Isisekelo Sokubusa Kwendawo

Okhetho bendawo lunquma ukuthi ubani ophethe iziqalo zikamasipala, isifunda, kanye nohulumeni bezigodi kulo lonke elase-United States nasemhlabeni. Nakuba okhetho lwezwe ngokuvamile lulawula imithombo yezindaba, izinqumo ezenziwa endaweni zinezimiphumela eqondile nesheshayo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kwezakhamuzi. Kusukela ekuphuzeni amanzi kuya esimweni samapaki endawo, izikhulu zendawo ezikhethwe ziguqula indawo abantu abahlala kuyo, abasebenza kuyo, futhi zikhulise imikhaya. Ukuqonda ithonya lokhetho lwendawo ezinkonzweni zomphakathi nasentuthukweni kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuthonya emaphakishinini omphakathi wakubo.

Ivoti ngayinye kukhetho lwendawo ithwala isisindo esingalinganiyo uma siqhathaniswa nevoti emncintiswaneni wesizwe. Emazweni amaningi, abangaphansi kwamaphesenti angu-15 abavoti abafanelekayo abahlanganyela okhethweni lukamasipala (ngokwe-Prectoryland’s Office). Lokhu kujika okuphansi kusho ukuthi iqembu elincane, elithembiwe lezakhamuzi linganquma umphumela, futhi, ekugcineni, isiqondiso sentuthuko yomphakathi iminyaka eminingi ezayo.

Indlela Izinhlelo Zendawo Ezithonya Ngayo Izinkonzo Zomphakathi

Izinkonzo zomphakathi ziyisisekelo somphakathi osebenzayo. Lezi zinkonzo zihlanganisa ukuqoqwa kwemfucumfucu, ukulungiswa komgwaqo, ukulashwa kwamanzi, imitapo yezincwadi, nezinhlelo zomphakathi. Okhetho lwendawo lunquma indlela lezi zinkonzo ezixhaswa ngayo, ezihlelwa ngayo, nezinikezwayo. Ingxenye ezilandelayo zihlola izindawo eziyinhloko ezithinteka kakhulu ngemiphumela yokhetho.

Ukutholakala Kwempilo Yomphakathi Nezosizo Lezempilo

Izikhulu zendawo ezikhethwe zezempilo zomphakathi, imitholampilo yomphakathi, namabhodi esigodi zinquma uhlelo lokusebenzisa imali ngezinhlelo zokuvimbela izifo, izinkonzo zempilo yengqondo, nokwelashwa ngezidakamizwa. Ngokwesibonelo, umkhandlu wedolobha ungahlela imali yokwakha isikhungo sezempilo somphakathi esisha endaweni egciniwe noma unciphise ukuxhaswa kwezimali zezinkonzo zempilo. Lezi zinqumo zithinta ngokuqondile imiphumela yempilo yezinkulungwane zezakhamuzi.

Phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19, izikhulu zendawo zaba yisici sesakhono sempilo yomphakathi, zifaka iziyalezo zokuvala isifihla - buso, zihlela izimoto zokugoma, futhi zisakaza izinto zokuzihlola. Izinhlelo eziletha abaholi nezizinda zempilo zomphakathi eziqinile zaphumela ekuvikelekeni komphakathi okuphumelela kakhulu. Ukuhlola kwe- CDC kwabonisa ukuthi imiphakathi eneminyango yezempilo yendawo esekelwe ngokuqhubekayo yahlola ibone ukuncipha kwamanani egciwane kanye nokululama ngokushesha ezinkingeni zempilo.

  • Ukuhlela izinkonzo zomphakathi: ama-maya kanye namakhomishane esifundazwe anquma ukuxhasa ngemali yezindawo zezempilo ezifanelekayo zikahulumeni kanye nemithola-mtholampilo yesilinganiso esisheshiwe.
  • [ Izinhlelo zempilo ezi-' imoto yokugoma, imikhankaso yokuvimbela ukukhuluphala, kanye nokuthatha isinyathelo sokubhema kuxhomeke ezinhlabeni zemali zendawo.
  • [ Impilo engathi mandla:[[FLT]] Ukuhlola izindawo zokudlela, izinga lamanzi, nokuhlola ukungcola komoya kulawulwa iminyango yezempilo yendawo ekhethwe ngamabhodi.

