Okhetho oluyinhloko yiziteshi lapho amaqembu ezombangazwe ekhetha khona abathwali bawo abavamile kukhetho oluvamile. Nakuba okhetho oluvamile lunquma ukuthi ubani ophethe isikhundla, amaprince anquma ukuthi ubani ophethe inqubo ye- abavoti abafuna ukukhethwa kuyo. Ukuqonda indlela abavoti abasebenza ngayo, ukushintshashintsha kwezindawo, nemiphumela yabo emide yezwe lezombangazwe kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo kuzo zonke izigaba zenqubo zokhetho. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukubheka kokhetho oluyinhloko — umlando wabo, izimpawu, ama-akhenicium, izimpawu, nezingxoxo eziqhubekayo ezibazungezile.

Yini Ekhethwa Kuqala?

Ukhetho oluyinhloko luwukhetho oluqhutshekiselwa eqenjini lezombangazwe lokukhetha abantu abazokhethwa ngokulandela. Ngokungafani nokhetho oluvamile, oluthi abazothatha izintambo emaqenjini ahlukene, amaqembu ayizimpi yangaphakathi. Futhi bangangaba abahlanganyeli kukhetho oluthile lwendawo noma lokwahlulela, lapho abafezi ababili abaphezulu bethuthuka kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bakanye neqembu.

Ama - carmentiry afeza imisebenzi eminingana:

  • Ukukhetha okungabhekisi phambili: Bavala umkhakha wabaphikisi babe yi-numinee eyodwa ngeqembu (noma, ngezimiso ezimbili eziphezulu, ezimbili ezithatha iziqu) jikelele.
  • Isakhiwo sengxenye: Bahlanganyela amalungu edili futhi basize ekuchazeni isiteji seqembu ngokuvumela abavoti ukuba baphawule izintando zesimiso.
  • Ukuhlanganyela kwedemokrasi:[ Banikeza izakhamuzi ezivamile izwi eliqondile ekukhetheni abaholi, kunokuba bashiyele iziphakamiso ezingaphakathi.

Imithetho elawula abaphathi iyahlukahluka kakhulu ngokombuso, kuhlanganise nokuthi ubani ongase avote, indlela izihambeli ezabelwe ngayo, nokuthi umncintiswano uyabopha noma uyaqamba.

Umlando Omfushane Wemibono Eyinhloko

Ukhetho oluyinhloko luyintuthuko yesimanje yentando yeningi yaseMelika. Ingxenye enkulu yekhulu le-19 leminyaka, abameleli babekhethwa amaqembu amancane abantu abavelele emibuthanweni emikhulu nasemihlanganweni emikhulu — inqubo ngokuvamile eyonakaliswa yimisebenzi yendlu yangemva nenkohlakalo. Inhlangano eqhubekayo yasekuqaleni kwawo-1900 yaqhutshekiselwa phambili izindlela ezicace ngokwengeziwe, zokuvota-imponfoza.

UWisconsin wamisa uhlelo lokuqala oluqondile oluqondiswe ngokuqondile embusweni kazwelonke ngo1903 ngaphansi koMbusi uRobert La Follette. Ezinye izifundazwe zalandela ngokushesha, futhi ngawo-1920 iningi lalingasenabo okhethweni oluyinhloko. Nokho, la maprincering ayevame ukungabambi “imincintiswano e-ohawu” eyayingalawuli ukumiswa kwesabelo esikhethekile. I-Democratic National Convention yabonisa inkathi yoshintsho: ukubhikica iMpi yaseVietnam yaqokomisa ukuncintisana phakathi kweqembu labaphezulu notshani. Ngokuphendula, i-McGovern-Fraser Commission yaguqula imithetho yeDdemocratic Par, ifuna ukuba izihambeli zikhethwe ngokuvula, ngokuphakanyiswa kwengxenye. Lokhu kwakhuthaza ukunyuka kweminyaniswa kohlulo oluyinhloko lokhetho lokhetho novoti.

Namuhla, wonke amazwe asebenzisa ukhetho oluyinhloko noma i - caucus ukuze abeke izihambeli ezizomisa umongameli, futhi amaningi asebenzisa iziteshi eziyinhloko ukuze adlulisele izinkulumo zikahulumeni kanye nezinkulumo zendawo.

Izinhlobo Zokhetho Oluyinhloko

Imithetho ingathinta ngokuphawulekayo ukuthi abazobhapathizwa baqhubekele phambili futhi bazizwe kanjani ngenqubo.

