Ukuqonda Indlu Yabameleli: Isiqondiso Esinenselele

Indlu yabameleli ingenye yezinhlangano ezibaluleke kakhulu eMelika ebusa ngentando yeningi, isebenza njengegumbi labantu e-United States Congress. Njengendlu ephansi yendlu yomthetho we-bimayaral, inendima ebalulekile ekulolongeni imithetho, izinqubo, kanye nesiqondiso sesizwe. Njengoba amalungu okuvota angu-355 emele izigodi kuwo wonke amazwe angu-50, i House ihlanganisa isimiso sokumela, iqinisekisa ukuthi isakhamuzi ngasinye saseMelika sinezwi kuhulumeni waso.

Ukuqonda imisebenzi, amandla, nemithwalo yemfanelo yeNdlu yabameleli kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda indlela uhulumeni waseMelika osebenza ngayo. Kusukela emthetho owenziwe ngobungcweti othinta izigidi zabantu kuya ekuhloleni amandla okulawula, i House yenza imisebenzi ethinta ngokuqondile zonke izici zomphakathi waseMelika. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sihlola indima ebanzi yeNdlu, sihlola amandla ayo omthetho-mthetho, izinqubo zomthetho-mthetho, imisebenzi emelelayo, nendawo yayo phakathi kwesimiso sokuhlola nezilinganiso ezichaza ukubusa kweMelika.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sale ndlu

Indlu yabameleli yamiswa yiSiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo we-United States, okuwumehluko oyisisekelo oklanyelwe ukudala indikimba yemithetho efuna ukulandisa ngokuqondile kubantu. Ngokungafani neSigele, ekuqaleni esasikhethwe yizishaya-mthetho zesizwe kuze kube yilapho i-Seventeenth Reformation imiswa ngo-1913, iNdlu ibilokhu ikhethwa ngokuqondile ngevoti ethandwayo. Lomehluko oyisisekelo ubonisa inhloso yabakhi be-fream ekwakheni ikamelo eliyo elizosabela ngokushesha enyameni yesakhamuzi.

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza iNdlu amandla akhethekile nemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukanisa iNdlu neSigele. Lezi zihlanganisa igunya elikhethekile lokusungula izikweleti zemali, amandla okukhipha izikhulu zikahulumeni, nomthwalo wemfanelo wokukhetha uMongameli ezimweni lapho kungekho mvoti othola amavoti amaningi. Abakhi besakhiwo baklama iNdlu ukuba ibe igumbi elinedemokrasi ne-pulism, ngamagama amafushane nangamancane aqinisekisa ukuthi abameleli bahlala besondelene nabantu ababakhonzayo.

Isakhiwo sendlu sibonisa ukulinganisela okucophelelayo phakathi kokumelelwa kwentando yeningi nokubuswa okuphumelelayo. Uma amalungu ephethe amagama eminyaka emibili, indlu ingaphansi kokhetho oluthatha njalo olugcina abameleli benobuphini babo. Lobu bufushane, uma kuqhathaniswa namagama eSigele athatha iminyaka eyisithupha, kusho ukuthi wonke amalungu endlu abhekene nokuvota njalo eminyakeni emibili, okuyenza izwela kakhulu ekushintsheni kombono womphakathi nasemzwelweni wezombangazwe.

Inqubo Yomthetho: Indlela Amabhuloho Aba Ngayo Imithetho

Umsebenzi oyinhloko wendlu yabameleli uwukwakha, ukuphikisana, nokukhipha umthetho. Inqubo yokushaya umthetho iyinkimbinkimbi futhi iklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukucatshangelwa okucophelelayo kwemithetho ehlongozwayo ngaphambi kokuba isebenze. Ukuqonda lenqubo kwembula indlela imibono eguqukela ngayo ekubeni imithetho ebusa umphakathi waseMelika.

Ukwethula Imithetho

Noma iliphi ilungu lendlu lingase lazise isikweleti ngokusifaka ekhonsathini, ibhokisi lokhuni elisesitezini sendlu. U Bills angakhuluma nganoma yisiphi isihloko esisebusweni bukahulumeni, kusukela ekuguqulweni kwezempilo kuya ekusebenziseni imali esetshenziselwa ukuvikela amalungelo omphakathi. Uma selithunyiwe, imali ngayinye ithola isiqu esihlukile kusuka ku-"H.R." elandelwa yinombolo ebonisa uhlelo eyalethwa ngalo phakathi nesimiso senhlangano.

Ithonya lentela livela emithonjeni eminingi. Abameleli bangamisa umthetho osekelwe ezithembisweni zomkhankaso, izinto ezikhathaza abamelelwayo, ukuhlola kwamakomiti, noma ukusabela kwezenzakalo zamanje. Amaqembu anesithakazelo, izinqola zezimoto, nezinhlangano zezentela ngokuvamile zisebenza namalungu ukuze asungule iziphakamiso zomthetho. Kwezinye izimo, igatsha eliphethe lingase licele umthetho oqondile wokusebenzisa izinto eziza kuqala, nakuba kungamalungu eKhongolo-kamente kuphela angaveza izikweletu.

Ukucabangela Ikomiti

Ngemva kwesethulo, iSpeaker of the House ibhekisa izikweleti ekomitini efanelekile noma kumakomiti asekelwe endabeni yawo. Isimiso sekomiti siyigumbi lenjini lenqubo yomthetho, lapho umsebenzi oningiliziwe wokuhlola, ukulungisa, nokuqondisa uvela khona. Indlu isebenza ngamakomiti amile angaba ngu-20, ngalinye liphethe izindawo ezithile zezimiso ezinjengezolimo, izinkonzo ezihlomile, imfundo, amandla, izindaba zakwamanye amazwe, i-judiary, kanye nezokuthutha.

Amakomiti abhekisa izimali ezikhokhwayo ezikhokhwani ezikhethekile zezindawo zokuhlola kokuqala. Amakomiti angaphansi aphatha ukuqulwa lapho ochwepheshe, abagcini, izikhulu zikahulumeni, namalungu omphakathi angafakaza ngemiphumela engenzeka. La makomiti asebenza izinjongo eziningi: ukuqoqa ukwaziswa, ukwakha irekhodi lomphakathi, ukunikeza ukunakekela kwemithombo yezindaba, nokuvumela amalungu ukuba abonise ukuthembisana kwawo ngezindaba ezibalulekile. Ngemva kwalokho, izimemezelo ezingaphansi zingabamba izikhawulo lapho amalungu ephikisana ngezinhlelo zemali kanye nezihlongozo.

Uma ikomiti encane ivumela isikhwama, ibuyela ekomitini eligcwele ukuze ihlolwe ngokwengeziwe. Ikomiti egcwele ingazithathela izimemezelo zayo kanye nezikhathi zokuvota ngaphambi kokuba iphawule ukuthi ingabika yini imvume yokuya esitezini sendlu. Izihlalo zamakomiti zinamandla amakhulu kulenqubo, njengoba zilawula uhlelo lwekomiti futhi zibulala ngokuphumelelayo izikweletu ngokwenqaba ukuzihlela. Lo msebenzi wokugcina isango usho ukuthi izikweletu eziningi azisoze zaqhubekela ngalé kwesigaba sekomiti.

