Izicelo ziphakathi kwemishini emidala kakhulu neqondile kakhulu yokuthembisana kwezakhamuzi, esebenza njengenqubo engokomthetho yomphakathi yokuxhumana izimfuno ezisezindlini zomthetho. Kusukela kumqulu ophansi wephepha kuya kwimikhankaso yanamuhla ewumphumela we-inthanethi ye-inthanethi, izicelo ziye zashintsha kodwa zagcina injongo yazo eyisisekelo: ukuthuthukisa izwi labantu. Ukuqonda izindlela ezicacile lapho izicelo zithonya khona ukwenza izinqumo zomthetho womthetho kubalulekile ukuze ziqaphele kokubili amandla azo nokulinganiselwa kwazo e democracy. Lesihloko sihlola izisekelo ezingokomlando, izindlela zanamuhla, ukuhlola, nezokunxusa kwe-msmemodual njengethuluzi lokuguqula umthetho nenkambiso.

Izimbangela Ezingokomlando Zezicelo Zokubusa

Ilungelo lokunxusa lidala njengohulumeni ongummeleli ngokwawo. ENgilandi, i- Petution of Iburyo (1628) yabeka izimiso eziyisisekelo ezathonya ukucabanga komthetho-sisekelo kamuva. Lomqondo wafakwa kuyiBill of Rights 1689, eyaqinisekisa ilungelo lezihloko lokunxusa inkosi ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuqunjelwa. Lesimiso sanqamula i-Atlantic, evela eSingenisweni Sokuqala somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo we-United States: “ilungelo labantu... ukunxusa uHulumeni ukuba ifune ukubuyisa izikhalo.””

Ukusuka EMagna Carta Kuya Ephalamendeni Lanamuhla

Ngisho nangaphambi kwelungelo elingokomthetho lokunxusa, imihlangano yangenkathi ephakathi yayisebenzisa ukunxusa ukufuna isenzo sobukhosi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izicelo zaba yingxenye yenqubo yephalamende, ivumela abantu nezinkampani ukuba bacele amakhambi omthetho. Ngekhulu le-19, izicelo eziningi ezimayelana nezimpikiswano ezinjengokuqedwa kobugqila nokuncishwa kwendawo yonke zabonisa ukuthi ukuqoqwa kwenani elikhulu kungasusa izakhiwo zezombangazwe. Inhlangano yeSivumelwano eBrithani, ngokwesibonelo, yaqoqa izigidi zezisayino ezifuna izinguquko zentando yeningi, futhi lapho izicelo ezithile zenqaba, ekugcineni ukucindezela okuqhubekayo kwaholela ekumelelweni kwabantu bemisebenzi.

Ilungelo Lokunxusa Emithethweni Emhlabeni Wonke

Namuhla, imithetho-mthetho yesizwe engaphezu kwekhulu iqinisekisa uhlobo oluthile lwesicelo. Isisindo esingokomthetho esiqondile siyahlukahluka. EJalimane, izakhamuzi zinganxusa iBundestag, okudingeka icabangele futhi ibike ngokuzithoba ngakunye. I-European Union ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zinxuse iPhalamende laseYurophu ngezindaba ezingaphakathi kwe-EU. Lokhu kuqaphela komthetho-sisekelo kubonisa ukuthi izicelo azisona nje isibonakaliso; zisezimikhakheni yokubusa.

Imishini Yethonya Elinxusayo

Izicelo zithonya umthetho ngezindlela eziningi, ngokuvamile zisebenza ngokufaka ezinye izindlela zobuthakathi. Ithonya lixhomeke ezicini ezinjengenani lezisayino, ukufushana, ukusakaza imithombo yezindaba, nomongo wezombangazwe. Ngezansi kunezigqizo eziyinhloko izicelo eziguqulela kuzo izisayino ezenzweni zomthetho.

