Ukuhlola kokubhula kwemibhobho kumelela enye yamathuluzi axakayo ezimiso zezimiso zezimiso zomthetho enqolobaneni yanamuhla. Ngokungafani nokuhlola okungokomthetho okuklanyelwe ukulinganisela umbono womphakathi ngokwesayensi, ukuphoqelela kuklanywa ngenhloso ecacile ye enikeza umqondo [] — ngokuvamile ngokusakaza ukwaziswa okungaqondile noma okudukisayo ngaphansi kokucwaninga. Lokhu kubiza noma ukuphenya komngeni we-inthane yemibuzo akuzami ukuzama ukufunda ukuthi imuphi umvoti ocabangani; kunalokho, bazama ukuzama ukuveza umcabango othile noma inhlangano. Ukuqonda indlela lelisu elisetshenziswa ngayo icebo elibalulekile kunoma ubani ozama ukudlulisa ulwazi oluyinkimbinkimbi lwenkathi yokuvota.

Nakuba ukuhlola okungokwesiko kuzama ukuveza ukuqondisisa okusemthethweni, ukuphoqelela kuyi-athonsi yokuphakamisa noma yokugxeka. Kuyimibuzo emifushane, ehlanganisa inani elincane lemibuzo, futhi inikezwa ngocingo, umbhalo, noma ngemishini yemitapo — ngokuvamile ngaphandle kokuvezwa kwenhlangano exhasayo. Ngenxa yokuthi abangaphansi kwemithetho efanayo yokukhankanya ecacile njengezokukhangisa ezindaweni eziningi, ukuphoqelela ukuhlola kungasebenza endaweni empunga empunga kakhulu. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okusheshayo kokuphoqesha: umlando wabo, izindlela abazisebenzisayo, ithonya labo abavoti, ukuziphatha kwabo, izimiso ezingokomthetho ezibazungezile, kanye nezindlela eziwusizo zokuzichaza.

Ziyini Izinhlansi Zokuphoqelela?

Inhlolo - vo ephoqelelayo ayikona neze ukuhlola ngomqondo wendlela. Igama lasetshenziswa kakhulu kuma-1990 ukuchaza ukuthengisa ngocingo noma ukuhlola lapho umgomo oyinhloko ukunxenxa, hhayi ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa. Ukuphoqelelwa okuvamile kungabuza umbuzo ofana nothi, “Uma kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi uzovota uCandidate Smith uma wazi ukuthi wayekhonjiwe ekuphuleni kwezentengo zomkhankaso?” Ngisho noma ukumangalelwa kungamanga noma kuthathwe ngaphandle komongomongo, ukuphinda nje kwento ebhalwe “ipulani kadoti” kunikeza intebe yokwethembeka.

Amafemu okuhlola anamathela ezindinganisweni eziqinile ezimiswe yizinhlangano ezinjenge- American Association for Public Opinion Research (APOR]). Babika ubukhulu, izihloko zephutha, amagama okubuza, kanye nokuxhasa. Ukuhlola, ngokwehluke kakhulu, cishe akukhankanyi ukudalulwa okunjalo. Baphawulwa futhi ngobukhulu obuncane — ngokuvamile “abanciphisi” kuphela abangamakhulu ambalwa — futhi bangazami ukuzama ukulinganisela noma ukulungisa imiphumela. “imfanelo yangempela yokuphoqamba" ingumbono oshintshiwe umuntu ophendule ucingo.

