Isingeniso: Isizathu Sokuba UBias Aqaphele Izindaba Zentando Yeningi

Kulenkathi yokwenethezeka kokwaziswa, ikhono lokuhlunga iqiniso enganekwaneni liye laba icebo eliyinhloko lokufuna ukuba yindawo yobukhoma. Nsuku zonke, izakhamuzi zihlaselwa ngezihloko zezindaba, ukuhlelwa kwezenhlalo yezokuxhumana, izingxenyana zezezokuxhumana, imibono, kanye nokubona imininingwane. Isinqumo sedemokrasi sokuthonya amavoti, izinqubo zesimiso, nenkulumo yasobala. Nokho, cishe konke ukwaziswa kuyahlungwa ngezibuko elithile lobandlululo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuqalwe ngenhloso noma ngokunganaki, kuthinta indlela izindaba ezilandiswa ngayo, yiziphi amaqiniso agcizelelwayo, nendlela izilaleli ezichaza ngayo izenzakalo. Isinqumo sentando yeningi - zenza inqubo yokhetho olunolwazi oluhilelekile edingisweni. Qapyí ukuhluza ukuhluza nokucwa kobandlululo; akuyona into ejabulisayo; kuyimfuneko.

Lesi sihloko sihlola isimo esihlukahlukayo sobandlululo, imiphumela yaso ejulile yempilo yentando yeningi, kanye namasu asebenzayo okuhlaziya ukwaziswa ngokuhluzekile. Sizohlola indlela ubandlululo olusebenza ngayo emazingeni omuntu siqu, okuqonda, nasemazindlini, futhi sinikeze izindlela ezisebenzayo kubafundisi, abafundi, nakuzo zonke izakhamuzi ukuba zisebenzise ulwazi oluyinkimbinkimbi lwanamuhla. Ngokusebenzisa lamakhono, abantu bangathatha indawo engaphezulu kokuthatha isinyathelo, bathathe iqhaza ekubuseni.

Uyini Ubhayasi?

Ekujuleni kwayo, ubandlululo luwukuthambekela ekuthandeni umbono owodwa, umphumela, noma iqembu, ngokuvamile kuphumela ekuphendukezelweni kweqiniso eliqondile. Nakuba ubandlululo luvame ukuxoxwa ngendlela ephambene, kuyindlela engokwemvelo elula yokucabanga ($] indlela ephumelelayo yobuchopho bethu yokusebenzisa ukwaziswa okuningi. Nokho, uma inganakwa, ubandlululo lungaholela emaphutheni ahleliwe ekwahluleleni, ukudukiswa, nokuhlukaniswa kwezenhlalo. Ukulawula ubandlululo ngokuphumelelayo, kusiza ekuqondeni izigaba zalo eziyinhloko.

Izinsimbi Zomuntu Siqu: Indima Yokuthi Ungubani Nokuhlangenwe Nakho

Ubandlululo lusuka esizindeni esihlukile somuntu siqu, esingokwesiko, imfundo, nakokuhlangenwe nakho kokuphila. Ngokwesibonelo, umuntu okhuliswe emkhayeni obambelele kakhulu kwezombangazwe angase abheke ukuncishiswa kwentela njengenzuzo, kuyilapho othile onezimo ezikhululekile engase abeke phambili ekusebenziseni imali engokwenhlalo. Lokhu bandlululo aluyona ingozi ngokwemvelo, kodwa luba yinkinga uma lusivimbela ekucabangeleni eminye imibono noma lapho luholela ekuthatheni indiva. Ukuqaphela ubandlululo kudinga ukuzikhethela komuntu siqu okuqotho, okubalulekile ekuhloniseni ngentando yeningi.

