Isifungo somongameli sesikhundla singaphezu kakhulu kokubhalwa kwesiko noma umkhosi wesiko. Siyisithembiso sokwengamela ukubusa kwentando yeningi okunesibopho esingokomthetho esimisa isisekelo sokuziphatha nesomthetho wegunya eliphethe. Ezizweni emhlabeni wonke, umongameli uphakamisa isandla sakhe futhi aphinda amazwi amisiwe, balahla obala ukulangazelela komuntu siqu nokuthembeka ekwakheni umthetho, umthetho wentando yeningi, nomthetho-sisekelo, nabantu abawakhonzayo. Lesi senzo asisona nje isibonakaliso; siyindlela ebucayi yokusungula, ukusekela nokusekela nokusekela ukubusa kwentando yeningi.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando YeSigodlo Somongameli

Umqondo wesifungo sokuthatha isikhundla ungowasendulo, osekelwe esidingweni somuntu sokwenza izibopho ezingokomthetho zokwethembana negunya. ERoma lasendulo, abameli bafunga ukusekela imithetho ye-riphabliki. EYurophu yenkathi ephakathi, amakhosi ayethweswa izifungo zokuvikela isonto nendawo. Nokho, isifungo sobumongameli sanamuhla savela ngamandla kakhulu ekuQongeni nasekuzalweni kwamaRiphabliki omthetho-sisekelo.

I-United States yamisa isifungo esiseSiphakamiso II, iSiqendu 1 soMthetho-sisekelo, ichaza amagama aqondile: “Ngifunga kakhulu (noma ngiqinisekisa) ukuthi ngiyolisebenzisa ngokwethembeka iHhovisi likaMongameli wase-United States, futhi ngizokwenza ngokuvumelana nekhono lami, ngilondoloze, ngivikele futhi ngivikele uMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States.” Njengoba uGeorge Washington aqala ukusisho ngoApril 30, 1789, umongameli ngamunye olandelayo uye wasiphinda leso sifungo, adala ikethenjana eliqinile lokwethembeka komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo. Loluhlu olungokomlando aluklanyelwe ukubopha isikhulu somthetho omkhulu, hhayi enkosini noma eqenjini.

Ezinye idemokrasi zalandela ngokufanayo. iRepublic yesihlanu yaseFrance ifuna ukuba umongameli afunge ukuthi “ukulondoloza ubuqotho bendawo yesizwe” futhi“ ahloniphe uMthetho-sisekelo.” Umongameli waseNdiya ufunga ukuthi “uvikele, uvikele futhi uvikele umthetho.” Lezi zifungo, nakuba zibekwe ngokwehlukile, zihlanganyela iDNA eyodwa: ziyizenzo zomphakathi zokuzithoba ekuhleleni okungokomthetho, hhayi ekuthatheni imizwelo yomuntu siqu. Lokhu kuqhubekisela phambili komlando kugcizelela indima ye-Constitution kanye nomthetho.

Indima Ye - oath Ebuthweni Lentando Yeningi

Umthetho osemthethweni wentando yeningi awuzenzakaleli. Ngisho noma ukhetho lukhululekile futhi lulungile, umholi kumelwe aguqule ukunqoba kokhetho lube igunya lokuziphatha. Isifungo siyimoto eyinhloko yalologuqulo. Yisenzo sokwenza ngokuvumelana nesizathu esidlulisela izici ezintathu ezibalulekile: [ ukulingana, umthetho womthetho , [[FLT]], [[FLT: 4.]

Ukulandisa Nesivumelwano Somphakathi

Lapho umongameli efunga ukuthi “ukwahlulela ihhovisi ngokwethembeka,” bayavuma ukuthi amandla abo agunyaziwe, hhayi njengefa. Isifungo siyisivumelwano phakathi komholi nombusi. Uma isifungo sephulwa ngenxa yokungalungi , ubushiqela, noma ukunganakwa, umphakathi unesisekelo esingokokuziphatha nesingokomthetho sokufuna ukulandisa. Ezimisweni eziningi, ukuphula isifungo sesikhundla kungaba yizizathu zokungathobeli noma ukususwa.