Ukucabangela Ubuhle Nempikiswano

U-Brils oqondisa inqubo yekomiti ngempumelelo uthuthela phansi ukuze ahlolwe ngokugcwele amalungu. Nokho, indlela eya phansi ilawulwa yi-House Rules Committee, elinye lamakomiti anamandla kakhulu eKhomishani. IKomiti yeMithetho inquma izimfuneko zesivumelwano ngasinye, kuhlanganise nesikhathi esizobekwa ukuba kuxoxwe ngaso, ukuthi ukulungisa kunganikezwa yini, nokuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zokulungisa ezivunyelwe.

IKomiti yeMithetho ingakhipha izinhlobo zemithetho ehlukene ethinta ngokuphawulekayo ukudalelwa kwesivumelwano. Umthetho ovulekile uvumela noma yiliphi ilungu ukuba lihlongoze ukulungisa, likhuthaze ukuthatha uhlangothi olubanzi kodwa lingaholela ezimpikiswaneni ezinde. Umthetho ovaliwe uvimbela zonke izinqumo, uqinisekisa ukuthi izivumelwano zemali zifika kumavoti ohlelwe yikomiti evunyelwe. Imithetho eshintshiwe yehlela phakathi, ivumela kuphela izinguquko eziqondile ezihlangabezana nezindinganiso ezithile. Ukukhetha komthetho kunganquma ukuthi izinhlelo zempikiswano ziyasinda yini noma ukuthi ukuphikiswa kungawuqeda yini umthetho ngokulungisa.

Phakathi nengxoxo yasesitezi, amalungu aphikisana noma aphikisana nemali, echaza izikhundla zawo kusebenza nabo nakumbonisi womphakathi waseMelika odlula ku-C-SPAN noma kwezinye izikhangiso zemithombo yezindaba. Amaqembu amaningi nambalwa akhetha abaphathi baphansi abahlela indlela yabo yokuqondisa, banika isikhathi sokukhuluma phakathi kwamalungu, futhi baphendule ezimpikiswaneni eziphikisayo. Ingxoxo e House ngokuvamile ihlelwe kahle kakhulu futhi ilinganiselwe isikhathi kunaseSigeqeleni, ibonisa ubukhulu begumbi nesidingo sokumisa umthetho ngendlela ephumelelayo.

Ukukhangisa Nokudlula

Ngemva kokuphetha impikiswano, amavoti endlu emali. Indlu isebenzisa izindlela zokuvota eziningana kuye ngokubaluleka nempikiswano yesilinganiso. Amavoti ezwi, lapho amalungu amane abiza khona "yebo" noma "okanye," asetshenziselwa izindaba ezingahlangani. Amavoti adinga amalungu ukuba ame futhi abalwe. Kumthetho obalulekile, izinqumo ezibhaliwe zendlu zithatha indawo ngayinye, ziveza irekhodi lomphakathi elingabukezwa kuyo.

Izindleko eziningi zidinga iningi lamalungu avota ukuze adlule. Nokho, ezinye izenzo zidinga ukuthatha imithetho emikhulu, enjenge-veto (inani eliphindwe kathathu) noma ukumisa inguquko (inani eliphindwe kathathu) yomthetho-mthetho-mthetho. Indlu isebenzisa futhi izinqubo ezikhethekile kumavoti athile, njengokususa imithetho ezikwehlelayo, ezidinga izindleko ezingakhonziwe, ezidinga impikiswano nezingalinganisi ezingaphezulu kodwa ezilinganiselayo nezivimbela ukuvota.

Uma iNdlu idlulisa isikweleti, iyisa eSigeqeni ukuze kucatshangelwe. ISigele singadlulisa isibeko esingashintshi, sisiqedele, noma sisenqabe ngokuphelele. Uma isigebengu silungisa isikhwama sendlu, umthetho kumelwe ubuyele endlini ukuze uvume ushintsho. Uma amagumbi amabili engenakuvumelana ngesimo sokugcina somthetho, angahlanganisa ikomiti yengqungquthela eqanjwe amalungu azo zombili izindlu ukuze axoxe ngenguquko ehlehlisiwe. Zombili izikhundla kumelwe zivumele umbiko wengqungquthela ngaphambi kokuba isikhwama semali sifike kuMongameli.

Ukumelela Abantu BaseMelika

Ngaphandle kokwenza umthetho, iNdlu yabameleli isebenza njengenqubo eyinhloko yokuqinisekisa ukuthi amazwi ahlukahlukene aseMelika azwakala kuhulumeni kahulumeni. Umsebenzi omelelayo weNdlu uhlanganisa izilinganiso eziningi, kusukela ekuhlanganiseni inkonzo yesifunda kuya ekusekeleni izithakazelo zesifunda kuya ekuboniseni ukuhlukahluka kwezibalo nemibono yesizwe.

Izifunda Ezijabulisayo Nokuhlabeka Indle

Izihlalo zendlu ezingu- 435 zihanjiswa phakathi kwezifundazwe ezisekelwe ehlalweni labantu, njengoba kunqunywa ukubalwa kwabantu kwaminyaka yonke. Lenqubo yahlukanisa iqinisekisa ukuthi ukumelelwa kwabantu kusalokhu kulingana nokushintsha kwenani labantu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Izwe elinenani labantu elikhulayo lingase lilahlekelwe izihlalo ezifanele, kuyilapho labo abanamanani anciphayo angalahlekelwa. Ngemva kokuba kuhlalwe inani labantu, amazwe kumelwe aphinde akhiphe imingcele yawo yesifunda ukuze abonise ukusakaza okusha futhi avumelane nemfuneko yomthetho-mthetho yokuthi izifunda ezinhlangothini zabantu ezicishe zilingane.

Inqubo yokulungisa isuke igcwele ukuphikisana, njengoba iqembu elilawula uhulumeni wezwe lingadonsa imigqa yesifunda ukuze lithande abazothatha i-(/a umkhuba owaziwa ngokuthi i-gerrymanidering. Nakuba izinkantolo ziye zahlasela izigodi ezikhethayo ngokusekelwe kuhlanga, i-gerrymaning externet ihlala ivunyelwe kakhulu, iholela ezifundeni ezinezimo ezingavamile eziklanyelwe ukuthuthukisa inzuzo yezombangazwe. Le mikhuba inganciphisa umncintiswano wokhetho futhi ivule izifunda eziphephile zeDemocratic noma iRepublican, okungenza abameleli bathathe i-mfakelane ku-volution elinganiselweyo.

Izinkonzo Eziwusizo

Abameleli nezisebenzi zabo banikela isikhathi esiningi nezimali ekusizeni abameleni ukuba baqondise izinhlangano zikahulumeni futhi baxazulule izinkinga nezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Lezi zinkonzo ezivame ukubizwa ngokuthi umsebenzi wokumangalela izimali, zihilela ukusiza ngezindaba ezinjengenzuzo ye-Social Security, izinkonzo zoomakadlele, izindaba zokufuduka, iziphakamiso zeMedicare, nemali yokufundisa abafundi. Nakuba abameleli bengeke baphoqelele izinhlangano ukuba zenze izinqumo ezithile, bangaqinisekisa ukuthi izimo zomphakathi zithola ukunakekela okufanele nokuthi amaphutha e-biureaucracrate alungiswa.

