhi imemezele umphumela.

Uma ingekho isihlalo, uSekela likasihlalo uyabusa. Uma bobabili bengekho, indlu ikhetha usihlalo ozohlala phakathi kwamalungu ayo.

Ukulinganiselwa Neziphazamiso

Naphezu kokuvumelana nezimo, izikhathi ezikhethekile nemihlangano ephuthumayo zibhekana nezithiyo ezibalulekile:

  • Imingcele ye-Consitugational : Iqoqo 85 nemithetho ayinakuthathwa. Ngokwesibonelo, isiqephu esikhethekile asinakusetshenziswa ukudlulisa isitatimende esidinga umbiko wangaphambili kuyi Gazette (njengesilungisiso somthetho-sisekelo) ngaphandle kokulandela izigaba ezimisiwe.
  • Jodicial Review: INkantolo Ephakeme yaseNdiya iye yathi amandla okumisa isenzo sezombangazwe, kodwa akugonyelwe ngokuphelele ekuhloleni kokwahlulela uma kuboniswa ukuthi ukubizwa kuyi-dalafide noma ukwephula amalungelo ayisisekelo (umz., ukunqikaza ngamabomu umhlangano wokugwema ukuvota). Endabeni [[FLT:] i-Special Charence No.1 ka-2002] (Umhlangano we-Garite), iNkantolo yaphinda futhi ukubaluleka kokufuna ukuvota okusemthethweni.
  • Izikhathi zamaNotice: Nakuba imihlangano ephuthumayo ivumela isaziso esifushane kakhulu, imithetho ifuna ukuba uhlelo luxoxwe namalungu okungenani amahora ambalwa ngaphambi kokuhlala. Ukwehluleka ukwenza kanjalo kungaholela enseleleni engokobulungisa bemvelo.
  • [[NT.0] Quorum nokuziphatha: Uma indlu ingenayo i-moraum (amalungu angaphansi kwama-25), iSihlalo kumelwe sithuthe. Lokhu ngezinye izikhathi kuye kwenzeka ezinhlanganweni ezikhethekile lapho amaqembu aphikisayo ekhandwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amalungu aboshwa ngemithetho yekuziphatha; ukuziphatha okungahlelekile kungaholela ekuthuleni.
  • Agenda Constitution: Isimiso esikhethekile asinakuguqulwa sibe isiqephu esivamile. Uma uhulumeni ezama ukusungula ibhizinisi elingahlobene, amalungu angaphakamisa amaphuzu okuhleleka ngaphansi koMthetho 243. U-Agenda unegunya lokuvala impikiswano ezintweni ezaziswe.
  • Ukuveza[: Ngemva kokuphela kwesimiso esikhethekile, uMongameli ukhipha umyalo wokukhipha imvume. Lokhu kuqeda isiqephu; noma iliphi ibhizinisi elingakaphothulwanga ngaphandle kokuba lidluliselwe ngokuqondile (kwezikhawu ezikhethekile). Lokhu kuyahluka ngokufushaniswa kwesono esifihlwayo, okugcina isimiso siphila.

Izenzakalo Ezingokomlando Zezikhathi Ezikhethekile Neziphuthumayo

Izikhathi eziningana eziphawulekayo zibonisa omakhenikha nokubaluleka kwabo:

  • Inhlangano ye-Emergency: Ngemva kokumenywa kwesimo esiphuthumayo sesizwe ngo-25 June 1975, isimiso esikhethekile sePhalamende sabuthwa ngoJuly 1975 ukuze siqinise isimemezelo ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 352. Isimiso saba sifushane, futhi amaphuzu ahleliwe alinganiselwe ekuvumeni isimo esiphuthumayo.
  • Intlanganiso enguKashmir: Ngemva kokuhlasela iPhalamende ngo-13 Disemba 2001, isiqephu esikhethekile sazo zombili izindlu sabizwa ngo-14 December ukuba sidlulise isinqumo esilahla ukuhlasela nokuxoxa ngokuphepha kwesizwe. Umhlangano wawuthintana ngokomzwelo futhi wabonakala seduze nokusekela uhulumeni ngokuma.
  • Isiqephu esikhethekile se-AP Reorganing: IRajiya Sabha yaba nesimiso esikhethekile ngo-17-18 February 2014 ukudlulisa i-AndraPradesh Reorganing Bill, eyadala i-Tengazana. Isimiso sanwetshwa ngaphezu kwekhalenda elivamile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-transmont, nikezwa ukuzwela kwezombangazwe.
  • 2023 Isimiso Esikhethekile kuReservation : IPhalamende laba nesimiso esikhethekile sosuku lwesihlanu kusukela ngo-1822 September 2023 esakhiweni esisha sePhalamende. I-Rajiya Sabba yaxoxa futhi yadlula i-Nari Shakta Vandan Addoniyam (ISigqi Sabesifazane) ngokusekela okukhulu, kodwa futhi lesi simiso sahlanganisa nezinye izinto zomthetho ezifana nomphathi omkhulu weSikhulu weSikhulu soMphathi-Sikhulu soMphathi woMkhosi uBill. Lesimiso sasiphawuleka ngokuba singowokuqala esakhiweni esisha nohlelo olubanzi lwangaphambi kwesiqephu.

Ukuze uthole uhlelo lwezikhathi lwe-Raje Sabha, vakashela i-Official Raja Sabba Website.