Ukuvula Imisebenzi

Ngokuyinhloko, noma yimuphi umvoti obhalisiwe angahlanganyela ekuhlanganyeleni kwelungu eliyinhloko, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uvoti ungowaliphi iqembu. Abavoteli bakhetha ukuthi yiliphi iqembu abazolithatha lapho befika kuleyo mibono. Lesi simiso sikhuthaza ukuba abavoti bangenele futhi bavumele abavoti ukuba banqamule futhi bathonye ukuthatha kweqembu eliphikisayo.

Izimpawu: ukukhetha okukhulu, ukuvota, ukuthatha i-pad, nokungaqinile kakhulu. Izingozi: Ingozi “yokuvota,” lapho amalungu eqembu elithile evota phambili kwelinye ilungu ukuze athathe umlandeli ongcono kakhulu.

Izinhlamvu Zemali Ezivalekile

Imingcele eyinhloko yokuvota kulabo kuphela abangamalungu abhalisile alowomcimbi.

Izibonakaliso: zivikela inqubo yokuhloba komvoti ephazanyiswa ngaphandle; ziqinisekisa ukuthi iminengwane ibonisa izintando zamalungu eqembu elisebenziwe. Amakhonte:[ Ihlanganisa ingxenye enkulu nekhulayo yevota — ezimele — futhi ingaveza izithakazelo ezinkulu kakhulu.

Ama - semi - Primicrial Avalekile

Futhi yaziwa nangokuthi amaprimie ayingxubevange, izimiso ezingavalwanga zivumela abavoti abangakafilifi abakhethe ukuthi yimuphi umkhakha oyinhloko weqembu ozovota kuwo, kodwa amalungu eqembu abhalisiwe kumelwe avote embangweni weqembu lawo siqu.

Izibonakaliso:[ Izilinganiso zeqembu lokuzibusa kanye nokuzimela kwabantu abazimele. Ikhonti:[ Namanje ayisafaki abavoti ababhalisiwe eqenjini elihlukile ngaphandle kokuba bashintshe izivumelwano ngaphambi kosuku olumisiwe.

Semi-evula amaPrimita

Okufana nokuvalwa kancane, kodwa lapha noma yimuphi umvoti angakhetha ukuthi yimuphi ngokuyinhloko angahlanganyela kuwo, ngisho noma ebhaliswe neqembu elihlukile — nakuba kungadingeka ukuba amemezele obala lokho kukhetha endaweni yokuvota. Umehluko osuka kwesobala esobala ucashile futhi ngezinye izikhathi usetshenziswa ngokungafani.

Inqwaba Yezigebengu (Izingxenye Eziphezulu - Zimbili)

Njengoba isetshenziswa eCalifornia, eWashington, naseNebraska, lesi simiso sibeka bonke abazobhapathizwa — kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bangenele iqembu — ebhokisini elilodwa eliyinhloko. Abavoti ababili abaphezulu, ngisho noma bobabili bevela eqenjini elilodwa, baqhubekela phambili okhethweni oluvamile.

Izibonakaliso:[ zikhuthaza ukulinganisela; zinganciphisa i-gridlock. Ikhoni: ingavala izigaba zesithathu futhi ngezinye izikhathi ikhiqize izimemo ezimbili ezizokklelwa emcimbini ofanayo, inikeze abavoti abakhethi ukukhetha i-protransferss.

Izindawo zokudayisa eziphezulu

Alaska isebenzisa isici esiphezulu esine, lapho abaphambili abane beqhubekela phambili kukhetho olunobukhokha. Lesi simiso sihlanganisa ukuthatha uhlangothi okubanzi kwababili kanye nezinzuzo zokuvota okuphezulu.

Umongameli we-Primitary u-v. State/Louniver Primitary

Iziqu zikamongameli zisebenza ngenkathi ehlukile — ngokuvamile kusukela ngoFebruary kuya kuJune weminyaka yokhetho — futhi zihlela izihambeli zemihlangano yezwe. Umbuso nezindawo zokufundela zendawo kwenzeka ngosuku olulodwa, ngokuvamile entwasahlobo noma ehlobo, futhi zikhethe ngokuqondile ihhovisi ngalinye.