Umehluko Oyinhloko Phakathi Kokubhebhetheka Kwezinhlansi Nokuhlola Okungokomthetho

  • [[FULT:0]Purpose: Ukuhlola okusemthethweni kulinganisela umbono; sunduza ukuphenya umbono.
  • Ubungakanani obuyisampuli: ukuvota okusemthethweni kuhloselwe isampuli yommeleli (okanye 1000+); ukusunduza ukuhlola usebenzisa amaqembu amancane, angameleli.
  • Umklamo wokulungisa: Ukuhlola okusemthethweni kuyakugwema ukuhola noma ukulayisha ulimi; sunduza ukuvota kuncike kuyo.
  • I-'transpability':[ Abavoti abadumile baveza izindlela kanye nokuxhasa ngemali; ukusunduza ukuhlolwa ngokuvamile akuziwa noma kusebenzisa i-ID yokushaya ucingo ekhohlisayo.
  • Imali ekhona: ukuvota okusemthethweni kuveza amatafula okwaziswa; ukusunduza ukuvota kuveza i-vratorate eshintshwe.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando Nezibonelo Eziphawulekayo

Nakuba igama elithi “ukuhlola” liyi-indeli, umkhuba wokusebenzisa imibuzo yokuhlolwa kwendlela yokuthonya uqala emashumini eminyaka. Enye yezindlela ezibhaliwe zakudala zenzeka phakathi nomongameli waseRepublic primearial. Umkhankaso kaPat Buchanan ubikwa ukuthi wasetshenziswa ekucindezeleni i-Iowa ne-New Hampshire ukuhlanganisa uBob Dole nentela eyandayo. Lendlela yaphumelela kakhulu kangangokuba yabangela ukuqhuma kwemikhankaso yemithombo yezindaba nemikhankaso ephikisanayo, okwaholela ekukhombaneni kwecebo elibanzi okokuqala.

Mhlawumbe isibonelo esidume kakhulu sihilela uhlanga lwamaRepublica oluyinhloko phakathi kukaGeorge W. Bush noJohn McCain. Bays bacelwa ukuba bavote eSouth Carolina babuze, “Ingabe ungathola ithuba lokuvotela uJohn McCaine uma wazi ukuthi wayezale umntwana omnyama ongekho emthethweni?” Umbuzo obhekisele kumahlebesi angenakuphikiswa ngendodakazi kaMcCain ethathile eBangladesh. Umkhankaso kaMcCain kamuva waveza ukuthi izingcingo zihlangene nomxhasi we-Bush, nakuba uBush ngokwakhe ephika ulwazi. Isenzakalo silokhu siyindaba yencwadi yomonakalo oxoxile umphani lwen.

Kuyimijikelezo yamuva kakhulu, ukugqugquzela ukuhlolwa kwaqala ngaphandle kokushaya ucingo. Imiyalezo ye-mesethi, imibuzo yezokuxhumana, kanye ne-website ye-website “izokukhangisa” kusebenza umsebenzi ofanayo. Phakathi ne-2020 Democratic primerimriaries, abavoti emazweni amaningana babika ukuthi bathola ukuhlolwa okusekelwe emibhalweni okwakusho ukuthi u-Elizabeth Warren wayesekele ngokuqamba okunganembile. Lemiyalezo emincane ebhalwe nge-elective ingaba eyingozi kakhulu ngoba ivela kumngane noma emthonjeni ongathathi hlangothi.

Izindlela Zobuchwepheshe Ezisetshenziswa Ekubhujisweni Kwezimpova Zokusunduza

Ukuhlola okuphoqelelwe kuncike ezindleleni ezimbalwa ezingokwengqondo nezingadingi mpendulo eziphumelela ngokuphawulekayo lapho zisetshenziswa ngendlela emfushane, ngendlela yokuxoxa.

Ulimi Oluyindida

Amagama anesisindo esingokomzwelo. Imibuzo yokuhlola yokucindezela ibhalwe ngokucophelela ukuze ibangele ukusabela okukhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, umbuzo ungabhekisela ku- “umthathi wemali kahulumeni ongekho emthethweni” kunokubhekisele ku-“compal director" noma“intela” kunokuthi“ intela iyasika.” Ukukhetha iziphawulo nezibizo kuhlanganisa impikiswano ngaphambi kokuba umvoti abe nethuba lokucabanga. Amagama anjenge- “amnety,” “umuthi owenziwe ngenzuzo,”“ i-corporaclet,” kanye “neharborborrot" avamile ekusunduzeni imifantu ngenxa yokuthi aveza ukusabela kwangaphambi kokuvela.

