Isingeniso

I-Raje Sabba, noma uMkhandlu wase-United States, isebenza njengendlu ephezulu yePhalamende laseNdiya, insika eyinhloko yendlu yomthetho yesizwe enqunyiweyo. Ngokungafani ne-Lok Sabhaha, enamalungu akhethwe ngokuqondile abantu nge-franse, iRaje Sabhaha, ihlelwe ngenqubo yokukhetha engaqondile. Amalungu ayo akhethwa ngekholeji elikhethiweyo labamele abameleli abakhethiweyo abavela emazweni nasemasimini. Lomklamo awubo abawahlulele; umthetho wamabomu ohloselwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izithakazelo zamazwe zimelelwe ezizweni ezizweni futhi ziqhubekela ukubusa, njengomuntu oyedwa-3 wamalungu ayo eqeshwe iminyaka emibili yonke. Ukuqonda ikhole e-Syabrakita yesigaba esiyinhloko sombuso wezwe lonke izwe.

Ukuhlelwa Kwekholiji Le - Electoral

Ikholiji elikhethiwe likaRajeya Sabha akuyona indikimba ehlala njalo, emile kodwa libunjwa ngokhetho ngalunye. Lihlanganisa wonke amalungu akhethiwe e-Legislative Convective County (ML) yombuso ngamunye ne-mihlanganweni ye-Punion ye-oconstation yamazwe anendlu yomthetho enjenge-Delhi ne Puducherry. Kunzima ukuphawula ukuthi amalungu azimele ohulumeni abamisi-mthetho abanamalungelo okuvota eRajeya Sabbavhavota, njengoba uMthetho-sisekelo uvimbela ngokuqondile ukuba ahlanganyele emalungwini akhethiwe kuphela.

Ubukhulu bekholeji levolontiya buhluka ngokwenani labantu bombuso ngamunye. Ngokwesibonelo, u-Uttar Sabadesh, nengqungquthela yayo enkulu yemithetho ye-ogconol yama-403, inekholeji elikhulu kunalelozwe elincane elinjengoSikkim, elinama-32 MLS. Ukuhlukahlukahluka okuqinisekisa ukuthi isisindo sombuso ngamunye ekukhetheni i-Rapya Sabhaha silingana nokubaluleka kwayo, ingqikithi yenani lababelwe ingqungquthela. Ingqikithi yenani labangabavoti abangaba khona kuzo zonke ingqikithi zezifunda ezikhethiwe yinani elikhethiwe lazo zonke eziseNdiya, elidlula izinombolo ezingu-4 000.

Ikholiji elikhethiwe likahulumeni ngamunye lisebenza ngokwalo. Ivoti ngayinye kahulumeni ye-MLS yokugcwalisa izihlalo ze-Rajiya Sabba ezabelwe leso sifundazwe. Inani lezihlalo ngokwesifundazwe linqunywa yiSiphakamiso 80 soMthetho-sisekelo, esinika izihlalo ezisekelwe kubantu, ezinemimelelo emisiwe yezindawo zombuso ngamunye. Njengendawo yamuva, i-Utar Pradesh inezihlalo eziyi 31, kanti ezinye ezifana ne-Goa zinesodwa. Lenkokhelo ibukelwa njalo ngemva kokubala kwabantu, nakuba iShedyuli yesine imisa ukusakaza.

Isimiso Sokusakaza: Ukumelela Inqubo Ngezwi Elilinye

INdiya isebenzisa ivoti edluliswayo eyodwa (STV), uhlobo lokumelelwa ngokulandelana, ku-Rajeya Sabhaha vhoti. Lesi simiso sihluke kakhulu kuhlelo lokuqala lwe-past (FTPP) esetshenziselwa i-Lok Sabba ne-costation yombuso. Ngaphansi kokhetho lwe-STV, abavoti abameleli ngokwendlela ethanda, kunokuba baphawule ukukhetha okukodwa. Umgomo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isilinganiso sezihlalo zeqembu lemijaya Sabha cishe sihambelana namandla alo engqungqutheleni.

Indlela Yokukhetha Imisebenzi

UMLA ngayinye ithola uhlu lwephepha lonothi lokuncintisana nokhetho. Esikhundleni sokubeka umbhalisa oyedwa ngesiphambano esisodwa, i-MLA yabela inombolo ekhethwayo: '1' ngokukhetha kwabo kokuqala, '2' ngomzuzwana, '3' ngesithathu, njalonjalo. I-MLA ingakhetha ukuvota kuphela abanye abazobhapathizwa, kodwa isendaweni ephezulu yonke inzuzo ukwandisa amathuba eqembu. Lokhu kukhetha kuyimfihlo futhi kubalwa ngokulandelana okukhethekile.