Izikhala Zesigqebhezana Nezimbiza

Izindikimba eziningi zemithetho zinemithetho ehleliwe ephakamisa izicelo uma nje ziwele emnyango wesigqebhezana. Ngokwesibonelo, iKomiti yeZicelo yePhalamende le-UK icabangela isicelo ngasinye esinezinsayelo ezingaphezu kuka-100 000 zengxoxo. E-US, i- “Tho People” platform (manje egcinwe) idinga izisayino ezingu-100 000 phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-30 ukuze kutholakale impendulo yendlu emhlophe. Lemikhawulo yenza uphawu olucacile: isicelo esisekelwa umphakathi sifuna impendulo engokomthetho, ngisho noma impendulo ingekho ngokomthetho. Abenzi bomthetho abanjalo abaphoqeqeshiwe ukuba bavume obala ukuthi impikiswano, engaguqula ifasitela lenqubo eyamukelekayo.

Ukuthuthukiswa Kwemithombo Yezindaba

Isicelo esinamashumi ezinkulungwane zamagama sibalulekile. Izintatheli zikhomba isimemezelo sokusayina. Izicelo ezihlanganisa i-UK orgod nempumelelo ephawulekayo, ziveza ukusakazwa ngokukhululekile ngenxa yale njongo. Ukufakwa kwemithombo yezindaba ngokuguqula izingcindezi ngokuphakamisa impikiswano phakathi kwama-accompant. Ngokwesibonelo, isicelo sika 2016 sokuxosha uDonald Trump uTrump wavakashela i-UK gararnel eyizigidi ezingaphezu kwe-1,8 eziwusayinwe kakhulu, ukunxusa uhulumeni ukuba akhiphe izinkulumo eziningi. Nakuba ukuhambela kwamuva kwaqala, impikiswano yeningi yathonya inkulumo yezombangazwe.

Isakhiwo Esinemisebe Nesokucwazimula

Izikhalo azivamile ukusebenza zodwa. Ziyingxenye yethuluzi lokuthola izimvume ezibanzi elihlanganisa imihlangano nabenzi bomthetho, imikhankaso yezokuxhumana, kanye nobudlelwane nezinhlangano ezingezona ezohulumeni. Isicelo esihlelwe kahle singasebenza njengohlu lwabasekeli abangase bahlomele ukusekela, abahleli abangabutha kamuva ukuba bafake izingqungquthela, izincwadi, noma izingcingo. Ingcindezelo eqinile: abenzi bemithetho babona inani elikhulu futhi baqonde ukuthi abaqondisi bezimpawu bahlelekile futhi baphikelela.

Izicelo Zezinombolo: Ukushintsha Indawo

I-Internet iguqule isilinganiso nejubane lokunxusa. I-Platforms efana no-Change.org, i-Avaaz, kanye ne-stal kahulumeni ehamba nge-inthanethi yenze kwaba yi-Cetal ukuba iqale futhi ihlanganyele isicelo. Lokhu kuhlelwa kwentando yeningi kunezinzuzo nezihibe.

Izimfashini Nendlela Ezifinyelela Ngayo

Ukushintsha.org kuqhayisa abasebenzisi abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-400 futhi bathi banqobe imikhankaso kuzo zonke izinto kusukela ezimisweni zokuthengisa kuya kumthetho wesizwe. Izicelo ze-algorithm yesikhulumi zibangelwa amandla, zidala amaphutha. Ngo-2019, isicelo soshintsho sinxusa i-Amazon ukuba iyeke ukuthengisa ubuchwepheshe bokuqashelwa kobuso ukuba igcinwe iqoqwe izigqebhene ze-ontacts ezingaphezu kwekota zezigidi futhi yafaka isandla ekusebenziseni i-mostator yesikhashana ye-Amazon. Ngokufanayo, “Thithu stat" ngaphansi kwe-Obama umphathi wezentethele ezindaweni zentela yathumela amakhulu ezinkulungwane zentela, ngokuthatha izigila ezigele.

Izinzuzo Neziphazamiso Zokuhlaselwa Kwabantu Nge - Internet

Izicelo zemishini zehlisa isithiyo sokuhlanganyela. Noma ubani okwazi ukungena kuyi-intanethi angasayina ngemizuzwana. Kodwa lokhu kulula kunganciphisa isibopho esicatshangelwayo samasayina. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi “i-cliviv” ithatha indawo yesibopho esijulile, futhi ukuthi ukusayinwa okuvela ngaphandle kwesifunda-mthetho akunathonya eliqondile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungakwazi ukuqapha noma izindleko eziphansi kungaholela ekukhombeni kokusayina noma ukubhabhaka. Imishini ye-platform iye yathatha izinyathelo ezihlukahlukene zokuqinisekisa, kodwa ukuthembeka kwezicelo zemishini kuyaqhubeka kuyinto ekhathazayo.