Ukuphoqelela Okuphambene

Uphenyo olunamandla kakhulu lugxila kulokhu okungathandeki. Ukucwaninga kwezombangazwe kubonisa ukuthi ukwaziswa okuphambene kuyinto ekhumbulekayo futhi kunokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba kuthonye izinqumo zokuvota kunemininingwane eqondile — into eyaziwa ngokuthi ubandlululo lwe-negatianaticus. Inhlolo - vo ecindezelayo ebuzayo, “Ingabe kungenzeka kakhulu noma kuncane kakhulu ukusekela impoqo uma wazi ukuthi uye wayithatha imali yabafuni bemizansi?” Iqala umvoti ukuba axhumane nokonakala, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubufakazi obungokoqobo. I-protoo iphoqa umvoti ukuba athobe i-sce divice, ngisho noma besazi ukuthi uyenqaba.

Imibuzo Eyinhloko

Umbuzo oholelayo usikisela impendulo efiselekayo. Ngokwesibonelo: “Kule zomnotho zanamuhla ezingaqinisekile, awuvumi ukuthi sidinga umbhalisa onolwazi lwezebhizinisi oluqinisekisiwe njengo-Candite X?” Ukuphonsa kukwenza kube nzima ukuphikisana nomphakathi. Izinguqulo eziningi ezicacile zisebenzisa ukuthi “njengoba ungazi” izingeniso zokuthi azinakwa:“ Njengoba ungazi, u-Candidate Y evota ukuphakamisa izintela emikhayeni ephakathi. Ingabe lokho kuyakukhathaza wena?” “Njengoba ungazi” zifaka iphuzu elingamanga ngokuthi iqiniso elivumelekile.

Ulwazi olukhethiwe

Ukuhlola okuphoqayo kuveza uhlangothi olulodwa kuphela lwendaba. Umvoti angase abuze, “Ingabe kuyakukhathaza ukuthi u-Candidate Z usekela ukuxhasa ngemali yesimiso esigxekwe ngezindleko zaso eziphakeme zokuphatha?” Ngaphandle kokukhuluma ngempumelelo noma izinzuzo ezinkulu zesimiso. Ngokuthatha amaqiniso, umvoti uphoqelela umvoti ukuba ahlole inkambiso esekelwe elwazini olungaphelele nolunobandlululo.

Ukulinganisela Okungamanga Nokuziphindiselela

Ezinye iziphetho ezicindezelayo zisebenzisa uchungechunge lwemibuzo ephinda amazwi aphambene izikhathi eziningi. Ngisho noma umvoti engase angavumelani ekuqaleni, ukuphindaphinda nje kwandisa iqiniso eliqanjiwe lamazwi — ithonya lomqondo elaziwa ngokuthi ithonya leqiniso elikhohlisayo. Umkhankaso wesonto lonke wokusunduza ungabathinta umvoti izikhathi eziningi, isikhathi ngasinye lapho ebuza i-stags ehlukile, kancane kancane ususa ukungaqiniseki.

Ukunikeza Imvume Ngokuphelele

Ukuhlola okuphoqelelwe kuvame ukuphetha ngombuzo ofana nothi, “Ingabe ungamsekela kakhulu umuntu omelene nokulahlwa kwentela yakho yamaRandi?” Akukho mbhalisa obizwayo ozobizwa, kodwa umbuzo uklanyelwe ukuholela umuntu ophendulayo esimweni esizosetshenziswa ngokunenzuzo kamuva ekuthumeleni umyalezo womkhankaso. Imiphumela yemibuzo enjalo imenyezelwa njengobufakazi bokusekela umphakathi esikhundleni esithile, ngisho noma umbuzo ubekwe.