Imfundo Nezinkonzo Zobusha

Ibhodi lokhetho lwesikole lendawo inethonya elikhulu kakhulu emkhakheni wemfundo. Amabhodi esikole amisa izindinganiso zemfundo, avumela izivumelwano zothisha, kanye nezimali ezinikezwa phakathi kwezikole. Zibuye zinqume ekuthuthukisweni kwezakhiwo ezintsha noma ubuchwepheshe. Ezizweni eziningi, amalungu ebhodini lesikole akhethwa ngokwehlukana emikhandlwini yamadolobha, okwenza lokhu kukhetha kube okubaluleke ngisho nangokwengeziwe emikhayeni.

Ngalé kwemfundo, ohulumeni bendawo baxhasa imitapo yezincwadi, izinhlelo zangemva kwesikole, nezikhungo zokuqeqeshela umsebenzi. Umkhandlu wedolobha obeka imfundo phambili uzoba nezifundo zakudala, izinhlelo zomfundaze, nezikhungo zokuzijabulisa zentsha. Ngokuphambene, umkhandlu ogxile ekunciphiseni intela unganciphisa ukuxhaswa kwemali yale zinhlelo, wandisa ithuba labafundi abathola imali ephansi.

  • Uhlelo lokuhlela Imali: Ukwabiwa kwemali yempahla ezikoleni ngazinye kusekhokhwa izikhulu ezikhethiwe.
  • Izinqumo zeCurricuum: Izinqumo zesikole eziye zaboniswa zivumela izincwadi kanye nezifundo, zithonya lokho abafundi abakufundayo.
  • Izinhlelo zobuntwana: Izinhlelo zomsebenzi zasehlobo, amaqoqo ezemidlalo, kanye nomeluleki kuxhomeke emiphumeleni yokukhetha yendawo.

Ukuphepha Komphakathi Nezinkonzo Eziphuthumayo

Amaphoyisa, iminyango yomlilo, nezinkonzo zokwelapha eziphuthumayo (EMS) zixhaswe futhi ziqondiswe ohulumeni bendawo. Izimeya eziqashelwe kanye nemikhandlu yamadolobha bahlela uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali ukuze kugcinwe umthetho, banqume amazinga ezisebenzi, futhi bamise izimiso zokusebenzisa izikhali, amakhamera, kanye namaphoyisa omphakathi. Ukukhethwa kommeli wesigodi othuthukayo kungashintsha izinto eziza kuqala kusuka ekuboshweni kuya ekubuyiselweni kokululama, kuyilapho izikhulu ezifuna ukuthatha imingcele eqinile kanye nabendayo.

Iminyango yomlilo incike ekuxhaseni kwezindawo zendawo zemishini, ukuqeqeshwa, nezindawo zeziteshi. Emadolobheni akhula ngokushesha, abavoti bangavumela ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuhlanganisa ukwakha iziteshi ezintsha zokucisha umlilo. Ezindaweni eziya ehlayo, ukuntuleka kwezimali zendawo kungaholela ekuphenduleni kade kanye nasezimali ezikhungethwe kakhulu zomshuwalense. Ukuhlaziywa komlilo [2021] kwe-National Fire Protection Association Inhlangano yezisebenzi zokuzithandela ezisebenza ngomlimo ezisezindaweni ezinezibophini eziphansi ngokuvamile kulwa ukuqasha nokugcina izisebenzi.

  • Izangaphambili:[ ukhetho lwendawo lunquma ukuthi ungatshala yini imali emaqenjini abhekene nempilo empilweni engokwengqondo noma wandise amaphoyisa avamile.
  • Isivikelo se-Fire: I-bond i-parendium yeziteshi ezintsha zomlilo ezithinta isilinganiso somshuwalense kanye nenani lempahla.
  • I-Disaster Linglednes:[ Ukuhlelwa kwemali yezikhukhula, ukuzamazama komhlaba, neziphepho kuhlelwa yizikhomishane zesifundazwe.

Izakhiwo Nentuthuko Engokomnotho

Izinqumo eziphathelene nemigwaqo, amabhuloho, ukuthutha, izinhlelo zamanzi, kanye nokubopha imikhumbi ezikhethiwe zenziwa izikhulu ezikhethiwe.

Izinto Zokuhamba Nemigwaqo

Imikhandlu yedolobha namabhodi esifunda avumela amapulani aphambili ezokuhamba futhi abeke imali yokulungisa umgwaqo, izindlela ezintsha, izindlela zamabhayisekili, nokwenyuswa kwezimoto. Umphathi wedolobha ohlela ukuphepha kwabahamba ngezinyawo angasebenzisa izinyathelo zokudambisa izingozi. Ikhomishane egxile ekuhambeni ngemoto ingase yandise imigwaqo emikhulu ngezindleko zokuhamba. Ngokuvamile abaqondisi banquma ekuthengeni intela yokuxhasa izinto zokuhamba zomphakathi, njengoba kuboniswa emadolobheni anjenge-Denver neSeattle, lapho imishini yokuhamba isungule izimiso ezinkulu zezitimela zokukhanyisa.