Ukulinganiselwa Nokugxeka Kuyabuya

Nakuba izicelo zingaphumelela, aziyona neze inhlamvu yesiliva ethonya umphakathi.

Igebe Lokusayina

Ubalo lwezitifiketi alubhekisi ngqo kumavoti emithetho. Abenzi bomthetho bahlola izici eziningi: imibiko yamakomiti, ukucubungula, ukuhola, nezithakazelo zomphiko. Isicelo esinezisayithi ezingu-500 000 singase singanakwa uma singqubuzana nezithakazelo zezomnotho ezinamandla noma sibhekwa njengesimo somphakathi esidlulayo. Ukucwaninga kweUK Hansard Society kwathola ukuthi isiqephu esincane kuphela semibono edlula impikiswano ewumphumela woshintsho lwenqubo yangempela. Igebe phakathi kwesidingo somphakathi nezenzo zomthetho ngokuvamile livame ukuba lukhulu.

Ukuthungatha Nokungaqondi

Izicelo zingasetshenziswa njengezikhali. Imikhankaso yama-astratourf [1] Ukunyakazisa utshani obubodwa ngokuhlanganisa izimemezelo nezimpawu zokukhohlisa ukuze kwakhiwe ukusekela okuthandwayo. Phakathi nokhetho lwama-2020 e-US, izicelo zokugunyaza ukukhwabanisa umvoti zisakazeke kabanzi, kodwa eziningi zalahlwa. Amaphutha axhunywe ezicelweni angangcolisa futhi izimbangela zangempela, okwenza abamisi-mthetho bangabazani yonke imizamo yokusayina. Izicelo ziye zazama ukulinganisela ngaphandle kokuphazamisa izingxoxo zenkululeko.

I - “burecratic Interia ”

Ngisho noma isicelo sivusa ukusabela okungokomthetho kwemithetho, umphumela ungase ube yikho. Ikomiti yephalamende ingaba nombiko, bese ikhipha umbiko, bese indaba ifa. Ngaphandle kokucindezela okuqhubekayo nokulandelana okuhleliwe, izicelo zingaba isiphelo. Ikhalenda lemithetho liminyene, futhi izicelo ngokuvamile zincintisana ngokunakekela izinkinga eziphuthumayo nezimpi zokulwa.

Ukuhlola Icala: Lapho Izimfuno Zenza Umehluko

Ukuze siqonde ukuthi izwe lithinteke kanjani ngempela, kuwusizo ukuhlola izicelo ezithile ezabangela izinguquko ezingokomthetho noma ezinqubweni.

Inkathi Yamalungelo Omphakathi

Ngo-1960, i-National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) yasebenzisa izicelo njengengxenye yecebo elibanzi lokucindezela umthetho wenkululeko yomphakathi. Ngo-1963 “ISigelekeqe se-Washington seJobs nenkululeko” sandulelwa ngezicelo ezinxusa ukudluliswa kwe-Civil Rights Act. Nakuba ukudluliswa kwale mithetho kwakungenxa yezici eziningi, imikhankaso emikhulu yokusayina yasiza ekuboniseni amalungu entengantengantenga emibono yomphakathi eyayishiyile.

Ukunqoba Kwendawo Ezungezile

Ngo-2013, isicelo sika-Avaaz sokuvinjelwa kwama-killbead ezimonyoni sahlanganisa izigqebhezana ezingaphezu kuka-500 000 futhi saba neqhaza ekuthatheni umthetho e-UK, e-US, naseCanada. Uhulumeni we-UK wavimbela ama-microbead amagciwane ezimonyoni zokususa ngo-2018. Ngokufanayo, izicelo zokulwa ne-Keystone XL pit e-US zaziyingxenye yenhlangano enkulu yendawo ezungezile eyathonya ukunqatshelwa kwesakhiwo sase-Obama ngo-2015.