Indlela Imikhankaso Esetshenziswa Ngokuhlelekile Ekusakazeni Izintubezi Eziwumgunyathi

Izinqumo zokuphoqa azisebenzi ngokuzenzakalela. Imikhankaso izihlanganisa njengengxenye yecebo elikhulu lokuxhumana, ngokuvamile emasontweni okugcina ngaphambi kokhetho lapho abavoti besamukela kakhulu ukuthumelelana imiyalezo ngesikhashana.

Ukuphamba Nokumisa I - agenda

Ngokuphakamisa indaba ethile ekuhloleni okuphoqelelekile, abavoti bemikhankaso bacabanga ngaleyondaba lapho behlola abazobhapathizwa. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umkhankaso ufuna ukwenza ukulondeka kwesizwe kube yiyonanto ephambili, kungacindezela abavoti abakhokhi ngemibuzo ehlobanisa umphikisi nobuthakathaka. Ngisho noma umvoti ebengakaze ayicabangele lendaba ngaphambili, ukuvota kuyenza ibe yi-screentant. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi ukuhlelwa kwezinhlelo — okuthonya imibuzo ebhekwa njengebalulekile.

Izincwadi Ezincane Ezithwala Izibani Ezinhle

Imikhankaso yanamuhla iyakwazi ukuthola imininingwane eningiliziwe yabavoti, kuhlanganise nokubhalisa kweqembu, ukuvota umlando, ukuziphatha kwabathengi, ngisho nemisebenzi yezokuxhumana. Ukuhlola kokucindezela kungabhekiswa emaqenjini athile amanani abantu angenzeka athonywe isigijimi esithile. Ngokwesibonelo, umkhankaso ungase uphoqelele omama abahlala emaphethelweni asezindaweni ezikude ukuba bakhokhele isikole, noma izakhamuzi ezikhulile ngezindleko zezempilo. Imibuzo ihlobene nezinkathazo zeqembu ngalinye, ukwandisa ithonya elinamandla.

Ukuhlola Imiyalezo Ephambene Yokuhlasela

Phambi kokuba kuqalwe isikhangiso sethelevishini noma iposi, imikhankaso ingahlola imiyalezo ngokuhlola okuphoqelelwe. Ngokuhlola indlela abavoti abasabela ngayo ezinguqulweni ezihlukahlukene zokusho okuphambene, lo mkhankaso ungahlunga ulimi lube olulimaza kakhulu. “ukhova” lungasetshenziswa ngaphakathi — hhayi emphakathini — ukuqondisa indlela yokukhangisa. Ngalendlela, ukuphenya kusebenza njengeqembu eliqondiswe kakhulu elitshala umyalezo.

Ukuhlwanyela Ukudideka Nohambo Olungalawuleki

Ezinye iziphetho eziphoqelelayo ziklanyelwe ukungashintshi amavoti kodwa ukunciphisa ukuqashelwa kwabasekeli bombhalisa. Imibuzo efana nethi, “Uma wazi ukuthi i-Candidate A kakade yayizibophele izihambeli ezanele ukuba zizuze ukubhalisa, ingabe ungavota kweyona njongo eyinhloko?” Ungasibekela phansi isisekelo somphikisi ngokwenza ukuvota kubonakale kungenathemba noma kungenanjongo. Lelisu livamile kakhulu emiqhudelwaneni ephansi yemininingwane lapho inani elincane labavoti linquma umphumela.

Ukwakha Ukushintsha Kwezinsimbi

Imikhankaso ingaphoqelela ukuvota okubuza abavoti abacabanga ukuthi yimuphi umvoti abazowina, kunokuba bathande bani. Imiphumela ivulelwa ngokukhethayo emithonjeni njengesibonakaliso se- “momentum” noma“impumelelo.” Lokhu kwakha isiprofetho esizigcwalisayo: abavoti bafuna ukubuyisela umnqobi, futhi imiphumela yokuhlola eqanjiwe ibaqinisekisa ukuthi umuntu othile ozongenela ingomjaho ophambili.