Izikhulu eziqashelwe zithonya futhi ukuvunyelwa kwamahlelo amasha kanye nentuthuko yezentengiselwano, edala izimoto futhi idinga ukuthuthukiswa kwezakhi. Izimiso zokukhula ezihlakaniphile ezigxilisa ukukhula eduze nezindawo zokuthutha zixhomeke ekufuneni kwabaholi bendawo okungokombangazwe. Ukuhlola kwe-Smart Growland America[ kwathola ukuthi imiphakathi ephethe izakhiwo ezinamandla zendawo zokuthutha yathola amathuba alinganayo engeziwe emisebenzi nasemisebenzini.

  • Ukulungisa: Imbobo yokugcwalisa nokulungisa igobolondo kunqunywa yimali yedolobha evunyelwe imikhandlu.
  • Transix:[[FLT]] Izindlela zeBus, ukuphindeka, kanye nezindawo zezakhiwo zibekwa yiziphathimandla zezokuthutha ezinamalungu ebhodi akhethwayo kaningi.
  • I-Active Transport: Ukwakhiwa kwengalo, ukufakwa kwebhayisekili, kanye nemibhoshongo yendlela exhomeke kumholi wendawo.

Izinkonzo Zokuhlanza Amanzi

Amanzi ahlanzekile okuphuza nokwelashwa ngamanzi angcolile asebenzayo akunakwenzeka kunoma yimuphi umphakathi. Izifunda zasemanzini kanye nezikhungo zikamasipala zibuswa amabhodi akhethiwe noma imikhandlu yedolobha. Lezi zikhulu zimisa amazinga, zivumela imisebenzi yezakhiwo njengezindawo ezintsha zokwelapha, futhi zenze izinqumo ngezimiso zokulondoloza amanzi. Ezindaweni ezibhekene nesomiso noma ukungcola, ukukhetha kwendawo kunganquma ijubane nokuphumelela kwale mpendulo. Inkinga yamanzi igcizelela indlela ukuhluleka kwezentenganiso yempilo yomphakathi.

Ukuthuthuka Kwezomnotho Nendalo Yomsebenzi

Ukhetho lwendawo luhlela isimo sebhizinisi ngezisusa zentela, intela, nezinhlelo zokuthuthukisa izisebenzi. Abasizi namalungu omkhandlu basebenza ngezinhlangano zentuthuko yezomnotho ukuze bakhange abaqashi abasha. Banganikeza intela yempahla, imvume yokukhokha impahla, futhi bafake imali ebhizinisini lokushushumbisa intela. Ngokuphambene, bangamisa imithetho edumazayo izimboni ezithile noma imishado ephakeme. Imiphumela yomjaho we-meya yezente yezente ezomnotho ngokuvamile inikeza izimpawu emabhizinisini ukuthi umphakathi uvulekele ukukhula noma ungqongqo.

Okhetho bendawo futhi banquma ukuxhaswa kwezimali zezikhungo zokuqeqeshela umsebenzi, imali ebolekiswayo yezebhizinisi, nezinhlelo zohwebo. Emadolobheni anentuthuko enkulu emsebenzini, amazinga okungasebenzi avame ukuncipha futhi anyuse iholo lemithombo yezindaba. Umbiko ovela ku- Brookings Institution[ uqokomisa ukuthi ohulumeni bendawo abafaka imali eqongelele enhloko ndlu yomuntu bazobona ukululama okusheshayo kwezomnotho ngemva kokwehla kwezomnotho.

  • Imboni:[ Izikhulu ezinganakiwe zivumela ukuphulwa kwentela ukuze zihehe abaqashi abakhulu, njengezindawo zemininingwane noma izakhiwo zokwakha.
  • [ Ukuqeqeshelwa umsebenzi wempoqo: Ikholiji lomphakathi elixhasa ngemali nezinhlelo zokuqeqeshela ukuqeqesha zixhomeke ezinqumweni zemali yendawo.
  • Inkampani encinci isekela:[ Ilayisense, ukuhlola, nezinhlelo zokuboleka imali zinikezwa izinhlangano zendawo ezilandisa kubaholi abakhethiwe.

Ukuklama Idolobha, Izindlu, Nokusetshenziswa Kwezwe

Okhetho bendawo bathinta ngokuqondile indlela umphakathi okhula ngayo ngokomzimba. Imithetho yokwakha, imithetho yokwakha, nokusetshenziswa kwendawo kwakhiwa futhi kwalungiswa amabhodi akhethiwe okuhlela noma imikhandlu yedolobha. Lezi zinqumo zinquma ukuthi indawo entsha yokwakha ikhona yini, ukuthi ikhona yini indawo ehlala ikhona, nokuthi indawo eluhlaza kangakanani elondoloziwe.