I-asethi ifeza izinjongo eziningi ngaphandle kokusiza izinhlangano. Inikeza abameleli abaziyo ukuthi izinhlelo zikahulumeni zisebenza kanjani, ukuveza izinkinga zokufeza ezingase zidinge amakhambi omthetho. Ibuye yakhe umusa nokuqashelwa kwegama esifundeni, ifaka igalelo emazingeni aphakeme okukhetha iNdlu yezikhundla ezijabulelayo. Abameleli abaningi balondoloza amahhovisi esigodi amaningi ezindawo asebenza ngezisebenzi ezisebenza ezindaweni ezihlukene, beqinisekisa ukuthi amahhovisi ezindawo angasiza ekungeneni seduze kwekhaya.

Ukukhulumisana Nokulandisa

Abameleli banamuhla basebenzisa izindlela eziningi zokuxhumana nabantu abazimeleyo futhi bahlole umbono womphakathi. Imihlangano yehholo ledolobha ivumela ukuxhumana kobuso nobuso lapho abameleli bengase babuze imibuzo futhi baveze okukhathazayo. Izikhathi zomsebenzi wesigodi, lapho uMkhandlu wesifunda ungekho, unikeza abameleli amathuba okuchitha isikhathi emhlanganweni wesifunda nezikhulu zendawo, amabhizinisi nezikole, nokuya ezinkonzweni zomphakathi.

Ubuchwepheshe buye baguqula ukuxhumana okuhlangene. Abameleli balondoloza ukuxhumana okusebenzayo emasitejini ezokuxhumana, bathumela amaphephandaba e-imeyili, futhi baveze amavidiyo achaza izimo zabo nemisebenzi. Lamathuluzi emishini asiza abameleli ukuba bafinyelele izilaleli ezinkulu ngempumelelo kunezindlela ezingokwesiko, nakuba futhi bechaya amalungu ekugxekweni okusheshayo futhi ngezinye izikhathi okunzima. Ama-email, izingcingo zocingo, nezincwadi ziqhubekela emahhovisi e-coraliation, kanye nezisebenzi ezilandelela umsindo kanye nemizwa yezokuxhumana ezindabeni ezihlukahlukene ukuze zazise izikhundla zommeleli.

Umjikelezo wokhetho othatha iminyaka emibili ubangela ukucindezela okungapheli. Abameleli kumelwe baqhubeke behlela futhi bafake izimali lapho benza imisebenzi yabo ye-oconstice, kuholela ekugxekeni ukuthi ubude obufushane buphoqelela amalungu ukuba agxile ngokweqile ekukhetheni kunokuba alawule. Nokho, abavikeli besimiso baphikisa ngokuthi okhethweni oluvamile bagcina abameleli besabela ekushintsheni izintando zabo futhi babavimbele ukuba bangahlukanisiwe nabantu abakhonzayo.

Amandla Okuthenga: Ukuhlelwa Kohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali Nokuhlolwa Kwayo

Phakathi kwemibuso ebaluleke kakhulu yomthetho-sisekelo wendlu ligunya lokusungula zonke izikweleti zemali, ukuyinika umthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wentela kahulumeni nokusebenzisa imali. Le "igunya lesikhwama" limelela enye yezisheke ezibaluleke kakhulu kubaphathi abaphethe, ngoba ayikho imali kahulumeni engasetshenziswa ngaphandle kobukhomanisi, futhi i House ithatha umholi kule nqubo.

Inqubo Yohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali

Unyaka ngamunye, indlu ihlanganyela enqubweni eyinkimbinkimbi yokuhlela ukusetshenziswa kwemali esetshenziswayo e-ocester. Le nqubo iqala lapho uMongameli efaka isicelo sokusetshenziswa kwemali kuKhomishane, ngokuvamile ngoFebruary, enikeza amazinga okusebenzisa imali elungiselelwe ukubhalisa unyaka ozayo. AmaKomiti eSishaya-mali neSigele ahlela ukuhlelwa kwemali esetshenziswayo yonke kanye nemali, nakuba lezi zinqumo zingadingi ukuvunyelwa ngumongameli futhi zingenawo umthetho.

Isinqumo sokuhlela uhlelo lwemali simisa izakhiwo ezihlukene zezinhlelo zikahulumeni, amaKomiti anikeza amacebiso azisebenzisa njengeziqondiso lapho ehlela izikweletu ezingokoqobo zemisebenzi kahulumeni. IKomiti yokuHlaziya i House ihlukanisa umsebenzi wayo phakathi kwezibopho ezingaphansi eziyishumi nambili, ngayinye enomthwalo wemfanelo wengxenye ehlukile yemali kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nokuvikela, ukulondeka kwezwe, ezolimo, amandla namanzi, umsebenzi nempilo, kanye nezinto zokuhamba.

Lezi zibopho ezincane zinezikhalo lapho izikhulu zezinhlangano zithethelela izicelo zazo zemali futhi amalungu athandabuza ukuchitha izinto eziza kuqala. Izibopho ezincane zihlela izikweleti zemali ezichaza kahle ukuthi inkampani ngayinye nezinhlelo ziyothola malini. Lezi zikweletu zidlula eKomitini egcwele yokuHlaziya, esitezini se House, bese ziya eSigqeni, lapho inqubo iphinda khona. Ukungavumelani phakathi kweZindlu neSishayamthetho kumelwe kulungiswe ngaphambi kokuba izindleko zibe umthetho.

Ukulawula Nokulawula Ngemali

Inqubo yokushaya indiva inikeza i House amandla abalulekile ngaphezu kokubaluleka kwegatsha eliphethe igatsha. Ngokulawula amazinga okuxhasa imali, indlu ingakhuthaza noma iqede izinqubo ezithile, ivuselele noma ijezise izinhlangano ezithile, futhi iqondise imisebenzi kahulumeni. Amalungu avame ukusebenzisa izikweleti zokufaka izicelo ukuze afake izinhlelo, ezibizwa ngokuthi abagibeli, ezingase zingadluli njengomthetho owe-awusekeli. Laba bagibeli bangavimbela izinhlangano ekusebenziseni imali ngezinjongo ezithile, bavimbele ngokuphumelelayo izinqubo ngaphandle kokushintsha ngokuqondile ngaphansi kwemithetho.

Indlu futhi isebenzisa ukulawula izindleko zemvume, ezimisa noma ziqhubeke izinhlelo zikahulumeni futhi zihlele amazinga aphakeme ezimali. Nakuba izindleko zokugunyaza zinikeza imali yangempela, imvume yokugunyaza izakhiwo zezinhlelo ezizosebenza. Umehluko phakathi kwemvume nemvume udala inqubo ethatha izitebhisi ezimbili ezivumela amakomiti ahlukene ukuba aqondise izinhlelo ezifanayo, nakuba kusetshenziswa, ukubhucunga ngezinye izikhathi kwenzeka ngaphandle kwemvume yamanje.

Izinqumo eziqhubekayo ziye zanda kakhulu lapho uMkhandlu ungenakuyiqeda inqubo yokubhucunga ngaphambi kokuba unyaka wesibhaka-bhaka uqale ngo-October 1. Lezi zinyathelo zesikhashana ezisekela imisebenzi kahulumeni emazingeni amanje noma ngokulungisa okuncane kuze kube yilapho kungenziwa izinqumo zeminyaka yonke. Ukuncika okukhulu ezinqumweni eziqhubekayo kubangela ukungaqiniseki ngezinhlangano futhi kuzivimbela ekuqaleni ukuthatha izinyathelo ezintsha noma ekulungiseni izimo ezishintshayo, kuholela ekugxekeni ukuthi i-Congressress iye yahluleka ukufeza imithwalo yayo yemfanelo eyisisekelo.