Ithonya Elilinganiswayo Embonweni Womphakathi Nasekukhetheni

Ucwaningo lokuphumelela kwemishini yokuhlola ephoqelelwayo lulinganiselwe ngoba lomsebenzi ngokuvamile ufihlekile. Nokho, ososayensi bezombangazwe baye babhala izinqubo eziningana ezishukumisa ngazo ithonya:

  • Umsuka wokuphazamiseka: Izincwadi zivame ukukhohlwa lapho zizwa khona ukusho okuphambene kodwa zilondoloze umqondo ongokomzwelo. I-“poll” ifomethi yenza umthombo ubonakale ungathathi hlangothi, ukwanda kwethemba.
  • Ukudluliselwa okuthathekayo: Ukwaziswa okungaqondile okuvela ekuhloleni okusunduzayo kudala ukusabela okuzenzekelayo okungokomzwelo okudluliselwa kulowo ohlolwayo, ngisho noma umvoti ngokunengqondo engakunaki ukwaziswa.
  • Umphumela we-Eply:[ ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ithonya elithonyayo lomyalezo lingakhula njengoba inkumbulo yomsuka inyamalala. Ujikijelo obonakala ungakholeki ngasikhathi sinye ungazizwa uyiqiniso kakhulu emasontweni alandela.
  • Imiphumela ye-Bangwagon:[ ['i-data yokusunduza udoti] ivuza ukusikisela ukuthi kugeleza ozovota, abavoti bangagibela ukuze bajoyine umnqobi ocatshangelwayo.

Ngokokucwaninga okukhishwe e Journal of Political Marking, ukuchayeka ngisho nasembuzweni owodwa ophoqelelwayo kungasusa amaphuzu afunwayo ngamaphesenti amathathu kuya kwamahlanu phakathi kwabavoti abangawafuni. Kukhetho oluseduze, oluthi umngcele uphelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umonakalo ugxile kakhulu phakathi kwabavoti abangolwazi kakhulu kwezombangazwe — yizo kanye izilaleli ezifuna ukufinyelela ngemiyalezo elula egxekayo.

Ukucatshangelwa Okungokokuziphatha Nendawo Empunga Ngokokuziphatha

Izimiso zokuphoqelela ukuphenya ziye zaphikiswa kakhulu. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukuphoqelela ukuphenya kuyakhohlisa ngokwemvelo ngoba bangayichaza kabi injongo yabo. Umvoti ophendula “uphetho” ukholelwa ukuthi bahlanganyela ekucwaningeni, abangenwa yinkulumo - ze. Lokhu kuphula isimiso somthetho sokuvuma ngolwazi, isisekelo sokuhlola okungokomthetho nokucubungula ngentando yeningi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphoqelela kuhilela amanga aqondile noma ukuhlanekezela okukhulu. Ngisho noma ukuzisholo kuyiqiniso, ukufushanisa okungalawuleki kuyasebenza. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlola okucindezelayo kungabuza, “Ingabe ungavotela u-Xidate uma wazi ukuthi uvotela ngokumelene nokuxhaswa kwezimali zobusosha?” Ngaphandle kokuphawula ukuthi ukuvota kwakuyingxenye yomthetho omkhulu omelene nomfundi ngenxa yezinye izizathu. Umongo oyimfihlo ufihlekile.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abanye abavikeli baphikisa ngokuthi ukuphoqelela ukuphenya kuwuhlobo lwenkulumo yezombangazwe evikelwe yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Baphikisa ngokuthi abafuna ukubhalisa banelungelo lokudlulisela ukwaziswa okungakhisi, futhi uma ukwaziswa kunembile, indlela yokuhambisa akufanele iqondiswe. Nokho, le mpikiswano ayikwazi ukuveza ukuthi “ukhohliseka. Uma umkhankaso ukhokhelwa isikhangiso esicacile esithi“ lokhu kuyikhangiso esimelene no-Candite Y," abavoti bayazi ukuthi bayakhangisa. Inkohliso iyakukhohlisa.