Indlela Okusebenza Ngayo Ukukhetha Okuyinhloko

Ukuqonda imingcele enikezwa abanye, imingcele emisiwe efinyelelwe nendima yemihlangano yesigodi kunikeza umbono ogcwele.

Thumela i-Alpha

Kumongameli oyisigebengu, abavoti bakhetha abavoti abathola isabelo seqembu labameleli. Izihambeli zinikezwa ngokwesilinganiso (amaphesenti omvoti anquma isilinganiso sawo sezithunywa) noma ngokuthola bonke (ovoti abathola inxanxathela abavela kuzo zonke). Imincintiswano eminingi yeDemocratic iba yizihambeli ezihlukene; imithetho yeRepublican iyahluka ngokwesifundazwe. Izindawo nezindawo ngokuvamile ziqondiswe ngqo: umvoti okhokhelwayo ngevoti enkulu kakhulu uzuza imvume eqondile.

Ukubhalisa Kwezigebengu Nezinsimbi Ezifile

Ukuze ivoti ivele eqophelweni eliyinhloko, izakhamuzi kumelwe zibhaliswe ngenkathi emisiwe yizwe lazo. Ezizweni ezingavunyelwe, abavoti kumelwe bameme phambili ukuthi bakanye neqembu. Izifundazwe eziningi zivumela ukubhaliswa kosuku olulodwa lwabangasese, kodwa ezinye zidinga ukubhaliswa emasontweni noma izinyanga ezingaphambili. Ukuhlola ingosi yokhetho kazwelonke kuyagxeka.

Ukuthunyelwa Kweposi Nokuthunyelwa Kweposi

Cishe wonke amazwe anikeza uhlobo oluthile lokuvota ngeposi noma ngokuvota amapulasitiki. Imithetho iyahlukahluka: eminye idinga izaba, eminye ivumela noma ubani ovotayo ukuba acele iposi. Ezifundazweni ezinjenge-Oregon, iColorado, neWashington, zonke izinqumo — kuhlanganise nePrimerimery — ziqhutshwa ngeposi ngokuphelele.

Ama - “caucuuse ”

Izifunda ezimbalwa zisasebenzisa ama-caucus esikhundleni samahhala emahhovisi athile (ngokuphawulekayo i-Iowa yemibuthano yomongameli kuze kube muva nje). Izindawo zokuhlangana zezindawo lapho abathathi-nxaxheba bexoxa khona futhi bevota ngokubonisa izandla noma i-collet yangasese. Zidinga isikhathi esiningi esibophekayo (amahora amaningi) futhi zithambekele ekutholeni abavoti abaningi abathembiswe ngokwezombangazwe. Izifunda eziningi ziye zashintsha zisuka kuma-caucusus ziya ezindaweni zokuthatha iqhaza ukuze zithuthukise futhi zinciphise ukuyinkimbinkimbi kwemizwa kwezindaba.

Okwenza Ukukhetha Okuyinhloko Kube Nendaba

Izenzo zobugebengu zihlela abavoti ababhekene nobuso babo ngoNovember. Umuntu ohamba phambili angaphakamisa abameleli abanamandla; umuntu oklanywe kabi angaveza abaholi abangakhangi kakhulu noma abahluleka ukubonakalisa ukuhlukahluka kwalenhlangano.

Ithonya Engqondweni Yesayensi Yesayensi Yezitho Zokusebenza Kwezimila

Amaprimie avalwe avame ukuveza abantu abafuna ukuthatha izintambo eziqine kakhulu ngoba yibona kuphela abazinikele kakhulu kulo qembu — futhi ngokuvamile abavoti kakhulu — abahlanganyela. Ukuvula nezindawo ezimbili ezingaphezulu kuvame ukusekela abavoti abangcono abakwazi ukudlulisa izintambo zeqembu. Ukucwaninga kososayensi bezombangazwe njengo-Thad Kousser ne University of California kubonisa ukuthi amakhonda aphezulu aholela ezikhulwini ezikhethelwe kakhulu.

Umphumela Wesijikijolo

Okhetho oluyinhloko luthola isilinganiso esiphansi ngokungaguquki kunokhetho oluvamile. Eminyakeni yobumongameli, amaprojekthi athatha isilinganiso esingu-30% sabavoti abafanele; phakathi neminyaka, kungawa ngaphansi kwamashumi amabili%. Ukunqikaza kusho ukuthi i-costation encane, eshukunyisiwe ingaba nethonya elinamandla kumphumela wokuthola i-offary. Izinguquko ezenza ukuba izingeniso zitholakale kalula — njengokuvula ama-primetic noma ukuvota okuzisebenzela — zingathuthukisa ukuthatha iqhaza.