Imithetho Ekhohlisayo Nezindlu Ezibizayo

I-Zoning inquma ukuthi yini engakhiwa lapho kunezindlu zomkhaya owodwa, izakhiwo, izikhungo zezentengiselwano, noma izikhungo zezimboni. Izikhulu eziqashelwe zingaphakamisa izindawo ze-ozoni ukuze zivumele izindawo zokupaka eziminyene, i-ozone igcine izimpawu eziphansi, noma zakhe izindawo ezivalekile ukuze kulondolozwe izinjongo ezikhethekile. Kulenkinga yamanje yezindlu, ukhetho lwendawo luye lwaba izikhungo zokulwa noma ukuvumela amagumbi okupaka, ukunciphisa izimfuneko zokupaka, noma ukuvala imibhoshosholo yezindlu ezithengwayo.

Imiphakathi efuna ukuvota abantu abazofuna ukukhokha izakhiwo ngokuvamile ibona ukwanda kokuthunyelwa kwezindlu, okungaqinisa ukuqashwa kwezindlu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngokuphambene, imiphakathi eholwa izikhulu ezimelene nentuthuko entsha ingase ibhekane nenani eliphakeme lamanani emakhaya kanye nokuthatheka kwezakhamuzi. Ucwaningo lwamashumi amabili22 oluvela ku- i-Urban Revition Projective[ yathola ukuthi ukuhola kwezombangazwe kwakungomunye wemiphumela engcono kakhulu yezentengiselwano emadolobheni amakhulu.

Amapaki Omphakathi Nendawo Evulekile

Izimali zomnyango we-pakis, ukuthuthukiswa kwezindawo ezintsha zokupaka, nezimiso zokuzilungisa zinqunywa yizikhulu ezikhethiwe. Abavoli bavame ukuvuma izinyathelo zokubophana zokuthola ipaki nokulilungisa. Okhetho lwendawo lunquma ukuthi imiphakathi itshala izakhiwo zemidlalo, amapulangwe aphucukile, izinga lezindawo zomphakathi, nezindlela zokuhamba. Ukungena endaweni eluhlaza eluhlaza kuhlangene ekuthuthukiseni impilo yengqondo, ukusebenza okungokomzimba okuphezulu, kanye nezakhiwo eziphezulu. Umnyango we-meya ohlela amapaki angaguqula idolobha elinamakhonkthimeti libe yindawo ehlala ehlala emadolobheni.

Ukuhlanganyela Kwesibani Nokudla Kwaso Okubuyisela Imbewu

Impilo yezinkonzo zomphakathi nentuthuko ihlobene nesilinganiso sokuhlanganyela kovoti okhethweni bendawo. Uma kuvela izikhulu ezikhethiwe, zimelela umphakathi futhi zisabela kakhulu ezidingweni ezihlukahlukene. Uma ukuvota kuphansi, kunezithakazelo ezikhethekile − njengabenzi bezinyunyana, izinyunyana, noma amaqembu amabhizinisi. Lokhu kuveza imiphumela ekhubazayo: imiphakathi evotayo ithola izinkonzo ezingcono, ezikhuthaza ukuvota, kuyilapho imiphakathi engenasithakazelo ibona ukuncipha nokungahambisani.

Okhetho abaningi bendawo bathathwa eminyakeni edlule noma ngezinsuku ezingavamile zebhayisekili, ezicindezelwe. Amazwe aye asusa ukhetho lwendawo ukuba luqondane nokhetho lwesizwe aye athola ukwanda okukhulu ekuthatheni uhlangothi. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho amadolobha aseCalifornia eqinisa izinsuku zawo zokukhetha nge-costant ebanzi, ukujika ngokuphindwe kabili noma ngokuphindwe kathathu kwezinye izindawo. Abacwaningi ku- [[FLT]]

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: Ithonya Langempela Lophawu Lwendawo

Ukukhethwa Kwebhodi Yesikole ENashville

Ngo-2020, ukhetho lwebhodi yesikole saseNashville lwabona igagasi labazozuza izihlalo eziqhubekayo, liqhutshwa ukuhlelwa komphakathi ezindabeni ze-ctrective. Phakathi neminyaka emibili, ibhodi yandisa izimali zezinhlelo zolimi lwesiNgisi, yandisa izinhlelo zokudla kwasemini, futhi yamukela izifundo ezintsha ezahlanganisa umlando wendawo. Ushintsho oluthuthukisiwe ngokuqondile lwezinga lokuthweswa iziqu phakathi kwabafundi abavela kwamanye amazwe nabathola iziqu, lubonisa ukuthi umjikelezo owodwa wokhetho lwendawo ungayiguqula kanjani imiphumela efundisayo esizukulwaneni.