Izinhlangano zokuhlola ezingochwepheshe njengo-APOR ziye zathatha ukuma okuqinile ekumelaneni nokuphoqelelwa. Izimiso zabo zezimiso zokuziphatha zisho ngokucacile ukuthi abahloli akumelwe bahileleke “ekusebenziseni iziphetho ukuze basakaze ukwaziswa okungamanga noma okudukisayo.” Izishaya-mthetho eziningi zikahulumeni ziye zazama futhi ukulawula ukuphenya ukuphenya, ngempumelelo ehlukahlukene.

Ukubukeka Okungokomthetho: Okuvunyelweyo Nekungekhona

E-United States, ukuphenya akunamthetho kakhulu ezingeni likahulumeni. I-Federal Communications Commission (FCC) inemithetho ngokuphathelene nama-robocall nemiyalezo ebhalwe kusengaphambili, kodwa azikukhulumi ngokuqondile okuqukethwe imibuzo yokuphoqelela. Nokho, izifunda eziningana ziye zamisa imithetho efuna ukuphoqelela ababheki bezokuhlola ukuba bathole inhlangano exhasayo futhi basho ngokucacile ukuthi ubizo lwenzelwa umkhankaso. Ezinye izizwe ziyakwenqabela futhi ukusetshenziswa kwezicelo zokuphoqelela phakathi nezinsuku ezithile ngaphambi kokhetho.

Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho we-Michigan ufuna ukuba noma yimuphi umuntu oqhuba ukuvota okuphoqelelwayo athulule igama nekheli lenhlangano ekhokhela izingcingo. Ukwehluleka ukwenza kanjalo kungaphumela ekuhlawuleni. iFlorida, i-Ohio, ne-North Carolina inemithetho efanayo. Nokho, ukuphoqelela akuguquguquki, futhi imisebenzi eminingi yokuhlola iqhutshwa ngemishini engekho emafemini ezwe noma ngamakomiti ezombangazwe okunzima ukulandela indlela.

ECanada, UMthetho we-Canada wokhetho unqabela noma ubani ukuba azi ukuthi ukhuluma amanga ngombhalisa, kuhlanganise nokuhlola. Ukuhlola okunamazwi amanga noma okudukisayo kungaholela ekumangalelweni kobugebengu. Ukhetho oluningana lwesifunda luye lwabona ukuphenya, nakuba ukushushisa kuyivelakancane. EUnited Kingdom, ukusetshenziswa kokuphoqa kubhekwa njengokuphulwa kwezindinganiso ze-UK Polling Council, kodwa lo mhlangano awunawo amandla okulawula umthetho.

Indlela Yokuqaphela Nokusabela Embotsheni Ecindezelayo

Kuvoti, othisha, nabafundi, ukufunda ukuthola ukuhlolelwa ukuphoqelelwa kuyikhono eligxekayo lokufunda emithonjeni yezindaba. Izimpawu ezilandelayo eziyisixwayiso zingasiza ekuhlukaniseni ukuphoqelelwa kwenhlolo - vo ekuhloleni okungokomthetho:

  • Ukuhlola okufushane kakhulu: ukuhlola kweLegitimate ngokuvamile kunemibuzo eyishumi kuya ku-30 futhi kuthathe imizuzu eminingana. Ukuhlola kokusunduza ngokuvamile kunemibuzo eyodwa kuya kwemithathu kuphela.
  • Ulimi olukhohlisekayo: Uma imibuzo isebenzisa amagama afana “ophothiweyo,”“ olubi,” noma “ongamelika, cishe kuyinhlologo yokucindezela.
  • Akukho singeniso noma ukwambulwa: Umhloli wangempela uzophawula inkampani yokucwaninga, umxhasi (ngokuvamile“ njengomsebenzi wokucwaninga waseyunivesithi” noma “imboni yomphakathi yombono”, nokuthi imniningo izosetshenziswa kanjani. Ukuhlola kokucindezela akuvamile ukwenza.
  • Uhlamvu olulodwa kuphela noma umvoti: Uma imibuzo igxile kulowo ocela ukubhapathizwa noma enkambisweni futhi ingabuzi ngezinye izihloko, cishe kungokuhlola okucindezelayo.
  • Isimo sombuzo esikhombayo: Uma umbuzo ubonakala uthatha impendulo ethile (Uyavuma ukuthi kudingeka sinqande ukuchitha i-Candidate A?”), uyasunduzwa.
  • Akukho imibuzo elandelanayo: Ukuhlola okusemthethweni kucela ukulandelela ukumba ukujula (umz., “Kungani uzizwa ngaleyo ndlela?”. Ukucindezela kumane kuqophe i-yebo/ayimpendulo bese uqhubekela phambili.
  • Ucingo lufuna futhi lungaziwa: Uma uthola ucingo oluvela kwinombolo engaziwa, umshayeli akanakulinika igama langempela lenhlangano, futhi ucingo luzwa njengokudayisa, luqede ingxoxo.

Okumelwe Ukwenze Lapho Ucabangela Impova Ephoqelelayo

Uma uqaphela ukuhlola okuphoqelelwe, unendlela yokukhetha. Ungamane ucele umshayeli ukuba asho ukuthi ubani okhokhela ucingo; uma enqaba noma enikeza impendulo engacacile, ifulege elibomvu. Ungabika futhi ucingo kumphathi-sifunda-sifunda noma ku-Federal Trade Commission uma ucingo lubhalwe kusengaphambili futhi lungacelwanga. Abafundisi bangasebenzisa izibonelo zangempela zezwe zokuphoqa amarekhodi ekilasini ukuqeqesha abafundi ukuba baqaphele amasu. Umgomo awukho ukugwema ukuhlola ngokuphelele — ukuhlola okusemthethweni kuwusizo — kodwa ukuthatha i-mfaklo.

Isiphetho: Indima Yokufunda Nokubhala Embusweni Wentando Yeningi

Ukuhlola okuphoqelelwe kuyisici esiphikelelayo semikhankaso yezombangazwe yanamuhla ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo. Isebenzisa ukuthemba okuthi indawo yabavoti ekucwaningeni futhi isebenzise izinqamuli ezingokwengqondo ukuthonya imibono ngaphandle kokuvusa izivikelo ezizosetshenziswa umkhankaso. Enkathini lapho ukuqamba amanga kugeleza ngokukhululekile emizileni eminingi, ukuqonda kubaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili.

Izakhamuzi ezingaqaphela ukuhlolwa kwezicelo zihlonyiselwe kangcono ukumelana nethonya lako. Zingangangabaza umthombo, zibuze izakhiwo, futhi zifune ukwaziswa okuzimele ngaphambi kokwenza isahlulelo. Kubafundisi, ukufundisa abafundi ngokuphoqelela ukuphenya kusebenza njengesifundo esiwusizo ekusebenziseni ukhetho, ukucabanga okugxekayo, nokuhlangana kwemithombo yezindaba nezombangazwe. Uma imikhankaso iqhubeka ukusunduza imingcele yokuxhumana okungokokuziphatha, abavoti kumelwe bafunde ukuhlehla ngokungabaza ngokungabaza nangokuqonda.

Ukuze kufundwe ngokwengeziwe ngezimiso zokuhlola kwezombangazwe, i-Pew Research Center yokuhlola izimiso zokuhlola [ inikeza ukufingqa okucacile. Isimiso sezimiso zokuziphatha [[ futhi iyinto ewusizo ekuqondeni lokho abahloli abazimisele ukukugwema. Ngokuhlala befundile, abavoti bangavikela ukuzenzela kwabo isinqumo — kanye nobuqotho benqubo yentando yeningi ngokwayo — kulokhu kuveza indlela yokuthonya komkhankaso.