Ukushintsha Kwenqubo Kwamuva

Ngo-2021, isicelo seChange.org esifuna ukuba kukhokhelwe umqedazwe okhokhelwa izisebenzi ezibalulekile e-Australia saqoqwa izigqebhezana ezingaphezu kuka-200 000. Ngemva kokucindezelwa nokwaziswa komphakathi, ohulumeni abaningana basungula amaqhinga okuhamba kwesikhashana okugula. Nakuba lesi sicelo sasingesodwa umshayeli wesikhashana, sandisa amazwi ezisebenzi futhi sagcina impikiswano ezindabeni. Esinye isibonelo: “Yeka isicelo seCuts” eUK phakathi no-2011 sahlangana nezisayino ezingaphezu kwesigidi ezimelene ne-NHS nemfundo, futhi lapho isikhala siqhubeka, isicelo saphoqediswa uhulumeni ukuba axoxe ngokuphindaphindiwe futhi alungise eminye imithetho.

Ukulinganisa Umphumela Wangempela Wezicelo

Ezinye izicelo zishintsha inkulumo yeningi, zakhe umphakathi, noma zibe izimpawu ezixwayisayo ezilandelayo zomthetho wesikhathi esizayo.

Ngaphandle Kwesigqebhezana

Isicelo singase singawufezi umgomo waso wamanje kodwa singabeka isisekelo sezinguquko zesikhathi esizayo. Ngokwesibonelo, izicelo zokulingana komshado kuma-US ngawo 1990 azizange ziphumele ekugunyazweni ngokushesha ngokomthetho, kodwa zawuvumela ukuba ube nombono futhi zakha i-nethikitha yokusekela. Emashumini amabili eminyaka, ukuthi ukushintsha ngokosiko kwasiza ekuvuleni indlela yesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ngo-2015. Ngokufanayo, ukunxusa ukuletha izinguquko zenhlalakahle yezilwane ngokuvamile kuholela ekushintsheni okukhulu ezimisweni ngisho noma isidingo esikhulu sisithiwe.

Ukushintsha Okubalulekile Enkulumweni

Izikhalo zingashintsha indlela izimpikiswano ezihlelwa ngayo. Uma isicelo sisakaza ukunakwa, iziteshi zezindaba nezazi zezombangazwe zithatha ulimi lwaso. Igama elithi “isimo esiphuthumayo” ngokwengxenye lithole isilinganiso ngenxa yezicelo zenqwaba yabantu emapulatifomu njenge-Avaaz. Lenguquko eguquguqukayo ithonya uhlu lwezinketho zenqubo ezicatshangelwayo, yenza imibono eguquguqukayo ibonakale ibaluleke kakhulu.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingathuthukisa Ngayo Ukuphumelela Kwezicelo

Kulabo abafuna ukusebenzisa izicelo njengendlela yokushintsha, amasu adingayo. Isicelo esihlelwe kahle singelula kakhulu ukuthola i-transmitted futhi sibe nethonya elihlala njalo.

Ukuthungatha Isidingo Esiningi

Isicelo kufanele sibe nesicelo esiqondile, esingenakufinyelelwa. Izicelo eziphoqelelwe njengesithi “yenza okuthile mayelana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu” azisebenzi kakhulu kune-“amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-2025 emandleni avuselelwe” noma“ ukuvimbela izikhwama zepulasitiki ezisebenzisa ipulasitiki eyodwa ngo-2025.” I-Precision isiza abamisi-mthetho ukuba baqonde ukuthi yini eceliwe futhi iyenze kube lula ukulandelela imiphumela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ulimi kufanele luhloniphe futhi lusekelwe emaqini, ugweme ihaba elingase lilula ukubeka intethelekiso.

Ukwakha Isivumelwano

Izikhalo zithola amandla uma zisekelwa yizinhlangano ezinezinhlanganisela ezikhona. Ukubambisana ne-NGOS, izinyunyana, noma amaqembu omphakathi kunikeza isisekelo sokuthuthukisa nokugunyaza. Isicelo somuntu oyedwa asikholisani kunosigunyazwa yinhlangano ehlonishwayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abangane bomfelandawonye bangasiza ekulandeleni ngemva kokuqeda isicelo, baguqule izigqgibo zibe yisimemezelo esiqinile.