Ukubala Izibalo: Ithuba Lokunqoba

Ukuze kumenyezelwe ukuthi ukhethiwe, umvotelwa kumelwe aqinisekise isilinganiso esithile samavoti. Isilinganiso sibalwa ngokusebenzisa i-draop page [:

Quota = (Inani lezihlalo ezisemthethweni / (Inani lezihlalo okumelwe zigcwaliswe + 1) + 1]

Ngokwesibonelo, uma umbuso une-240 SS SS POTT, ne-3 Rajiya Sabha ayilutho, isibalo singaba (240 / +1) + 1 = (240 / 4) 1 + 1 = 60 + 1 = 61 amavoti. Ngakho, noma imuphi umuntu othola amavoti angu-61 okuqala ku-ML ukhethwa ngokushesha. I-"+1" iqinisekisa ukuthi abazofuna ukubhapathizwa abakhethwa ngaphezu kwezihlalo. Ukusetshenziswa kwesigaba seDrooop kwenza ukuba kungabi nokwenzeka kuzo zonke izihlalo ukuba zigcwaliswe ngeningi kuphela uma ukuphikiswa kunanoma yiziphi izivoti, njengoba kunyanzelwa ukuba bafinyelele umnyango oqinisekisa imiphumela elinganayo.

Inqubo yokubala: Ukudlulisa i - superp kanye nokukhipha ama - Candidate aphansi

Inqubo yokubala yenziwa ngemijikelezo eminingi:

  1. Ubalo lokuqala: konke ukuvota kokuqala kubaliwe. Noma yimuphi ohlangana noma odlula inani ukhethwa. Uma umfundi amukela amavoti amaningi kunalelo nani, insali (amavoti ngaphezu kwesilinganiso) idluliselwa kwabalandelayo abawashiyiwe kulawomaphepha ebhola. Ukudluliswa kwenziwa ngenani lenani elilinganiselwe elisekelwe kwisilinganiso esisele.
  2. Amanani aphezulu: Ngemva kokudluliswa okunabile, uma abazobhapathizwa bembalwa kakhulu sebefinyelele isilinganiso kunenani lezihlalo abangagcwalisa ngazo, umhlohli ngevoti yokuqala embalwa kakhulu uyasuswa. Amaphepha alowo mbhejesi athunyelwa ephepheni ngalinye elilandelayo elikhona.
  3. Inqubo yokususa opholile nodlulisela amavoti abo iyaqhubeka kuze kube yilapho zonke izihlalo zigcwalisiwe. Ezimweni eziningi, uma inani labasele abalingana nenani lezihlalo esezivulekile, kuthiwa likhethiwe ngaphandle kokufinyelela isilinganiso.

Lendlela iqinisekisa ukuthi amavoti awasatshiswa. Ngisho noma umvoti wokuqala we-MLA esuswa, ukuvota kwabo kusabalulekile komunye umvoti ngokuthuthelwa. Amaqembu asebenzisa isimiso angahlanganisa izinto ezithandwayo futhi ngokuvamile aholela ezingxoxweni eziyinkimbinkimbi lapho amaqembu amakhulu ecela izinxulumani ezincane ukuze asekele umuntu ozothatha i-MLA, ngemva kokuphuma.

Ukubaluleka Kwenqubo Ye - Electoral College

Ikholiji levolotial ne-STV kufeza imisebenzi eminingi ebucayi embusweni wentando yeningi waseNdiya.

Ukuhlola Umfanekiso Ovela Kuwo

Injongo eyinhloko iwukuqinisekisa ukuthi iRaje Sabba iveza isimo sezombangazwe samalungu ombuso. Uma iqembu liphethe amaphesenti angu-40 ezihlalo emhlanganweni, kungenzeka kakhulu ukuba liwine izihlalo ezicishe zibe ngu-40% zeRaje Sabbah kulelozwe. Lo mphumela olinganayo awunakwenzeka ngaphansi kwesimiso se FPTP, ngokuvamile onika iningi elikhulu kakhulu eqenjini eliholayo. Lenqubo ivimbela iqembu elibusayo ezingeni lesizwe ukusuka ekubuseni indlu ephezulu, njengoba ngokuvamile yenza eLok Saha.