Ama - cogbar Biase: Ama - system Flags Ekucabangeni

Izazi zengqondo ziye zathola ukucunula kokuqonda okungaphezu kuka- 150, okuzinqumela kusengaphambili izindlela zokuphambuka ekunqumeni okunengqondo. Ezinye ezibaluleke kakhulu ekuhlolweni kokwaziswa zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuqinisekisa ubandlululo [ – ukuthambekela kokufuna, ukuchaza, nokukhumbula ukwaziswa okuqinisekisa izinkolelo ezikhona.
  • ubandlululo oluphicayo – ukuthembela kakhulu engxenyeni yokuqala yokwaziswa etholakele.
  • Imiphumela ye-Kurgunter - - ukulinganisa ulwazi lwakho siqu noma ikhono endaweni ethile.
  • Ukusebenziseka kwe-heuristic - ukwahlulela amathuba ezenzakalo ezisekelwe ekutheni izibonelo zifika kalula kanjani engqondweni.

Lokhu bandlululo lusebenza ngaphansi kokuqaphela okuqondile, lukwenze kube okungaqondakali kakhulu. Ukwenza isinqumo sentando yeningi, ukuqinisekisa ubandlululo kungadala amagumbi okunambitha, kuyilapho ukutholakala kwekhono kungabangela abavoti ukuba baqinise ukwanda kwezenzakalo eziphawulekayo kodwa eziyivelakancane, njengobugebengu obunobudlova noma ukuhlasela kwamaphekula, okuwumthetho obangela ukuphanga.

Imithombo Yezindaba Nezinhlangano

Ubandlululo lwemithombo yezindaba lubhekisela ekukhetheni okucatshangelwayo noma okungokoqobo kwezintatheli, abahleli, nezinhlangano zezindaba. Lokhu kungabonakala ngezindlela eziningi:

  • ubandlululo – ukukhetha ukuthi yiziphi izindaba okumelwe zimbozwe futhi yiziphi ezinganakwa.
  • ubandlululo [ - - uveza izindaba ngandlela-thile (umz., ubiza intela ngokuthi “intengo” vs. i-“intengiselwano”).
  • ubandlululo [ - - ukhetha iqembu elilodwa lezombangazwe noma isu elihlanganisayo.

Izinhlangano − kuhlanganise nezinqumo zamathangi, amayunivesithi, kanye namanxusa kahulumeni − zibonisa futhi ubandlululo ngemithombo yazo yezezimali, izinto eziza kuqala zokucwaninga, nezindlela zokunyathelisa. Ukuqonda lokhu kucwasana kokwakha kubalulekile ekuhloleni ukuthembeka kokwaziswa. Ngokwesibonelo, umbiko wendawo ezungezile oxhaswe yinkampani kawoyela ungase unciphise izingozi zesimo sezulu, kuyilapho umuntu oxhaswe yiqembu lendawo ezungezile engase azidlulise kakhulu. ishadi elibonisa ukucwasana kwemibono ye-al Sides unikeza ithuluzi eliwusizo lokuqhathanisa imithombo yezindaba nemithombo yezombangazwe.

Okwenza Ukuqaphela Umzimba Wesibeletho Kudingeke Ukuze Kwenziwe Isinqumo Sentando Yeningi

Ukuba Izakhamuzi Ezinolwazi

Intando yeningi iyachuma lapho izakhamuzi zingenza ukukhetha okusekelwe ekwazisweni okuqondile nokubanzi. IBias isonta indawo yokwaziswa, iholela abavoti ekusekeleni izimiso ezingase zingavumelani nezithakazelo zabo. Ngokwesibonelo, isakhamuzi esisebenzisa izindaba ezihlukene kuphela singaqala ukuqonda okushabalalayo komlando wombhaceli noma imiphumela yesimiso. Ukuqaphela ubandlululo kunika abantu amandla okufuna imibono elinganiselwe futhi siqinisekise ukuthi iziphi iziphakamiso ezizimele.

Ukucabanga Okugxekayo Njengobuhle Obubusa Ngentando Yeningi

Ukucabanga okubucayi .Ikhono lokuhlaziya izimpikiswano, ukuphawula ukuqamba, nokuhlola ubufakazi obungakholeki . Uma izakhamuzi zimukela ngokuphuphuma ukwaziswa ngaphandle kokungabaza umthombo wako noma ukuhluzeka kwengqondo, ziba yizisulu zokuyenganyezwa abakhohlisi nabasakaza izinkulumo ezihlukene. Ngokuzifundisa thina nabanye ukuba sihlole ubandlululo, siqinisa impucuko ebanzi yophendlo olugxekayo olusekela izinhlangano zentando yeningi. Ukucwaninga [Stford History Education Group kubonisa ukuthi abafundi abaningi bazama ukuhlukanisa okuqukethwe yizihloko zezindaba, baqokomisa isidingo esiphuthumayo sale khono.