Ukukhokha Intela Nemali

IKomiti ye House Ways ne-Fract iphethe wonke umthetho wentela, iwenza elinye lamakomiti anamandla kakhulu eSikhungweni. Intela kumelwe ivele eMzini, nakuba iSigele singahlongoza ukuhlelwa kwezivumelwano. Ikomiti icabangela izinguquko ezisezintela zomuntu ngamunye nezemali ehholo, izintela zentela, izintela zentela, kanye neminye imithombo yemali eqoqa imisebenzi kahulumeni.

Umthetho wentela uhlanganisa ukuhwebelana okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwezidingo zemali, imiphumela engokomnotho, nemiphumela edluliswayo. Ikomiti isebenza neKomiti Yobulungu eHlakulela Intela, inhlangano yezisebenzi ezingekho ngxenye yenhlangano, ukuze ihlaziye inzuzo nemiphumela yezezimali yezinguquko zentela ezihlongozwayo. Umthetho omkhulu wentela, njengezinguquko zentela ezibanzi eziye zabekwa ngezikhathi ezithile kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, zingawuguqula umnotho futhi zithinte cishe wonke amakhaya nebhizinisi laseMelika.

Ngaphandle kokumisa intela nentela ekhokhelwayo, i House isebenzisa ikhodi lentela ukuze ifeze izinhloso ezihlukahlukene. Izikweletu zentela nezithena zikhuthaza ukuziphatha okunjengokuthi umninindlu, ukonga umhlala-phantsi, ukuphana, nemfundo. Le ntela imelela uhlobo oluthile lokusebenzisa intela, ukunciphisa imali ekhokhwayo njengoba nje imali esetshenziswayo eqondile. I House njalo ibukeza la malungiselelo ukuze ihlole ukuphumelela kwayo nezindleko zayo.

Ukugada Nokuphenya

Indlu inegunya elikhulu phezu kwegatsha eliphethe, iqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ikhishwa ngokwethembeka nokuthi izinhlangano zisebenza kahle futhi zisebenza phakathi kwemingcele yazo engokomthetho. Le nkonzo yokuqondisa isebenza njengenhlolo - vo ebalulekile emandleni okuphatha futhi isiza ukuba kulondolozwe ukulandisa kuwo wonke uhulumeni.

Ukucwaninga Kwekomiti

Amakomiti endlu ahlola imisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe, ukumiswa kwezimiso, kanye nokuziphatha okubi okungase kwenzeke. Lokhu kuhlola kungasukela kukuhlolwa kwesimiso senqubo kuya kuphenya ngezindlela eziphezulu kuya ekuhlolweni kwezimiso ezihlazisayo noma eziphikisanayo. AmaKomiti anamandla angaphansi kwempoqo, awavumela ukuba aphoqelele ukukhiqizwa kobufakazi kanye nokukhishwa kwezincwadi, nakuba ukusho kwelungelo elikhulu kungalinganisela ukufinyelela ulwazi oluthile.

Ukuhlolwa kwezindlebe kunezinjongo eziningi. Baqoqa ukwaziswa ngendlela izinhlelo ezisebenza ngayo, baphawule izinkinga ezidinga amakhambi emithetho, badalule udoti nokukhwabanisa, futhi babeke izikhulu icala ngezenzo zabo. Izikhulu eziphezulu zikhanga futhi imithombo yezindaba, zivumela iNdlu ukuba ilolonge impikiswano yomphakathi futhi icindezele ukuqondisa ukushintsha izifundo ezisekelweni eziphikisanayo.

Ukuphumelela kobubonisi kuxhomeke ekutheni iNdlu kanye nobumongameli bulawulwa yini yiqembu elifanayo. Uma amaqembu ahlukene elawula lezi zinhlangano, ukuqondisa kuvame ukuba nonya kakhulu nokuphikisana, nendlu isebenzisa amandla ayo okuhlola ukubekela inselele izenzo zobuphathi. Uma iqembu elifanayo lilawula womabili amagatsha, ukuqondisa kungase kungakhathazeki kakhulu, njengoba iningi lingakufuni ukuphoxa ukuphatha okuholwa yiqembu lalo.

Ukuqinisekiswa Nokugada

Nakuba iSigele siphethe amandla omthetho-sisekelo okuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli, i House ithonya elingaqondile phezu kwezisebenzi eziphethe amagatsha ngemisebenzi yaso yokwengamela nangokulawula indlela yokusebenzisa imali. Izikhulu zezinhlangano zezokuhlola ngesikhathi sokuthethwa kwecala, futhi ukungaphumeleli noma izenzo eziphikisanayo zingaholela ekubizeni ukuyeka noma ukususwa. I House ingasebenzisa futhi izikweletu zokukhipha izikweletu ukuze iqede izikhundla noma inciphise izimali zezinhlangano ukuze iphendule izindaba zezisebenzi.

Amandla Okuzikhandla

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza iNdlu amandla okungagunyazi, uyivumela ukuba ibeke izikhulu zikahulumeni icala nge "Ingqondo, Ukufumbathisa, noma ezinye izigebengu eziphakeme kanye nama-Misdeator" lombuso umelela okunye kokuhlola okungathi sína kakhulu egunyeni eliphethe nelahluleli, unikeza inqubo yokususa izikhulu ezisebenzisa kabi izikhundla zazo noma eziphula imisebenzi yazo yomthetho-sisekelo.

Inqubo Yokuzivumelanisa Nezinto

Izenzakalo zokuqinisekisa ziqala eKomitini ye House Judicary, ephenya izimangalo ezibekwa isikhulu futhi inqume ukuthi amacala angaphikiswa ayenzeka yini. Uma ikomiti ithola ubufakazi obanele, ihlela izihloko zokungagunyazi ukuchaza amacala. Lezizihloko zisuka zingene esitezini sendlu ukuze zixoxe futhi zivote.

Indlu ingasibeka isikhulu ngevoti nje elivamile. Nokho, ukujezisa kuyisinyathelo sokuqala kuphela enqubweni yokususa. ISigele sibe sesithatha icala, futhi abameleli bekhonza njengejaji noMahluleli oyinhloko weNkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu ephethe ekuqulweni kwecala lobumongameli. Ukuqiniseka nokususwa kudinga inani elikhulu leSigele esinesithathu, umnyango ophakeme oye wavimbela ukususwa emacaleni amaningi angahambisani.

Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, lendlu iye yakhipha abaphathi abathathu ngo-1868, uBill Clinton ngo-1998, noDonald Trump ngo-2019 nango-2021(2021) futhi akekho owalahlwa futhi wasuswa yiSigele. Indlu futhi iye yakhipha amajaji kahulumeni amaningi nezinye izikhulu, futhi kwaphumela ekuncishisweni kwemithetho yeSigele nokususwa esikhundleni. Igunya elingagunyaziwe lihlala linempikiswano, nezimpikiswano zokuthiwa yiziphi izenzo ezingafaneleki futhi ukuthi izikhulu eziningi zezikhulu ziye zamelana nemithetho.