Ukubusa Komthetho Kwafa

Ngokufunga ukuthi “baqaphe, bavikele, futhi bavikele uMthetho-sisekelo,” umongameli uyibeka ngokomthetho intando yabo ngokuqondile. Lokhu kubucayi embusweni wentando yeningi lapho igatsha eliphethe ihhovisi eliphethe linamandla amakhulu khona. Isifungo sisebenza njengeseshwa: sikhumbuza umongameli ukuthi abangaphezulu komthetho, kodwa izinceku zawo. ngaphandle kwesifungo esinjalo, umehluko phakathi komholi wentando yeningi ne-autocratics. Isifungo sikhethwe ngamabomu ukuze sigcizelele ukuthembeka komthetho womthetho ngaphezu kokwethembeka kweqembu noma isithakazelo somuntu siqu.

Izimpawu Eziyinhloko Nokubaluleka Kwazo

Ake sihlole izinkulumo ezintathu eziyisisekelo ezivame ukushiwo izifungo zomongameli nokukhishwa kwencazelo yazo:

  • isho ukugcina uhlelo olukhona lomthetho-sisekelo; [[FLT:] isivikelo, ivikele, futhi ivikele uMthetho-sisekelo” — Lena iyisisho esibaluleke kakhulu. isho ukuvikela [ ukumelana nokuzama ukuchitha umthetho-mfazi; isikisela ukuvikela [ ekusongweni kokubili abantu bangaphandle nasekhaya; [ isikisela ukumelana nokuzikhandla nokuzama ukuwulahla. Bakhandle, benza umsebenzi ovumayo wokuba umgadi womthetho-mthetho-siseko.
  • `Guqula imithetho yezwe”[ — Lokhu kwenza umongameli abophe yonke imithetho edluliswa yisishaya-mthetho, hhayi leyo ethandwa yibo kuphela. Kuyisithembiso ukuhlonipha ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso nenqubo yemithetho.
  • "Iyalisebenzisa ngokwethembeka ihhovisi” — “Ekuthembekeni” isho ukukhuthala, ukwethembeka, nokwethembeka emsebenzini, hhayi emcimbini noma eqenjini. Ivimbela ukunganakwa ngamabomu kwemithwalo yemfanelo futhi ibeka indinganiso yezimiso zokusebenza.

Lamazwi awawona amazwi angenanjongo. Ziye zacashunwa ezimpikiswaneni zomthetho, izimpikiswano, nezimpikiswano zomthetho-sisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nokungagunyazi kukaMongameli Andrew Johnson ngo-1868, ukumangalelwa kokwephula isifungo sesikhundla kwabonakala kuvelele. Ezikhathini zanamuhla, izazi nezinkantolo ziye zaphikisana ngokuthi izenzo ezithile zesikhulu ziyasephula yini imfuneko yesifungo sokuzifungela “ekupheleni” koMthetho-sisekelo. Amagama anesisisisindo sangempela.

Ithonya Ekulondolozeni Intando Yeningi

Isifungo asithinteli nje kuphela umuntu osithathayo; sithonya impucuko ebanzi yezombangazwe.

Ukudluliselwa Kwamandla Ngokuthula

Enye yezikhathi ezintekenteke kakhulu zedemokrasi ukuphatha igunya eliphethe. Ukulahlekelwa kumelwe kuvume ukunqotshwa futhi kuvumele owinayo ukuba athathe isikhundla. Isifungo simisa lokhu njengomsebenzi ongcwele. Uma umongameli ophumayo ephambuka futhi umongameli efunga ukusekela uMthetho-sisekelo ofanayo, kubonisa ukuqhubeka naphezu kokushintsha kwegunya. Lomcimbi uye wanconywa ngokuqinisa idemokratistiki eziningi ngemva kokhetho oluphikisanayo. [[FLT: 0] Ukushintsha okunokuthula kwegunya eUnited States ngemva kokhetho lwama 2020, nakuba ekugcineni kwaphumelela ngenxa yokuthi umthetho wesifungo wahlala uqinile. Lomkhuba uye wanconywa ngokusekela izifungo eziningi ngemva kokuphikisana nezifungo noma ukwenqaba ukubuyisa. [[FLT]