Ukuhlanganyela Okunenjongo Kwentando Yeningi

Ukwazi i-bias kuholela ekubekeni izivumelwano zomphakathi ezicaciswe kakhulu. Kunokuba zimemezane zidlulane e-silos e-barctic, izakhamuzi eziqaphela ubandlululo lwazo ziyakwazi ukuxoxa nokuhlehla. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu embusweni wentando yeningi ohlukene lapho ukungavumelani kungenakugwenywa. Ukuqaphela ukuthi umphikisi wezombangazwe kungenzeka uthatha indiva ehlukile yezindinganiso, hhayi nje ngenxa yokungazi noma ububi, kudinga inhlonipho edingwa ukuqashelwa.

Ukulandisa Nenkolo

Uma umphakathi uqaphile ekukhetheni, babheka izimemezelo zezezindaba, abezombangazwe, nezikhungo ezilandisayo. Lokhu kucindezela kukhuthaza ukubika ngokucophelela, ukubusa okucace ngokwengeziwe, nokumelela amaqiniso ngokwethembeka kakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma ubandlululo lungaqashelwa, ukuthembela ezinhlanganweni kuyawohloka. Umphakathi ongenakuvumelana ngamaqiniso ayisisekelo awukwazi ukusebenza ngedemokrasi. Isikhungo sokucwaninga ifaka izimpawu ezibonisa ukuthi inkolelo ethembekile, kugcizelela isidingo sezindinganiso ezihlanganyelwayo zobufakazi.

Izinqubo Eziwusizo Zokukhipha Ukwaziswa Okungathandeki

Ngezansi kunesimiso esibanzi esiklanyelwe ukusiza izakhamuzi, abafundi nochwepheshe bahlaziya imithombo ngokuhlukumeza.

Hlola Ukuthi Umthombo Ubonakala Kanjani

Qala ngokuhlola incwadi noma ipulatifomu. Yaziwa ngezindinganiso zomhleli eziqinile? Bheka izimpompo ezimisiwe ngesimiso esicacile nomlando wokuhlola iqiniso. Qaphela izingosi ezilingisa izimpawu zezindaba ezisemthethweni (umz., wenezela ukuthi “.com” egameni elaziwayo). Sebenzisa imithombo enjenge medias / Fact Seck ukuhlola ukwethembeka nokuncika emthonjeni wezombangazwe.

2. Qiniseka Ikhono Lomlobi

Ngubani owabhala le mininingwane: Phenya umbhali, i-social, nezincwadi zesikhathi esidlule. Ingabe bayizingcweti ezidumile kulomkhakha? Ngokwesibonelo, ushintsho lwesimo sezulu olubhalwe yisazi sezulu lunesisindo esikhulu kunesilodwa esibhalwe umhlaziyi wezombangazwe. Nokho, ubuchwepheshe abuqinisekisi ukuthi ikuphi ukuvumelana kwemibono; ngisho nochwepheshe bangaphikisana. Ngaso sonke isikhathi hlola ukuchaza kwemali.

3. Thola Injongo Nokulalela

Bheka ukuthi okuqukethwe kuhloselwe ukunikeza ulwazi, ukunxenxa, ukuthokozisa, noma ukuthengisa. Izihloko zezindaba kufanele ziveze amaqiniso ngombono omncane; izingxenyana zemibono nomhleli ziphikisana ngokucacile. Okuqukethwe yi-onion, njenge-Onion, kungaphutha njengezindaba ezingokoqobo. Cabangela izilaleli ezihloselwe: umbiko wezobuchwepheshe wososayensi uzohluka ngephimbo nobufakazi obuthandwayo. Ukudukiswa phakathi kwenjongo nentshumayelo (umz., isihloko esithonyayo njengezindaba) kuyi-flagi ebomvu.