Ukuhola Nenhlangano

Ukuqonda lesi sakhiwo kwembula indlela amandla ageleza ngayo egumbini nendlela izinqumo ezenziwa ngayo.

Umkhulumeli Wendlu

UmSheaker we House unjengelungu elinamandla kakhulu lendlu nomholi weqembu elikhulu. Umangalelwa yindlu egcwele ekuqaleni komkhandlu ngamunye, uSithethi uqondisa izikweleti ezibekwe phansi, ubhekisela kumakomiti, umisa amalungu amakomiti engqungquthela futhi akhethe amakomiti, futhi umisa uhlelo lwemithetho. U-Sheaker ungowesibili kulandelwa umongameli wokulandela, ngemva komongameli ongumsekeli, uqokomisa ukubaluleka komthetho.

Ngaphandle kwemibuso ehleliwe, uSpeaker usebenzisa ithonya elikhulu ngokwethukela ngobuhlobo namalungu, ukulawula izabelo zamakomiti, nekhono lokuphakamisa imali yomkhankaso wamalungu. Abashicileli abasebenzayo balinganisela imfuno yeqembu labo nesidingo sokuphatha indlu njengenhlangano, ngezinye izikhathi besebenza ngaphesheya kwemigqa yeqembu ukuze badlulise umthetho obalulekile kuyilapho belondoloza ukusekela kweqembu labo.

Ukuba Mukhulu Nokuhola Okuncane

Iqembu elikhulu likhetha iMajority Monity Omholi okhonza njengesekela elikhulu leSpeacher, ephethe impikiswano ephansi futhi elawula icebo lomthetho. I-Majorty Wip isiza ekuholeni ngokubala amavoti, inxusa amalungu ukuba asekele isikhundla seqembu, futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi amalungu akhona ekuvoteleni okubalulekile. Inhlangano yesiswebhu ihlanganisa iziswebhu neziswebhu ezihlala ezihlala zixhumana namaqembu athile amalungu.

Iqembu elincane likhetha iqembu lalo lomholi, kuhlanganise noMholi oMncane noMthonjeni uWip. UMholi we-Minority usebenza njengomkhulumeli weqembu, athuthukise ezinye izihlongozo zesimiso, futhi asebenzele ukuhlanganisa abambalwa ekumelaneni nezinyathelo eziningi, noma ngezinye izikhathi, ngokubambisana ne-bipartis. Abaholi abambalwa balungiselela futhi ukuthatha igunya uma iqembu labo linqoba ukhetho olulandelayo, ukulondoloza uhulumeni wesithunzi olungele ukuthatha isigwebo.

IMibuthano Yeqembu Nemihlangano

Iqembu ngalinye linakekela i-caucus noma umhlangano ohlanganisa wonke amalungu endlu. La maqembu ahlangana njalo ukuze axoxe ngamasu, ukuhola okukhethiweyo, nezikhundla zezingxoxo. Ama-caucuuse enza futhi izabelo zamakomiti, anqume ukuthi yimaphi amakomiti akhonza kuwo futhi yimaphi amakomiti ahlalisa lapho iqembu lawo liphethe iningi.

Phakathi kweqembu ngalinye, ama-caucuuse ahlukahlukene amelela amaqembu emibono ehlukene, izithakazelo zesifunda, noma amaqembu amanani abantu. I-Congregational Erceptional Caucus, i-Freedoucus, i-Blue Dog Coalition, ne-Congralial Black Caucus aphakathi kwamaqembu amaningi ahlela amalungu asendaweni eyodwa. Lamaqembu angaveza ithonya elikhulu, ikakhulukazi uma isigaba silinganiselwe futhi sihola kudingeka ukuba athathe imithetho.

Ama - vicket Nokulinganisela Okusebenzayo

Indlu yabameleli isebenza phakathi kwesimiso somthetho - sisekelo semibuso ehlukene futhi ihlola nokulinganisela, ihlanganyela igunya neSigele noMongameli kuyilapho ihlola imibuso yabo. Lesimiso sivimbela noma iliphi inhlangano eyodwa ekubuseni uhulumeni futhi idinga ukubambisana nokuhlehla ukuze kufezwe imigomo emikhulu yesimiso.

Ukuhlolwa Kwemithetho Egunyani Eliphethe

Indlu ihlola amandla okulawula ngezinqubo eziningi. Igunya layo lomthetho lisho ukuthi uMongameli akanakumisa imithetho yemithetho yedwa kodwa kumelwe asebenze noKhomishane ukuze afeze izinjongo ezingokomthetho. I-Professations inikeza iNdlu amandla okulawula ukuxhasa kwezimali zegatsha eliphethe, ivumela ukuba ibeke imingcele noma yandise imisebenzi yezinhlangano. Ukuzwa nokuhlola kuveza izenzo zezikhulu ekuhlolweni komphakathi futhi kungaphoqelela ushintsho.

Indlu ingalahla noma ilungise iziphakamiso zobumongameli zomthetho, iphoqelele ukuqondisa ukuba kuxoxiswe futhi kuhlehliswe. Uma indlu nobumongameli bulawulwa amaqembu ahlukene, lomsebenzi wokuhlola uba ogqamile, okungaholela ekuvuleni i-rockbock uma amagatsha engakwazi ukuthola indawo efanayo. Nokho, ngisho noma iqembu elifanayo lilawula amagatsha womabili, iNdlu inakekela izithakazelo ezingenza ukuba kuxabana nomphathi.

Veto Engakunaki

Uma uMongameli ekhipha umthetho, i House ingazama ukudlula iveto ngokuvota okuphindwe kabili kwezintathu. Uma kokubili indlu neSigele kufeza izikhundla ezimbili eziyinhloko, umthetho uba umthetho naphezu kokuphikisa kukamongameli. I-Vito ayivamile, idinga ukusekelwa okukhulu kwe-bipartis, kodwa imelela i-cheke ebalulekile emandla aphethe futhi ibonisa ukuthi uMkhandlu ungazenzela ngokwawo uma uhlanganisa ukuvumelana okwanele.

Ubuhlobo NeSigele

Indlu neSigele zihlolana ngemfuneko yokuba zombili izikweletu zidlulise izikweletu ezifanayo ngaphambi kokuba zibe umthetho. Lesi simiso se-bidamaral siqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho uthathwa ngokunakekela okungaguquguquki. ISigele sincane, amagama amade, kanye nemibuso ehlukene yomthetho-sisekelo yakha isakhiwo esinezici ezihlukile neziza kuqala eMzini.

Ukungafani phakathi kwamagumbi kungaholela ekuyekethiseni okusebenzayo noma ekukhungathekeni. Ukubusa kweSigele se-monibuster, okuvumela amadlanzana ukuba avimbele umthetho ngaphandle kokuba amavoti angu-60 aqede ingxoxo, kunikeza iSigele isimo sokuzimela kakhulu kunendlu, lapho iningi lingalawula khona imiphumela. Lokhu kungafani okungokomthetho kusho ukuthi izikweleti ezidluliswayo zendlu zingafa eSigeqeni, noma ziphumele esimweni esishintshiwe, zifuna ukuba iNdluku ukuba iNdlu ukuba ivume izinguquko noma zivumele umthetho ubhuntshe.