Ithonya Ezindaweni Eziyingxube

Umncintiswano oyinhloko ungaphoqelela abazohlanganyela ukuba bathathe izimo ezicacile ngezindaba ezihlukanisayo, ezibe seziyingxenye yemiyalezo yeqembu ethunyelwa ngokhetho oluvamile.

Imiphumela Yemithombo Yezindaba Neyokukhokhela Izimali

Imidlalo yokuqala enjenge-New Hampshire ne-South Carolina ithola ukunakekela okunenzuzo, inikeza amandla noma ubuthakathaka obuveza izimpawu. Ukukhokha nakho kubucayi: abaqongelela imali ngaphambi kwesikhathi bangasinda ekubukekeni okungafanelekile, kuyilapho labo abahlulekayo ukuhlangana nezitebhisi ngokuvamile behla ngaphambi kweSiphelo Esikhulu sangoLwesibili.

Indlela Abasebenza Ngemishini Abangahlanganyela Ngayo Ezahlulelweni Zobugebengu

Ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo ezindlini eziqashisayo kungenye yezindlela eziqondile zokuthonya okhethweni.

Bhalisa Futhi Uhlole Isimo Seqembu Lakho

Visit your state’s election office website to register or confirm your registration. Note any party affiliation requirements and the deadline to change affiliation before the primary. Some states allow unaffiliated voters to participate in a party’s primary by requesting a ballot on Election Day; others require a change weeks in advance.

Yazi Uhlobo Oluyinhloko Lwezwe Lakho

Ukuqonda ukuthi isimo sakho sivulekile, sivaliwe, sivalwe kancane, noma sinezitsha ezimbili eziphezulu kunquma ikhono lakho lokuvota. Izindawo zokuvota zivame kakhulu kukhetho lukamasipala nolwahluleli.

Ukucwaninga Nezindaba

Ukhetho oluyinhloko luhilela abantu abaningi abazothatha iziteshi ezifanayo ephepheni. Ukuya ezindaweni zokuvota, ukufunda izindaba zendawo, nokubukeza iziyalezo ezingenayo zesigaba.

Ukushesha Ukukhipha Izincwadi Noma Ngeposi

Sebenzisa inzuzo yokuvota kwasekuqaleni noma ukuvota ngeposi ukuze ugweme imigqa emide noma izingxabano ngoSuku Lokhetho. Izizwe eziningi zikuvumela ukuba ucele iposi yokuvota emasontweni angaphambi kwe-patting. Yibuyise ngokushesha ukuze uqiniseke ukuthi ibaliwe.

Ovolontiya Noma Abanikelayo

Kulabo abafuna ukudlula ekuvotelweni, ukuzinikela emkhankasweni oyinhloko kunganikeza okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu.

Ukugxekwa Nezinguquko Zokhetho Oluyinhloko

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi isimiso samanje sinamaphutha amaningi alulaza ukumelela kwentando yeningi.

Inkathi Ephansi Nengamele

Njengoba kuphawuliwe, ukuvota okuyinhloko kuphansi futhi kuthambekele kubadala, abacebile, nakuvota abavoti kakhulu. Lokhu kungaveza abakhonya abangabonisi i-votethi ebanzi. Abashisekeli benguquko benza usuku lokuqala lube iholide, bandise amavoti ngeposi, futhi babhalisele abavoti ngokuzenzakalela ukuze bathuthukise ukuvota.

IPartisan Gerrymandering yasezifundani

Okhethweni oluvamile, ukuqondisa ngokuvamile kwakha izigodi ezilondekile lapho okuwukuphela kwempi eyinhloko ehilelekile. Ezifundeni ezinjalo, ongcono kakhulu unquma umnqobi ngokuphumelelayo, enikeza amandla kubantu abambalwa abavotayo abahlanganyelayo. Ukulungisa inguquko kanye nokuzimela kungasiza, kodwa inkinga iyaqhubeka.