Ukukhethwa KoMkhandlu WaseDolobheni ePortland, eMaine

IPortland, Maine, yabamba umkhandlu wedolobha ophikiswa kakhulu ngo-2021 ogxile ekutholeni izindlu. Umfundi ophumelele wagijima endaweni yezokwakha inguquko. Phakathi nezinyanga eziyi 18, umkhandlu washaya umthetho ovumela i-duplexes nama-transches ezindaweni ezisezazulwini ngaphambili ezilinganiselwe emakhaya omkhaya owodwa, evumela ukuba kubekwe izilinganiso ezine eduze namapaseji okuthutha. Izindlu ziqala ngo 40%, futhi imithombo yezindaba yaziqashela phambili okokuqala eminyakeni emihlanu. Lokhu kubonisa indlela ukhetho lwendawo oluzihambela ngokuqondile ngayo izidingo zomphakathi ngokushintsha kwenqubo.

Ikhomishane Yesifunda Isimiso Sokukhetha EMecklenburg County, eNyakatho Carolina

Ngemva kokhetho lwama-2020, iningi elisha ekhomishane yesifunda saseMecklenburg County (indawo yekhomu labaphathi) lashintsha imali kusukela ekwandisweni kwejele kuya ezinkonzweni zezempilo zengqondo zomphakathi. Banikela amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-25 ngemishini yokulungisa izinkathazo kanye namaqembu ahamba ngezimoto zokusabela. Phakathi neminyaka emibili eyalandela, isifunda sabona ukuncipha okungu 25% ekuboshweni abantu abagula ngengqondo kanye namakamelo aphansi alindele izikhathi ezithile. Lo mphumela wokhetho waguqula kokubili ukuqulwa kobulungisa bobugebengu kanye nezokusabela kwezempilo kulendawo.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingayithonya Ngayo Intuthuko Endaweni

Ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo okhethweni lwendawo kuyindlela eqondile kakhulu yezakhamuzi ukuba zilolonge ikusasa lomphakathi wazo. Kodwa ukuvota kuyisinyathelo sokuqala. Izakhamuzi zingaya emihlanganweni yomkhandlu, zikhonze ekuhleleni izikhomishane, zikhulume phakathi nezikhathi zokuphendula komphakathi, futhi zifune isikhundla ngokwazo. Izikhundla zikahulumeni wendawo njengelungu lebhodi lesikole, umkhandlu wedolobha, noma umkhomishane wesifunda ngokuvamile ziyingxenye yesikhathi futhi zifinyeleleka kubantu abangewona amaphoyisa. Izindawo eziningi futhi zinezindawo eziseduze nezikhombanoqu ezithonya ekuhleleni izinqumo zedolobha.

Ngaphandle kokhetho, izakhamuzi zingabambisana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe ekuklameni amapulani okuthuthukisa umphakathi. Ukusebenzisa imali, okusetshenziswa emadolobheni anjengeNew York neChicago, kuvumela abavoti ukuba bahlelele ngokuqondile ingxenye yemali yedolobha emisebenzini ethile. Le nqubo iqinisa ukwethembana kwezakhamuzi nohulumeni kuyilapho iqinisekisa ukuthi intuthuko ihambisana nezinto eziza kuqala endaweni.

Isiphetho

Okhetho bendawo aluyona nje indlela encane yezombangazwe; luyinqubo eyinhloko enquma izinga lezinkonzo zomphakathi kanye nembangela yokuthuthuka. Kusukela ekunakekeleni impilo nasemfundoni kuya emigwaqweni, ekuhlaliseni, nasekulondekeni komphakathi, zonke izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke zilolongwa yilowo ohlala emkhandlwini wedolobha, ibhodi lesikole, noma ikhomishane yesifunda. Abaqondisi abaqonda lokhu kuhlangana banikwe amandla okungenela inqubo yentando yeningi nokufuna ukulandisa kobushendezi babo. Ubufakazi bucacile: ukuphendukela kakhulu kokhetho lwezindawo zendawo kuholela empilweni, ekuhlelekeni okungaguquguquki, nasemiphakathini echuma kakhulu. Ukhetho ngalunye luyithuba lokwakha ikusasa elingcono, indawo eyodwa ngesikhathi esisodwa ngesikhathi.