Ukubheka Inkolo Kunikeza Ubufakazi Obuyisisekelo

Ungawathathi amaphutha asetshenziswayo. Bheka umbiko, ukuxhumana nezifundo zokuqala, noma ukucaphuna ngokuqondile emithonjeni yokuqala. Khona - ke, qinisekisa leyo mithombo. Isihloko esithonyayo esingathi ukuhlolwa kufanele kuhlanganise isihloko sesifundo, abalobi, kanye nephepha-phepha-zincwadi. Uma ubufakazi bungacacile noma bulahlekile, singatha lokho okushiwoyo ngokungaqiniseki. Uma izibalo, hlola ukuthi zivela kucwaningo olubonwe ontanga noma ulwazi lukahulumeni.

5 Funa Imiqondo Eminingi

Akukho mthombo onikeza umbono ophelele. Ngokungazichayeli ezikhungweni ezihloniphekile ezivela ngaphesheya kwesigaba sezombangazwe. Ngesihloko esinikeziwe, funda isihloko esisongwa emthonjeni wakwesobunxele-le-leans (umzk., i-Guardian), umthombo ofanele (umz., i-The Wall Street Journal inxenye yombono), kanye ne-centrist noma i-etask (umz., i-Reuters noma i-Associated Press). I-Crossureader-recieding isiza ukuveza lapho ubandlululo nalokhu okungatholakali.

6. Ukushintsha Ulimi Nolimi

Ulimi oluhlasimulisayo ngokomzwelo, amagama athwele, kanye neziqu eziphakeme ngokuvamile zibonisa umzamo wokulawula kunokuba uzise. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuchaza inkambiso ngokuthi “ingqondo eyisisulu” noma“ingqondo evamile” kakade isiyifakela. Izihloko zezihloko zezindaba ezizwakalayo eziklanyelwe ukuvusa intukuthelo noma ukwesaba kufanele zibangele ukusola. I-messages ethembekile isebenzisa ulimi olulinganiswayo futhi ivumele amaqiniso akhulume.

7 Hlola usuku nendima

Ukwaziswa kungaphelelwa isikhathi ngokushesha. Inani elisukela ku-202025 lingase lingabalulekanga ekuphikisaneni okungu-2025. Ngokufanayo, cabangela umongo ogcwele: ukucwaninga okutholakele kungaba isandulela, okusekelwe kwisampula elincane, noma okuphikiswa ezinye izifundo. Ngaso sonke isikhathi funa izingcezu zamuva ze-metaana noma izinkulumo ezivumelanayo ezivela ezindikimbeni ezinegunya njenge-National Academies of Sciences.

Izihibe Ezivamile Nendlela Yokuzigwema

Ngisho noma sisebenzisa indlela eqinile yokuhlola, izihibe zokuqonda zingasidukisa.

Ukuqinisekisa I - Bias

Ukuze ulwe nobandlululo oludlangile, funa izimpikiswano ezibekela imibono yakho inselele.

Ukukhishwa Kwezakhi Zomzimba Ngokweqile

Indaba eshukumisayo ayibonisi indlela efana ngayo. icala elilodwa lokukhwabanisa kwezenhlalakahle alisho ukuthi isimiso sezenhlalakahle siyaphuka; impumelelo eyodwa yokuqala ayiwufakazeli umbono wezomnotho.

Ukunxusa Igunya

Ngenxa nje yokuthi umuntu odumile noma odumile usekela umbono ophambene nombono othile, hlaziya ubufakazi obusemazwini abo. ngisho nochwepheshe bangaphambuka ngaphezu kobuchwepheshe babo.

Ukungazinaki Izinga Eliyisisekelo

Lapho uhlola amathemba okunokwenzeka, abantu ngokuvamile abakunaki ukusakazeka kwezibalo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlolwa okuqondile kwesifo esiyivelakancane kungenza kube ngcono kakhulu kunokuba kube nomphumela ongcono uma ukwanda kwesifo kuphansi. Funa ukwaziswa okuyisisekelo noma nini lapho uchaza ingozi noma izimpawu ezingalindelekile.