Amandla Akhethekile Nemithwalo Yemfanelo

Ngaphandle kwemisebenzi yayo eyinhloko yokushaya umthetho, le House inemibuso eminingana eyingqayizivele eyenza ihluke kuleyo yeSigele futhi iyinike imithwalo yemfanelo ekhethekile ekubuseni kwaseMelika.

Ukukhethwa Komongameli

Uma kungekho mvoti womongameli othola amavoti amaningi, i House ikhetha uMongameli phakathi kwabathathu abaphezulu. Kulesimo, abameleli bombuso ngamunye bathola ivoti eyodwa, kungakhathaliseki ubukhulu bukahulumeni, neningi lezifunda ezidinga ukukhetha uMongameli. Lokhu kuye kwenzeka kabili kuphela emlandweni waseMelika, ngo-1800 no-1824, kodwa ithuba liyaqhubeka libalulekile kukhetho oluseduze noma izimo ezihilela abathathi-kathathu ababo ababoshelwa phambili.

Iziphendu Zomthetho - sisekelo

Indlu ifeza indima ebalulekile enqubweni yokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo. Izigwebo zingahlongozwa uma izingxenye ezimbili-ntathu zombili zendlu neSigele zivuma, okuthi ngemva kwalokho izishaya-mthetho ezintathu ezinane zikahulumeni ziwaqinise. Umnyango ophezulu wokulungisa uqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko ngokusekela okukhulu kuphela zingawuguqula uMthetho-sisekelo, kodwa ukuvunyelwa kwendlu kubalulekile ukuze kulungiswe noma yikuphi ukumiswa.

Indlu Kwezombangazwe Zesikhathi Esizayo

Ukuqonda lezi zindaba zanamuhla kunikeza ukuqonda ezimpikiswaneni eziqhubekayo eziphathelene nokuguquka kwenhlangano nempilo yentando yeningi yaseMelika.

Ukwenezelwa Kwelanga Nokuhlukaniswa Kwezigaba

Ukuhlukana kwezombangazwe kuye kwakhula emashumini eminyaka amuva, njengoba lamaqembu amabili eba ahlukene ngokwemibono futhi efana phakathi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izakhiwo kuthinta imisebenzi yasekhaya, kwenza ukubambisana kwe-bipartis kube nzima kakhulu futhi kwandisa ukubaluleka kokwethembeka kweqembu. Amalungu abhekana nokucindezela kobuholi beqembu nabavoti abayinhloko kokulondoloza ubumsulwa bemibono, kunciphisa izisusa zokuvumelana nokuphikiswa.

Ukwehla kwamalungu alinganiselayo nokuphakama kwezihlalo eziphephile ngokuzibeka esibelethweni kuye kwanezela ekuncipheni kwezindawo. Uma abameleli bebhekene nomncintiswano omncane wokukhetha, bangase bathathe indiva kakhulu kubashisekeli bemibono kunakuvota abavoti bemithombo yezindaba. Lokhu kungenza i House ibe nommeleli omncane wombono womphakathi wonke futhi ithambekele kakhulu ekulawuleni amagatsha ahlukene kahulumeni.

Imali Nezimali Zomkhankaso

Isidingo sasikhathi sonke sokuphakamisa izimali zomkhankaso sithinta indlela abameleli abasebenzisa ngayo isikhathi sabo namazwi abo abawezwa ngokucacile. Amalungu anikela amahora amaningi ukuze aqoqe izingcingo nezenzakalo, isikhathi ebesingasetshenziswa ngenye indlela emsebenzini womthetho noma wenkonzo yezinhlangano. Ithonya labanikela ngezimali nezithakazelo ezikhethekile liphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuthi abameleli bafeza isithakazelo somphakathi ngempela yini noma basekela labo abasekela imikhankaso yabo.

Inguquko yezezimali iyaqhubeka iphikisana, nezimpikiswano zokuthi imingcele yokusetshenziswa kwemali yezombangazwe iphula amalungelo okukhuluma noma ukuthi ukuchitha imali ngokungenamingcele konakalisa inqubo yezombangazwe. Izakhamuzi zeNkantolo Ephakeme ye-United nemithetho eyalandela iye yandisa indima yemali kwezombangazwe, iholela ekunyuseni ukusetshenziswa kwamaqembu angaphandle futhi iqoqe imali kakhulu ukuze iphumelele ekuvotelweni.

Ukuzicabangela Nokwethemba Umphakathi

Izilinganiso zemvume yeSishaya-Mkhandlu ziye zahlala ziphansi iminyaka eminingi, zibonisa ukukhungatheka komphakathi ngenxa yokungahleleki kwemibono ehlukanisayo, ukungahleleki okucatshangelwayo, nomqondo wokuthi uMkhandlu awukwazi ukuxhumana nabantu abavamile baseMelika.

Ukubuyisela ukwethenjwa umphakathi kudinga ukusingatha izici ezibangela ukunganeliseki, kuhlanganise nokuthuthukisa ukubonakala sobala, ukunciphisa ithonya lezithakazelo ezikhethekile, nokubonisa ikhono lokuxazulula izinkinga ngokubambisana ne - bipartisan. Nokho, izici zokwakha ezinjengokuhlukana nokuyinkimbinkimbi kwezimiso zanamuhla zenza kube nzima ukufinyelela lemigomo.

Isimiso Sekomiti Sijule

Isimiso sekomiti sidinga ukuhlolisiswa ngokujulile njengoba simelela indlela eyinhloko le ndlu eqhuba ngayo umsebenzi wayo wokwenza imithetho nokwengamela. AmaKomiti asebenza njengamaqoqo akhethekile lapho amalungu ethuthukisa khona ubuchwepheshe ezindaweni ezithile zesimiso nalapho kwenzeka khona umsebenzi oningiliziwe wokwenza umthetho.

Izinhlobo Zamakomiti

Indlu isebenza izinhlobo eziningana zamakomiti, ngalinye lisebenza imisebenzi ehlukene. Amakomiti amisha ayizindikimba ezihlala njalo eziphethe izishaya - mthetho ezisezindaweni ezithile ezingokomthetho. La makomiti, njenge-Agriculture, Adminimed Services, iMabhizinisi eMabhizinisi eMabhizinisi, neJadicary, asingatha imisebenzi eminingi yezemithetho futhi aqhube izikhundla eziphethe ezisebusweni zawo.

Amakomiti akhethiwe amakomiti esikhashana aklanyelwe ukuphenya izindaba ezithile noma izinkinga ezidlula imingcele yamakomiti amaningi. Nakuba ekuqaleni kwakuhloselwe ukuba kube yisikhashana, amanye amakomiti akhethiwe aye aba yizimo ezingefani. Amakomiti akhethekile angadalelwa ukusingatha izenzakalo ezithile noma izimpikiswano, njengokuhlola ukwehluleka kokuhlakanipha noma ukusabela kwenhlekelele engokwemvelo.

Amakomiti ahlangene ahlanganisa amalungu endlu neSigele futhi agxile ezindabeni zokuphatha noma ezifundweni esikhundleni somthetho. IKomiti Yobulungu ekhuluma ngeTax kunye neKhomishoni yezezomnotho iyisibonelo sezindikimba ezinikeza ubuchwepheshe nokuhlaziywa kuwo womabili amakamu.