Ukuvimbela Ukusetshenziswa Kabi Kwamandla

Ngokuzibopha obala, ababusi bakha umngcele ongokwengqondo nongokwenhlalo omelene nokuphambuka kwesikhundla. Isifungo siyisikhumbuzo sokuthi amandla angesesikhashana futhi anemibandela. Singacelwa izinkantolo, izishayamthetho, nezakhamuzi ukuba ziphendule umholi. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho uMongameli Richard Nixon ebhekene nokujeziswa, icala lokuphula isifungo sakhe sesikhundla lalibalulekile ezihlokweni zokungagunyazi. Ngakho isifungo sisebenza njengethuluzi elivimbelayo, sisenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuba abaholi ukuba bathethelele ukuziphatha okungahambisani nomthetho.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando: Isigodlo Esisenkingeni

Izizwe eziningana ziye zabhekana nezikhathi lapho isifungo somongameli sasiyikhambi noma isikhambi senhlekelele:

  • United States (1801): Ukunikezelwa kukaThomas Jefferson kwaphawula ukudluliswa kokuqala okunokuthula kwamandla phakathi kwamaqembu aphikisanayo. Isifungo sakhe sokuthatha isifungo sabonisa ukuthi ukuphatha okusha kungadumisa izinqubo zomthetho-mthetho naphezu kokuhlukana okujulile kwemibono.
  • Filipines (1986): Ngemva kweNguquko yeSizwe Yabantu, uCorazon Aquino wafunga isikhundla njengomongameli, waphula umthetho ongekho emthethweni kaFerdinand Marcos. Isifungo sakhe saqashelwa amasosha nomphakathi wezizwe zonke ngoba sasivumelana nenqubo yomthetho-sisekelo.
  • Kenya (2017)]: Ngemva kokhetho lwengxabano, iNkantolo Ephakeme yachitha umphumela wokuqala. UMongameli Uhuru Kenyatta kamuva waphinda wathatha isifungo ngemva kokuvota okusha, waqinisekisa ukuphakama komthetho-sisekelo ngaphezu kokufuna komuntu siqu.
  • Venezuela (2011): Ngemva kokufa kukaHugo Chávez, uNicolás Maduro wafunga phakathi kwezinsolo zokuphatha okungafanele. Impikiswano ngokusebenza kwesifungo yabangela ukungaguquguquki okuqhubekayo kwezombangazwe.

Lezi zimo zibonisa ukuthi [[QT:0] isifungo asisona nje inqubo nje kuphela, inganquma ilungelo lohulumeni wonke. Lapho isifungo sisetshenziswa kahle futhi samukelwa yiwo wonke amagatsha, sihlanganisa ukuqina kwentando yeningi. Uma kuphikiswana, singasephula isivumelwano sezenhlalo.

Inhlekelele Yomnqumo Nomthetho - sisekelo

Ezikhathini zenhlekelele yomthetho-sisekelo − njengomongameli onqaba ukwamukela imiphumela yokhetho, ukuvota okuphikiswayo, noma umzamo wokuchitha imithetho yokwahlulela, i-"isifungo siba iphuzu eliyinhloko lokubhekisa phambili. Kuyindinganiso lapho izenzo zobuphathi zilinganiswa khona. Phakathi nenhlekelele, ukuphikiswa, ijaji, kanye nemithombo yezindaba ngokuvamile inxusa isifungo sokuba umongameli aphendule.

Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-2020, ngemva kokhetho lobumongameli wase-U.S., abanye abenzi bomthetho nezazi zomthetho baphikisa ngokuthi imizamo yokugumbuqela umphumela yaphula isifungo sikamongameli ‘ sokuqeda uMthetho-sisekelo.' Indlu yabameleli yacaphuna isifungo ezihlokweni zokungagunyazi ngokumelene noDonald Trump ekuvuseleleni ukuvukela. Lokhu kubonisa indlela isifungo esingaba isikhali esingokomthetho nesingokokuziphatha ngokumelene nokwephula umthetho.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umongameli onamathela ngokuqinile esifungweni angabhekana nenkinga. Ngemva kokubulawa kukaMongameli uJohn F. Kennedy, uLyndon B. Johnson wafunga iButho Lokuqala Lasemoyeni. Isifungo sakhe samanje sokusekela uMthetho - sisekelo sasiza ekuqinisekiseni isizwe nomhlaba ukuthi uhulumeni uzoqhubeka ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa.

Isigqoko Se - oya Njengesivikelo Ebuhlalweni Obunamandla

Abaholi abangomashiqela bavame ukusidlula noma ukusihlanekezela isifungo. Bangase basithathe isifungo kodwa bese besichitha ngokuhleleka izinhlangano ezibophayo ukuze bavikele //izikhonto, izingcingo ezikhululekile, amaqembu okuphikisa. Ezimweni ezinjalo, isifungo siba yibala elingaphambili. Kodwa ngisho nalapho, umbhalo wokuqala ungasetshenziswa ngezinhlangano ezimelanayo ukuze ususe umbusi. Isifungo siyinkemba evalwe kabili: sinika umholi amandla kuphela uma nje sigcinwa.

Imibono Eqhathaniswayo: Amathumbu Emhlabeni Wonke

Nakuba isifungo sobumongameli e - United States sidume kakhulu, ukuhlola ngezifungo zembulunga yonke kwembula izihloko ezivamile kodwa futhi kuveza nezindlela ezingafani zamasiko.

i-France

Isifungo sikamongameli waseFrance siseSiphakamiso 5 soMthetho-sisekelo: “UMongameli weRepublic uzoqinisekisa inhlonipho efanele ngoMthetho-sisekelo. Uyoqinisekisa, ngokumisa kwakhe, ukusebenza okufanele kwamandla omphakathi nokuqhubekeka koMbuso.” Nakuba kungeyona incazelo ecacile kunenguqulo yase-U.S., igcizelela ukuhlanganisa nokuqhubekeka komthetho-mthetho. Isifungo saseFrance asihlanganisi inkulumo ethi “isibambiso, isivikelo, futhi sivikele,” kodwa isibopho saso sokuhlonipha umthetho ngokomthetho sifeza umsebenzi ofanayo.

eNdiya

UMongameli waseNdiya ufunga ukuthi “uvikela, uvikele futhi uvikele uMthetho-sisekelo nomthetho” kanye“ nokuzinikela enkonzweni nasenhlalakahleni yabantu baseNdiya.” Isifungo saseNdiya sinezela inhlalakahle, sibonisa izibopho zayo zezenhlalakahle nezobudemokhrasi. Ukufakwa kwemisebenzi “yomsebenzi nenhlalakahle” kwandisa umsebenzi kamongameli ngaphandle kokukhuthaza ukuthuthukisa umphakathi.

i-Ningizimu Afrika

Ngaphansi kwesigaba 87 soMthetho-sisekelo, uMongameli waseNingizimu Afrika ufunga ukuthi “uzoba namandla, uvikele futhi uvikele uMthetho-sisekelo” futhi“ uqinise ubunye nokubuyisana kwesizwe.” Lokhu kubonisa isidingo sangemva kwe-parte sokuphulukisa umphakathi ohlukene. [ Isifungo se-South Africa sihlobanisa ngokucacile ukwethembeka komthetho-sisekelo ekubuyisaneni kwesizwe, ukwanezelwa okuyingqayizivele nokunamandla.

EJalimane

Isifungo sikaMongameli waseJalimane sihlanganisa isithembiso “sokunikeza amandla ami enhlalakahleni yabantu baseJalimane, ukuthuthukisa izinzuzo zayo, ukugwema ukulimala kuyo, ukusekela nokuvikela uMthetho oyisisekelo nemithetho yeNhlangano, ukufeza imisebenzi yami ngobuqotho, futhi wenze ubulungisa kubo bonke abantu.” Lesi sifungo esibanzi sihlanganisa inhlalakahle, ukuvikela umthetho-sisekelo, kanye nokuzinikela ekulungeni kubo bonke.