Ukucabanga Okungokomzwelo

Uma ukwaziswa okuthile kukwenza uthukuthele kakhulu noma ujabule kakhulu, yima kancane. Imizwelo enamandla ivame ukuthatha isikhashana nje ukuze igxeke ukucabanga. Ngaphambi kokuba uxoxe, buza: “Lokhu kunembile, noma kumane nje kuzwakala kulungile?”

Ukuhlola Ukwaziswa Ezikoleni Nalé Kwazo

Ukwakha isakhamuzi esinobandlululo kuqala ekilasini. Othisha bangahlanganisa lamakhono ezifundweni, hhayi nje ezifundweni zezenhlalo noma ezakhamuzini.

Ukufunda Okuqoshiwe Kwemithombo Yezindaba Ekholijini

Kunokuba kube i-stapalone, hlela i-westerne ehlola zonke izifundo ezihilela ukucwaninga noma izenzakalo zamuva. Ekilasini lesayensi, fundisa abafundi ukubona ontanga ababoniwe u-v. omagazini abadla izinambuzane. Ekilasini lesiNgisi, hlaziya amasu okuthatha impendulo nobandlululo omhleli.

Sebenzisa indlela “yokufunda Kwangesikhathi Esidlule”

Abacwaningi eStanford baye babonisa ukuthi abahloli abangochwepheshe baphumelela kakhulu lapho “bafunda kamuva”", bevula ama-tep amasha ukuze bahlole idumela lomthombo kanye nemali ngaphambi kokufunda isihloko ngokugcwele. Fundisa abafundi ukuba bashiye ikhasi lokuqala futhi bafune ukwaziswa okungaphandle ngomthombo.

Impikiswano Yentando Yeningi Evela Kubantu Abahlukahlukene

Nikeza abafundi ukuba bacwaninge ngempikiswano ephikisanayo, kodwa bafune ukuba bathintane nemithombo ephikisanayo ehlangothini ngalunye. Khona - ke nikeza impikiswano ehleliwe lapho kumelwe baphikisane khona ngokombono abaphikisana nawo.

Khuthaza Umkhuba Wansuku Zonke Ngokuhlaziya Izindaba

Qalisa ikilasi ngalinye “ngezingcingo zokuzihlola ezinhlanu”: hlela isihloko esikhulu samuva futhi ucele abafundi ukuba bachaze umthombo, injongo, ubufakazi, nobandlululo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lomkhuba uba ngcono.

Isiphetho: Umthwalo Wemfanelo Wokucabanga Okucacile

I-Bias ayiyona into okungaqedwa ngayo, kodwa emphakathini wentando yeningi, sinomthwalo wemfanelo wokuyiqaphela, ukulandisa ngayo, futhi silungise ukuziphatha kwethu okufuna ukwaziswa ngokuvumelana nayo. Ukhetho olunolwazi aluzenzekeli; lubangelwa imfundo yamabomu, ukuzikhuza, nokuzimisela ukuphenya okunzima.

Ngokwamukela amasu achazwe lapha `ekuhloleni imithombo, iziphakamiso, ukufuna imibono eminingi, nokufundisa lamakhono esizukulwaneni esilandelayo, ` Singaqinisa ulwazi oluxhomeke ekutholweni idemokrasi. Ikusasa lobuxhakaxhaka lixhomeke ekhonweni lethu lokucabanga ngokucacile, ukuphikisana ngenhlonipho, nokwenza izinqumo ezisekelwe ebufakazini kunokubheka imizwelo noma ubandlululo. Qala namuhla: uma ufunda isihloko sezindaba, yima ubuze, “Iluphi ubandlululo olungase ludlalwe lapha, emthonjeni, kumlobi, nakumi ngokwami?” Lo mbuzo olula uyisinyathelo sokuqala esiqonde kakhulu esiqondeni sombuso wentando yeningi.