Izabelo Zamakomiti Namandla

Izabelo zekomiti zilithinta kakhulu ithonya lelungu nekhono lokukhonza izithakazelo zalo. Amalungu afuna izabelo kumakomiti avumelana nezithakazelo zawo ezingokomthetho, izidingo zesigodi, noma izinhloso zomsebenzi. Ukukhonza kumakomiti anamandla anjengeziphakamiso, izindlela, iMisebe, noma amandla nezentengiselwano kungathuthukisa ithonya lelungu nekhono lokuxhasa imali.

Umholi weqembu ulawula izabelo zekomiti, ezisebenzisa ukuvuza ukwethembeka, ukuqinisekisa ukulinganisela kwemibono, nokugcina isiyalo seqembu. Amalungu amasha ngokuvamile athola izabelo ezifiselekayo, asebenzela amakomiti ahloniphekile kakhulu njengoba ekhula. Nokho, ukukhula akuseyona kuphela isigaba esilawula izihlalo zamakomiti, njengoba iqembu manje livota ezikhundleni, linikeza ukuhola okwengeziwe phezu kwabaholayo amakomiti.

Indlu Nesimiso Sangaphandle

Nakuba uMongameli neSigele befeza izindima ezivelele kakhulu esimisweni sakwamanye amazwe, iNdlu ithonya eliphawulekayo ngemibuso yayo yokushaya umthetho neyokukhipha iziphakamiso. IKomiti Yezindaba Zangaphandle Yendlu yengamela uMnyango Wezwe nezinhlelo zosizo zakwamanye amazwe, kuyilapho amanye amakomiti ekhuluma ngezindleko zokuvikela, imisebenzi yokuhlakanipha, nangesimiso sokuhwebelana.

Indlu kumelwe ivume ukuxhasa ngemali yosizo lwakwamanye amazwe, imisebenzi yezempi, nemisebenzi yezobuzwe, inike amandla okulawula ukumiswa kwezimiso zakwamanye amazwe. Amalungu angasebenzisa izikweletu zokuvimbela noma ukunqanda izenzo ezithile zemithetho yakwamanye amazwe, njengokungenela kwezempi noma usizo emazweni athile. Indlu futhi ivotela izivumelwano zezohwebo, ezidinga ukumiswa kwemithetho ukuze ifezeke emakhaya.

Imibuso yempi isalokhu iyindawo yegunya leNdlu. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo unikeza uMkhandlu amandla okumemezela impi, imisebenzi yezempi yanamuhla ngokuvamile iyenzeka ngaphandle kwezimemezelo ezingokomthetho. ISigqi soMkhosi wamandla ka 1973 wazama ukubuyisela igunya lobubhishobhi ngokufuna ukuqashelwa kobumongameli kwempi nokulinganisela isikhathi sayo ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa, kodwa ukuphumelela kwayo kuyaqhubeka kuphikiswana futhi ukumiswa kwayo okungokomthetho akukaxazululwa ngokuqinisekile yizinkantolo.

Ubuchwepheshe Nendlela Yokusebenza Kwanamuhla

Indlu iye yajwayela kancane kancane ushintsho lwezobuchwepheshe, nakuba izimpikiswano ziqhubeka ngendlela yokulinganisela amasiko nokusetshenziswa kwanamuhla. Igumbi manje linikeza izinhlelo ezivamile, yenza ukuba kutholakale amaphepha omthetho kuyi-inthanethi, futhi livumela amalungu ukuba asebenzise imishini yobuchwepheshe phakathi nezikhathi. Umqedazwe wezobuchwepheshe we-COVID-19 usungule ukusetshenziswa kwemishini yobuchwepheshe, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwendlu ekuvotelweni kwezindawo ezikude kanye nokuzwa kwekomiti ngokokuqala emlandweni wayo.

Ubuchwepheshe buye bashintsha indlela amalungu axhumana ngayo nabantu abahlangene, ukucwaninga, nokubambisana nomphakathi. Izokuxhumana zivumela ukuxhumana ngokuqondile nezigidi zabantu, ukudlula abagcini bamasango bezezindaba abavamile kodwa futhi zichaya amalungu ekugxekweni ngokushesha futhi zibangele ukucindezela kokusabela ngokushesha ezinsukwini.

Indlu ibhekene nezinselele eziqhubekayo zezentengiselwano ze-inthanethi, ukuvikela ukwaziswa okusheshayo kubaphikisi bakwamanye amazwe nabacishiwe. Ukuzigcina zikhona kudinga ukutshala imali nobuchwepheshe obuningi. Inhlangano futhi kumelwe ibambe ukuthi ingalawula kanjani ubuchwepheshe obuvelayo, kusukela ebuhlakani bokuzenzela kuya ekuqapheni, okudinga amalungu ukuba athuthukise ubuchwepheshe ngokushesha emasimini ajikelezayo.

Ukuhlukahluka Nokumelela

Amanani andayo abesifazane, abantu abambalwa nabezinhlanga, namalungu ezizinda ezihlukahlukene zobuchwepheshe aye akhethwa emashumini eminyaka amuva, okuletha imibono emisha nezinto eziza kuqala ezihlolwayo.

Ukuveza okungaqondakali − izinga lokulingana kwenani labantu bendlu nezizathu zesizwe ezingokomfanekiso nezingaphansi. Ukubona abantu befana nabo benegunya kungandisa umuzwa wezakhamuzi wokusebenza kwezombangazwe nokwethemba uhulumeni. Amalungu ahlukahlukene angase futhi azise okuhlangenwe nakho okuhlukile kokuphila kanye nesimiso, aqinisekise ukuthi izinkathazo eziningi zithola ukunakekela.

Nokho, isithiyo sokungena sisasele. Ukujaha i-Congress kudinga izimali ezinkulu, ukuqashelwa kwegama, nekhono lokususa isikhathi kwezinye izikhundla. Lezi zimfuneko zingabaphazamisa abazosebenza ezizindeni zesigaba esisebenzayo noma labo abangangeni ezinhlanganweni ezicebile. Imizamo yokwandisa ukujoyina nokuqeqesha abantu abahlukahlukene eqenjini elingaphansi kwesikhundla, nakuba izici zokwakha ziqhubeka zinesimo abangaphishekela imisebenzi yenhlangano.

Izisebenzi Zasendlini Nezimo Eziphuthumayo

Indlu incike ezinkulungwaneni zamalungu ezisebenzi afeza imisebenzi ebalulekile esekela inqubo yomthetho. Izisebenzi zomuntu siqu zisebenzela amalungu ngamanye, ukusingatha izinkonzo ezihlangene, ukuxhumana, ukucwaninga ngemithetho, nomsebenzi wekomiti. Izisebenzi zeKomiti zikhonza amakomiti, zinikeza ubuchwepheshe bezimiso, zihlela ukuzwa, futhi zihlela umthetho wokuhlela.

Izinhlangano eziningana ezisekelayo zinikeza ukuhlaziywa nezinkonzo ezingekho kwezengxenye kule House. I-Congregational Research Service iveza imibiko nokuhlaziywa kwezindaba zenqubo, isiza amalungu ukuba aqonde izihloko eziyinkimbinkimbi. I-Congregational Buildial Office ihlaziya imiphumela eyimfihlo yomthetho futhi iveze izibikezelo zezomnotho. I-Hulumeni Accounting Office ihlola imisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe, isekela ukuqondisa kwenhlangano.