Ukuhlanganyela Nabenzi Bezindaba Nemithetho

Ubalo lwesigqebhezana sodwa aluvamile ukushukumisa ummisi wemithetho. Abahleli kufanele banyathelise ukukhululwa lapho kufinyelelwa izenzakalo ezivelele, basebenzise imithombo yezokuxhumana ukuze baphawule izikhulu ezikhethiwe, futhi bacele imihlangano ukuze badlulisele isicelo ngasese. Izindaba zomuntu siqu ezivela kumasayithi asayinwayo zingaqokonyiselwa ukuthuthukisa isimo sobuntu. Kulezo zimemo zikahulumeni eziseceleni, zilandelela ukusabela nokuhlela izinyathelo ezilandelayo (umk., ukukhulumela komphakathi, ukufakazela ukuqulwa) kwandisa ithuba lokubhekana.

Ikusasa Lokunxusa Ekwenzeni Isinqumo Esingokomthetho

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe nezimiso zezombangazwe kushintsha, nendima yezicelo iyoba yilokho okufanele kuqashelwe.

Ingabe Kuwukuhlala Uphilile?

Ukuhlakanipha kokwenza kungaguqula ukuhlaziywa kwezicelo, kusize izishayamthetho ukuba zihlele imiqulu emikhulu yezisayino futhi zikhiphe nezinto ezizikhathazayo. Ubuchwepheshe be-blockchain bungasetshenziselwa ukuqinisekisa izignesha nokuvimbela ukukhwabanisa, ukwanda kokusemthethweni. Amanye amapulatifomu avumela izimpawu zokusayina ukuba zifake izimpawu zemiphumela, zidala izihlongo ezithi zi-microscope zokuthembisana komphakathi. Nokho, lezi zici ziphakamisa futhi ziphakamisa izikhalo zomuntu siqu nokusebenzisa kabi.

Ukuhlanganiswa Kwezinhlangano

Izishaya-mthetho eziningi zihlola ukuhlanganiswa okujulile kwezicelo emjikelezweni wesimiso. Ngokwesibonelo, iPhalamende laseFinland, lizenza ngokuzenzakalelayo inyathelo lokuthatha izinyathelo zezakhamuzi eziqoqa izignesha ezingu-50 000, zizithumele emakomitini ukuze zihlolwe. Lo mklamo unciphisa ukuqapha kwabagcini besango futhi uqinisekisa ukuthi iziphakamiso zomphakathi zithola imvume engokomthetho. Uma amazwe amaningi amukela imishini ebophayo noma ehlanganisa imishini, ithonya lethuluzi lingakhula kakhulu.

Isiphetho

Izikhalo ziseyisici esibalulekile sokuthembisana ngentando yeningi, zinikeza izakhamuzi indlela ehlelwe kahle yokuxhumana nabamisi-mthetho. Nakuba zingeyona indlela eqinisekisiwe yokushintsha kwemithetho, ikhono lazo lokuphakamisa ukuqapha, ukusebenzisa ukucindezela, nenkulumo yokushintshwa kuzenza zibe ithuluzi elibalulekile ebhokisini le-atmossion. Izicelo eziphumelela kakhulu yilezo ezihlangene nemikhankaso yokubhalisa intando yeningi, ezisekelwe ezicelweni ezicacile, futhi ezisekelwa yimifelandawo ehlukene. Njengoba amathuluzi esetshenziswa ngobuchwepheshe enziwa ngokuvumelana kwezimiso futhi abanye ohulumeni bamukela izigqizo ezisabelayo, ukunxusa kokuhlela imithetho cishe kuyokwanda.

Uqhubekela ukufunda ngezimiso zokucela kanye nemiphumela yemithetho, ukuhlolwa kwemithombo yemali evela ku- UK Palamente inxusa iKomiti , isiqondiso sikahulumeni wokunxusa [[, kanye nokuhlaziya kwezemfundo E-E-PTCYP ” ku-American Political Science Review.[FLT]