Ukulinganisela Okuqinisayo Kwezenhlalo

Ngokukhetha amalungu amelelwa yisizwe kunokuba akhethwe umphakathi, i-Raje Sabha isebenza njengegumbi elinikeza izwi eliqondile eMthethweni wesizwe. Lesi sakhiwo sivikela izithakazelo zezifunda ezincane nezingandile. Ngokwesibonelo, isifunda esincane esifana noManipur sinesihlalo esisodwa sikaRajiya Sabhaha, sisinikeza izwi elilinganayo njengezwe elikhulu ezindabeni ezibalulekile zikahulumeni, njengasemthethweni wemithetho-mthetho, nakuba isisekelo saso sokhetho sincane. Ikholeji elinolwazi liqinisekisa ukuthi indlu ephezulu ihlala iyi "ndlu yezifundazwe," hhayi indlu yabantu.

Ukunikeza Inzuzo Nobuciko

I-Raje Sabra iyindlu ehlala njalo, amalungu ayo ethatha umhlalaphansi njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili. Le nqubo eshaqisayo iqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka. Inqubo yamakholiji evolontiya, ngokudwetshwa ngolwazi lwe-MLS, ngokuvamile iphumela ekukhethweni kwezazi zezombangazwe, abaphathi, nochwepheshe abaletha ulwazi lwemithetho. Ngokungafani ne-Lok Sabha, amalungu e-Rapya Sabha angamiswa futhi amiswe ukuba asebenze njengezikhonzi futhi akhonze ngisho noma engakhethwanga ngokuqondile, avumela uhulumeni ukuba abe yitalenta efana neyabodwa.

Ukugxekwa Nezinguquko Zenqubo KaRaje Sabha Electoral

Naphezu kwezisekelo zalo zomthetho - sisekelo, ikolishi eliwukhetho leRaje Sabha liye lagxekwa futhi lafuna inguquko.

Izimpawu Zokugwema Isiphambano Namandla Emali

Ngoba njengoba i-MLS ivota yabameleli abadlula eqenjini labo, isimiso se-STV sithambekele ekunqamuleni. Izibhedlela zivame ukubeka izijeqe ku-ML Ass ngokuvotela abamele ukuvotela, kodwa embonini eyimfihlo, i-MLA ingakhubazeka ngokushesha. Phakathi neminyaka eminingi, okhetho abaningi baye babona izikhalo zemali eziye zabangela ukuba i-MLMA kuvote umbhadiswayo ongasekelwanga iqembu labo. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekufuneni izimpikiswano nasekuhlolweni kwezokwahlulela. Ngo-201717, iNkanto ekhasahlulele yaseNdiya inqume ukuthi noma isiphi isibambiso esiphikisana neseshaphuculweni e-Raveshabab kungaholela ekuvoleni ukuncishiswa ngaphansi kwe-ADD, ukumiswa kwemithetho ehlose-octiventi.

Ukuyinkimbinkimbi Nokuntuleka Kokumelela Okuqondile

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi inqubo yokukhetha engaqondile i-Raje Sabba iqhelelane nentando yabantu. Ngokungafani nama-senator e-United States, manje akhethwe ngokuqondile, amalungu ase-India uRaje Sabha awabange necala kukhetho oluvamile. Lokhu kungaholela ekuthatheni indiva yedemocricial, njengoba izakhamuzi zingasho ngokuqondile ukuthi ubani omelela yona endlini ephezulu. Abanye abashisekeli benguquko basekela ukukhethwa okuqondile kukaRapya Sabba, ukunyakaza okungadinga ukumiswa komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo futhi kungaguqula ukulinganisela kombuso.

Ithonya Elikhubazayo Lamasimu Obumbano

Amasimu e-Union angenaso isishaya-mthetho (njenge-Chandigarh, i-Andaman ne-Nicobar Islands) akanakho ukumelelwa ekholijini le-votor. Abameleli bawo eRajiya Sabhaha bamiswa nguMongameli waseNdiya. Lokhu kudala i-spymeding lapho izakhamuzi zalawomasimu zingenakusho khona ekukhetheni izindlu eziphezulu, kuphakamisa imibuzo ephathelene nokumelelwa kwentando yeningi kwazo zonke izakhamuzi.