Izinga nobuchwepheshe bezisebenzi zobungqungquthela lilithinta kakhulu ikhono lendlu lokusebenza ngokuphumelelayo. Amalungu abasebenzi avame ukuba nolwazi olujulile lwenqubo nenkumbulo yenhlangano edlula leyo yamalungu, okumelwe adlulisele ukunakekela kwawo ezimpikiswaneni eziningi. Nokho, amaholo ezisebenzi zobuthunywa ngokuvamile aphelelwa yimisebenzi esetshenziswa emagumbini angawodwa, okwenza kube nzima ukugcina izisebenzi ezinolwazi futhi kubangele izingxabano zesithakazelo lapho amalungu ehamba ukuze athathe izikhundla.

Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Okungokomlando Nezinguquko

Lendlu iye yashintsha kakhulu kusukela yadalwa, ivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo kuyilapho ilondoloza imisebenzi yayo eyisisekelo yomthetho - sisekelo. Izinguquko ezinkulu ziye zashintsha indlela lenhlangano esebenza ngayo, isabela ezinkingeni ezicatshangelwayo noma ekungalinganini kukagesi.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kwaba nezinguquko ezanciphisa amandla ombuso wesikhulu saseSweimer ngemva kokubusa kuka-Speaker Joseph Cannon's kwabangela ukuvukela. Imithetho yokuguqula i-Eccts ka-1946 no-1970 yezimiso zekomiti ezisebenza ngo-'1970' nokubonakala kwanamuhla. Iminyaka ka-1970 yaletha izinguquko ezengeziwe ezahlela iNdlu yeNdlu, kuhlanganise namavoti aqoshiwe, imihlangano evulekile yamakomiti, nemingcele yegunya lezihlalo zekomiti.

Izinguquko zamuva kakhulu ziye zahlanganisa imingcele yezihlalo zamakomiti, ukususwa kwezimemo (nakuba zibuyiselwe ngokwengxenye), nokushintshwa kwemithetho yokuziphatha. Ushintsho ngalunye lubonisa ukukhathazeka okukhethekile ngendlela indlu esebenza ngayo futhi luzama ukuthuthukisa ukuphumelela kwayo, ukulandisa, noma ukungakhethi. Nokho, izinguquko zingaba nemiphumela engalindelekile, futhi izimpikiswano ziyaqhubeka ngokuthi izinguquko ezengeziwe ziyadingeka yini ekuxazululeni izinselele zamanje.

Isivumelwano Semivini Nendlu

Ukuqonda iNdlu Yabameleli kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo nohulumeni wazo.

Izakhamuzi zingathonya izenzo zendlu ngezindlela eziningi. Ukuxhumana nabameleli ukuze baveze imibono ephathelene nomthetho osele, ukuhlanganyela emihlanganweni yehholo ledolobha, kanye nokuhlanganyela emikhankasweni konke kuthinta indlela amalungu abheka ngayo okukhethwayo. Ukuhlelelwa ukuphatha izintambo, kungaba ngamaqembu enzalo amisiwe noma ngezinhlangano zotshani, kungahlela uhlelo lwezinqubo futhi kwakhe ukusekela izinguquko zezimiso.

Ukuqasha e House Couver kusewuhlobo oluyisisekelo kakhulu lokuthembisana, ukunquma ukuthi ubani omelela isifunda ngasinye nokuthi isiphi esiphethe igumbi. Nokho, umvoti uthatha izihlalo phakathi nokhetho, lapho zonke izihlalo zendlu zincintiswana kodwa kungekho mjaho womongameli, ngokuvamile uvale iminyaka yokukhetha yobumongameli. Ukuhlanganyela okukhulayo kulolukhetho kungathuthukisa umsebenzi omelelwayo nesibopho sokulandisa sendlu.

Izifundo ezifundisa izakhamuzi ngezinqubo zobuthanga futhi zikhuthaze ukuhlanganyela komphakathi zingaqinisa ukubusa ngentando yeningi. Uma abantu beqonda indlela uhulumeni wabo osebenza ngayo, bangasekela izithakazelo zabo ngokuphumelelayo futhi bagcine abameleli benecala. Izinhlangano ezizinikele emfundweni yomphakathi, ekuboneni obala, nasekulandiseni kohulumeni zifeza izindima ezibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni izakhamuzi ezinolwazi.

Ukubheka Phambili: Izinselele Namathuba

Indlu Yabameleli ibhekene nezinselele ezinkulu ekhulwini lama - 21, kusukela ekuhlukanisweni kwezindawo ezihlukene kuya ekungathembini komphakathi kuya ekuxakekeni kwezinkinga zesimiso sanamuhla. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukuphazamiseka kwezobuchwepheshe, izindleko zokunakekelwa kwempilo, ukufuduka, nokulondeka kwesizwe konke kudinga ukusabela kwemithetho, kodwa ukufinyelela ukuvumelana kwalezi zimpikiswano kuya kuba nzima ngokwengeziwe.

Izinguquko zezinhlangano zingathuthukisa imisebenzi yendlu. Izimo zihlanganisa ukushintsha izimiso zokukhetha ukuze kuncishiswe ukwanda kwezindawo ezihlukene, umkhankaso wokulungisa izimali ukuze kuncishiswe ithonya lemali, imithetho eshintshayo yokukhuthaza ukubambisana kwe-bipartis, nokusebenzisa izimali ezisekwe ekwakheni i-conotions ukuze kucaciswe kangcono izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi. Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kwenguquko kudinga ukumelana nalabo abazuza emalungiselelweni amanje.

Naphezu kwezinselele zayo, iNdlu ihlala ibalulekile ekubusweni kwentando yeningi yaseMelika. Umsebenzi wayo omelelayo uqinisekisa ukuthi amaphuzu ahlukene azwakalayo ekumisweni kwezimiso zesizwe. Amandla ayo okumisa imithetho ethinta zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika. Igunya layo lokwengamela lihlola amandla aphezulu futhi likhuthaza ukulandisa. Ukuqonda nokusekela indima yomthetho-sisekelo wendlu kusebalulekile ekulondolozeni ukubusa kwentando yeningi okuphumelelayo.

Kulabo abafuna ukufunda okwengeziwe ngeNdlu yabameleli nangendlela esebenza ngayo iSishaya-mthetho, imithombo eyigugu ihlanganisa iwebhusayithi yeNdlu yendlu [[FLT:], enikeza ukwaziswa ngamalungu, amakomiti, nomthetho, kanye newebhusayithi ye-indlu ye-Iskompolar Congress.gov, enikeza ukulandelela nokubhala ngemikhondo nezincwadi ezingokomlando. [[FLT:] CP]-SPAN inikeza ukuhlanganisa kwe-igekhodi yevidiyo yezehlolo zendlu nemithombo yemfundo ngohulumeni waseMelika.

Indlu yabameleli ihlanganisa isimiso sokuthi uhulumeni kufanele ube, ulwenze, futhi ulwenze abantu. Ngokuqonda imisebenzi yakhe, amandla, nezinselele, izakhamuzi zingayiqonda kangcono indlela idemokrasi yazo esebenza ngayo nendlela ezingahlanganyela ngayo ekulolongeni ikusasa lesizwe sazo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokuvota, ngokuqamba, noma ngokumane nje zihlale zinolwazi, ukuthembisana nendlu nomsebenzi wayo kusewumthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko nethuba lokuba yizakhamuzi e-Riphabliki yaseMelika.