Lezizibonelo eziqhathanisayo zibonisa ukuthi nakuba injongo eyinhloko − iqinisa igunya eliphethe ngesibopho somthetho-sisekelo, ihlala ikhona, isizwe ngasinye sivumelana nesifungo nomlando waso nezindinganiso. Ukuhlukahluka akuyithambisi inhlangano; iyenza iqine ngokuvumela ukuhlanganisa kwempucuko.

Ioath Ne - buvision

Intando yeningi incike ekuthembekeni. Izakhamuzi kumelwe zikholelwe ukuthi abaholi bazo bayokwenza ngokuvumelana nemithetho. Isifungo, uma sithathwa ngokungathi sína, sakha lokho kuthemba. Ukucwaninga kwezezombangazwe kusikisela ukuthi amasiko omphakathi okuzibophezela andisa ukwethenjwa kwezinhlangano, ikakhulukazi phakathi nezikhathi zokuhlukana kwezindawo. Uma isifungo sisakazwa kuyithelevishini futhi sifakazelwa izigidi, siba isikhathi sobuzwe. Isenzo sikamongameli sokubeka isandla embhalweni ongcwele (njengeBhayibheli, iQuran, noma umthetho wemithetho) noma ukuphakamisa isandla kudala ukuxhumana okungokomzwelo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isifungo siyisivumelwano sesizukulwane. Asihlanganisi lomongameli kuphela kodwa nesesikhathi esizayo, ngoba lawomazwi afanayo azakukhulunywa abalandeli. Lokhu kuqhubeka kuletha ukuzinza. Izakhamuzi zingalindela ukuthi izimiso eziyisisekelo zokubusa ziyosinda ezinguqulweni. [ Ngakho, isifungo siyinsika yokuzimela kwentando yeningi.[

Izinselele Emandlani Omoki

Yebo, amandla esifungo awazenzakaleli. Axhomeke emphakathini onamandla owaqinisayo. Uma imithombo yezindaba, ijaji, nomphakathi womphakathi ungakunaki ukwephula izifungo, umcimbi uba yize. Kwamanye amazwe, amongameli bafunga kodwa baqala ukulahla izinhlangano zentando yeningi ngokushesha. Lokhu, okubizwa ngokuthi “umthetho owenziwe nge-autocratic,” kubonisa ukuthi isifungo sodwa asinele ngaphandle kokuhlola nezilinganiso eziqinile.

Noma kunjalo, ngisho noma isifungo sophulwa, sibalulekile. Sinikeza isisekelo sokumangalelwa (enkantolo yomthetho) nasenkantolo yomphakathi. Isifungo singacashunwa ababhikishi, abahluleli, futhi bacashunwe abamisi-mthetho. Siyisikhumbuzo esiphikelelayo salokho okuthenjiswe.

Isiphetho

Isifungo sikamongameli asisona isenzakalo esingokomlando noma esingenangozi. Siyisiqinisekiso esiphilayo, esiphefumulayo sokubusa kwentando yeningi. Siguqula ukunqoba okukhethiweyo kube umthetho-sisekelo, sinikeza uphawu lokulandisa ngokuthula, futhi sisekela ukudluliselwa ngokuthula kwamandla. Kusukela ezimpandeni zaso zasendulo kuya ezingafanini zanamuhla, isifungo sisebenza njengesithembiso esiqinile sokuthi umholi uyozikhonza hhayi yena kodwa uMthetho-sisekelo nabantu.

Enkathini yokuphambuka kwentando yeningi nokuphambana kwesikhulu, isifungo sikamongameli sibaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili. Izakhamuzi, izazi, nabaholi kumelwe basiphathe ngokungathi sína kakhulu, beqaphela ukuthi uma umongameli efunga ukuvikela, nokuvikela umthetho-sisekelo, abakhulumi amazwi angenanjongo, benza isiqinisekiso esibaluleke kakhulu sokulawula ngentando yeningi. Umthetho wesimiso sonke uxhomeke kuso.