Izimemezelo Zokulungisa

Amakomiti amaningana, kuhlanganise ne- Commission yesizwe yokuhlola ukusebenza koMthetho-sisekelo ngo-2002, atuse ukugcinwa kwesimiso sokukhetha esingaqondile kodwa siqinise ukuba sobala. Ezinye iziphakamiso zihlanganisa ukwenza iphepha le-collet elibhalwe ukuhlanganisa ne-MLA ukuze kuncishiswe ukuvota, kanye nokusungula inqubo yokuvota elondekile. I-Ecomtion Commission of India iziqondiso zokuvimbela ukusebenza ngokungafanele.

Ukuqhathaniswa namaGoli Electoral Kwamanye Amazwe

Ikholiji le-Indiya elivotayo leRajiya Sabha lihlukile kodwa liyafana nezinye izimiso zikahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, iBundesrat yaseJalimane yakhiwa abameleli abamiswe ohulumeni bakahulumeni, ayikhethwanga i-MMLAS, futhi amavoti abo afakwa njengesithiyo. ISigele sase-United States, ekuqaleni esasikhethwe yizishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni, sashukunyiselwa ukuba sikhethe ngo-191313 kudlula eNguquko yeshumi nanye. Izwe liyigcine indlela engaqondile njengesivikelo ekumelaneni ne-popublicsm nokulondoloza i-cohesion kahulumeni. Isimiso se-STV sisetshenziswa futhi e-Australia ukuze sithathe ukhetho lwaso, kanti ngokuvota okuqondile ngokhetho lwezishaya umthetho, siyenze ingxube ye-te ye-templete kanye ne-e-e-omfont.

Isibonelo saseNdiya sigcizelela ukuthi iRaje Sabha akufanele ibe i-Lok Sabha. Ikholiji lokhetho liqinisekisa ukuthi indlu ephezulu isebenza njengegumbi elisebenza ngokushintsha futhi elinezimo ezihlukile ezisekelwe kwezezombangazwe zikahulumeni. Lomklamo ubonisa inhloso yabaklami yokulinganisela izakhiwo zesizwe nezithakazelo zendawo, njengale Article 80[ futhi wenza amalungiselelo ahlobene nayo acace.

Amaphuzu Ayinhloko Okukhunjulwa

  • Ikholeji levota linezonke ezikhethwe i-MLS ukusuka ku- State nase-Union kunezishaya-mthetho zesifunda kanye ne-'ss'.
  • Isimiso sokuvota ukumelelwa kwe-project ngevoti eyodwa edluliswayo [STV].
  • Amalungu ahlela abafuni- Mesiya ngokuthanda, futhi ozobhapathizwa kumelwe afinyelele [[QLT: 0] umthamo ophezulu wokukhethwa.
  • Amavoti amaningi avela kubantu abakhethiwe nakumavoti abasusiwe adluliselwa ezintweni ezilandelayo ezithandwayo, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi abavoti abalahlwanga kangako.
  • Le nqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi iRaje Sabra iveza iqoqo lezombangazwe lemihlangano kahulumeni, iqinisa ukubusa kwezwe [[[FLT: 1].
  • Ukugxeka kuhlanganisa ukufaneleka kokuphambana, amandla emali, nokungabi nacala eliqondile ngentando yeningi.
  • Kuye kwasetshenziswa izinguquko ezinjengokuqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo yokubulala igciwane inqandwa ngokuqine ngokwengeziwe kanye nokubona izinto ekwandiseni noma ukuhlongozwa.

Isiphetho

Ikholiji eliyi-vota eliyikholeji eliyi-opera yeRaje Sabha liyitshena lesakhiwo somthetho-sisekelo saseNdiya. Lihlanganisa isimiso sobuzwe ngokunikeza indima eqondile ekuhlelweni kwendlu ephezulu yesizwe. Isimiso esisodwa sokuvota, nakuba siyinkimbinkimbi, siqinisekisa ukumelelwa kobutengi obuphakathi kwe-Centre ne-System. Nakuba singabi ngaphandle kwamaphutha aso okulawula i-projectal. Isimiso sokuvota sibonise ukuqina kwemininingwane yamashumi eminyaka ayisikhombisa. Ukuqonda amavoti aso sibalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukuthi amandla ahlanganyelwa kanjani phakathi kwe-Centre ne-democracyism ye-indiya. Ukuqhubeka kufundwa, [FLT.Prose] i-E.[Flactive] i-A.[Foctive]