Ithonya Ekwamukeleni Kwemithetho Nokulandisa Kwentando Yeningi

Izinqumo ezikhethekile kanye nemihlangano ephuthumayo kufeza izinjongo ezimbili: yenza uhulumeni akwazi ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokushesha ezinkingeni, kodwa futhi unikeza ipulatifomu lokuhlola ukuphikiswa. Ngokwesibonelo, isiqephu esikhethekile esibizwa ukuba sidlulise isikhwama esibucayi sezimali sivumela iRajiya Sabba ukuba ihlole amalungiselelo ayo ngaphambi kokuba ivunyelwe, ngisho nangaphansi kokucindezela kwesikhathi. Isimiso esicinene sivame ukusho ukuthi ukuhlola kuncishiswa `a' ukudambisa phakathi kwesivinini nophenyo. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ngezinye izikhathi ohulumeni basebenzisa kabi izinqubo ezikhethekile ukuze badlulise izinqubo ezivamile zomthetho, ikakhulukazi uma iqembu elibusayo lingenayo iningi eRajiya Sabra. Nokho, imfuneko ye-smum kanye nekhono lamalungu lokuphakamisa izintambo zokuhlela.

Ukuvumelana nezimo kusekela ukulandisa kwentando yeningi. Imihlangano yezezimo eziphuthumayo iqinisekisa ukuthi iphalamende lithola imvume yezenzo eziphethe njengobuPresidenti weSiphakamiso 356 (okumelwe ukuba kuvunyelwe yizo zombili izakhiwo phakathi nezinyanga ezimbili). Ngaphandle kwekhono lokuhlanganisa ngokushesha, umphathi angase asebenze ngaphandle kokuqondisa kwezikhathi ezinde, anciphise isimiso somthwalo wemfanelo wenhlangano.

Umbono Oqhathaniswayo: Izikhathi Ezikhethekile Kwezinye Izindlu Eziphezulu

Ukuqhathanisa okufushane nezinye izimiso ze-badamaral kuqokomisa indlela ye-Indiya. EUnited Kingdom, iNdlu ye-Lord Speaker ingakhunjulwa phakathi nempoqo yesicelo sikahulumeni sebhizinisi eliphuthumayo, njengesempi. E-United States, iSigele singabizelwa eqenjini elikhethekile nguMongameli ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso II, igalelo 3 soMthetho-sisekelo. Inqubo yaseNdiya iseduze ne-UK, nomphathi (ngoMongameli) ophethe amandla ayinhloko, kodwa ngenqubo ekhethekile yelungu elinolwe-intshiwe ngaphansi koMthetho 5A evumela abantu abambalwa ukuba bafune ukuba bahlale ngokukhethekile. Nakuba le lungiselelo lisetshenziswa ngempumelelo, liyisicici esivelele senqubo yemithetho yaseNdiya ekhulisa amalungelo amancane.

Ukuze uhlole ngokuqhathanisa izinqubo zephalamende, bheka I-Inter-Parliamentary Union – Parline Idatagrammary[[FLT: 1].

Izindlela Eziwusizo Nemikhuba Emihle

Ngokusekelwe emlandweni, kuye kwavela imikhuba eminingana engcono kakhulu yokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinkathi ezikhethekile zifeza injongo yazo ngaphandle kokululaza izimiso zephalamende:

  • [[UMTL:0] Isaziso kuLungu : Ngisho nasemihlanganweni ephuthumayo, isaziso esincane samahora ambalwa kufanele sinikezwe, kanye nombhalo ohleliwe, ukuze kuvunyelwe ukuthatha isinyathelo esinolwazi.
  • [ Strict Agenda: Usihlalo kufanele abophe umthetho wokuthi izinto ezazisiwe kuphela ezixoxwayo, ukuze kuvinjelwe isimiso ukuba singabi yinkulumo evamile.
  • [ Ukuphathwa kwesikhathi: Ukusetshenziswa kwemingcele yesikhathi, njengoba kutuswa yi-Business Advisory Committee, kuqinisekisa ukuthi indlu iqede ibhizinisi layo ngaphandle kokunweba isikhathi ngokungafanele.
  • Iqopha-kahti yokugcina: Izincwadi ezigcwele zeziqephu ezikhethekile zinyatheliswa kuyiRajiya Sabba Debations futhi zibalulekile ukuze kubhekiswe kuzo ngokomlando nangokomthetho. Ukugcinwa kwalemicikilisho kuthuthukise ukufinyelela [[[FLT:] umtapo wezincwadi [[FLT:]]

Isiphetho

The procedures for Rajya Sabha’s special sessions and emergency meetings represent a carefully calibrated balance between executive authority, parliamentary flexibility, and constitutional safeguards. Rooted in Article 85 and fleshed out by the Rules of Procedure, these mechanisms allow India’s upper house to address urgent national matters without waiting for the regular calendar. The authority to summon rests with the President on Cabinet advice, but members also possess a statutory right to demand a special sitting. Emergency meetings, though rare, demonstrate the system’s ability to respond to crises within hours while maintaining a minimum level of democratic deliberation. Limitations—such as quorum requirements, agenda restrictions, and judicial oversight—prevent abuse. As India’s parliamentary democracy evolves, the use of these procedures will continue to be a litmus test for the government’s commitment to legislative propriety and responsive governance. Students and practitioners alike should master these rules, for they are the bedrock of crisis management in the world’s largest democracy.