Ukudumazeka Kwamavoter Azimele

Cishe amaphesenti angu-40 abantu baseMelika abizwa ngokuthi abantu abazimele. Ezizweni ezivalekile, bakhishwa enqubeni yokukhokha izintela, ngisho nakuba bekhokhisa ukhetho. Abasekeli bekhokhi abavulekile baphikisa ngokuthi bonke abavoti kufanele basho okuthile ngokukhetha abazongenela, kuyilapho abaxhasi beqembu bephikisana ngokuthi izigebengu ziyizindaba zangasese.

Umphumela we-“Spoiler” Ohlelweni oluphezulu-mbili

Izindawo ezingaphezulu-mbili zingaveza ukhetho oluvamile nababili abazobhapathizwa eqenjini elifanayo, kushiye abasekeli bomunye umuntu bengenawo ummelelo. Ezinye izifundazwe, njengo-Alaska, ziye zathatha ukuvota okusemthethweni ukuze zinciphise lendaba.

Imali Etholakala Ezindaweni Ezingabizi

Imikhankaso eyinhloko iye yabiza kakhulu, isebenzisa imali ephuma ngaphandle kumaProces aPhakeme namaqembu emali emnyama efeza indima enkulu. Lokhu kunganqanda izakhamuzi ezivamile ukuba zingagijimi futhi kungavimbela inqubo yokuya kwabazohlolwa abaphambili. Iziphakamiso zezezimali zezemali — njengezinhlelo ezincane ezihambelanayo — zizimisele ukunciphisa ithonya lemali enkulu.

Izimfuneko Zokuguqula Izwe

  • [[UMTL:0] Izangaphandle: Vumela bonke abavoti ukuba bahlanganyele kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bangabaphi abakanye nayo.
  • ukuvota okunezintambo: Kusetshenziswa eMaine, e-Alaska, nasemapulasipala amaningi; kuqinisekisa ukuthi unqobile futhi unciphisa ukuvota okusemthethweni.
  • [[I] jungle primeries: Elinye igama elisho iprimical engaphakele.
  • Okuyinhloko ngokuvota ngeposi: Ezinye izifundazwe (umz., Oregon) zihamba ngeposi, zifaka imvume.
  • guqula isici esiyinhloko sezwe: Isiphakamiso sokugcina zonke izipringi zikamongameli ngosuku olulodwa ukunciphisa ubandlululo lokungena phambili nezokusakaza.

Ukukhethwa Okuyinhloko Emhlabeni Wonke

Nakuba amaprimend avelele kakhulu e-United States, amanye amazwe asebenzisa izinqubo eziqondile zokumisa amagama. Ngokwesibonelo, amaqembu amakhulu aseCanada akhetha abaholi ngemihlangano eholayo ngezinye izikhathi ehlanganisa amavoti ngeposi phakathi kwamalungu. Amazwe amaningana ase-Latin America (njengaseChile nase-Uruguay) avulekile noma avalwe ama-prinsicrip amaqembu angenawo amaqembu. EYurophu, ukhetho lwamaqembu luvamile kwamanye amazwe (umzz, ama-frentay’s “primas” amaqembu asemanxele athwe athwe). U. — Ingqayizithwathwane yezibalo nesigaba sesifunda sezwe sikahulumeni nesifundazwe sihlala sihlukile. — ihlala inqaba.

Imithombo Yezincwadi

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okunegunya ngemithetho eyinhloko yokhetho, imingcele emisiwe, nokwaziswa okungokomlando, bheka lemithombo elandelayo engeyona eyabefundisi:

Ulwazi oluqondile lwezwe lutholakala kangcono ehhovisi lakho lokhetho lwendawo.

Isiphetho

Ukhetho oluyinhloko yinjini yokutyulwa kwezombangazwe e-United States. Abanqumi nje kuphela ukuthi ubani ovela ku-collat ngoNovember kodwa futhi ukuthi yiziphi izikhundla eziphikwayo eziphikiswayo futhi yiziphi izinqumo ezinikezwa izwi. Imithetho — evulwe, ivalwe, i-2, noma i-caucus — ihlela umphumela njengalabo abazobhapathizwa ngokwabo. Ngokuqonda laba abakhandi nabenza umsebenzi, abavoti bangasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ama-printo aveza abaholi abamele ngempela abamele intando yabantu.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyilungu leqembu lokuphila konke noma umvoti ozimele, ukuhileleka kwakho ezindabeni eziyinhloko. Hlola ukubhalisa kwakho, funda imithetho kazwelonke, futhi wenze icebo lokuvota. Okulandelayo kuseduze kakhulu kunalokho ocabanga ngakho.