Table of Contents

I-United States House of Declarations imi njengenye yeziqu ezinamandla kakhulu zomthetho emhlabeni, isebenza njengezwi labantu baseMelika kuhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni. Njengegumbi eliphansi le-Congress, i House ifeza indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni imithetho yesizwe, ukulawula imali kahulumeni, futhi ibeke igatsha eliphethe icala. Ukuqonda ubukhulu balokho iNdlu yabameleli enikeza ukuqonda okukhulu ngendlela i-Dimokramente yaseMelika esebenza ngayo ngokuphumelelayo nendlela izakhamuzi ezingahlanganyela ngayo nohulumeni wazo ngokuphumelelayo.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sendlu Yabameleli

IUnited States House of Messages iyigumbi leBararal United States Congress, esebenza kanye neSigele sase-U.S. esinegunya ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso Sokuqala soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ukuba udlulise noma uwine umthetho kahulumeni. Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo baklama lendlu njengendikimba yemithetho exhunywe ngokuqondile kubantu baseMelika, bebonisa isimiso sokuthi uhulumeni uthola amandla akhe ngokuvuma kwababuswayo.

Indlu yabameleli yakhiwa amalungu akhethwa njalo ngonyaka wesibili yi-International of States, iqinisekisa ukuthi abameleli bahlala benecala eliseduze kubantu abawamele. Lomjikelezo wokhetho weminyaka emibili waklanyelwa ngamabomu ukwenza indlu isabelele kakhulu embonweni womphakathi kuneSigele, lapho amalungu ekhonza khona amagama athatha iminyaka eyisithupha.

Izimfuneko Zamalungu Endlu

UMthetho-sisekelo umisa izimfuneko eziqondile kunoma ubani ofuna ukukhonza eNdlu yabameleli. Akukho muntu oyoba ummeleli ongeke afinyelele enkathini yeminyaka engamashumi amabili nanhlanu, futhi abe yiSithako sase-United States, futhi ongeke, lapho ekhethwa, abe yilungu laleloZwe azakukhethwa kulo. Lezimfanelo ziqinisekisa ukuthi abameleli bavuthwe ngokwanele, baqonda ukuphila kwesizwe saseMelika, kanye nokuhlobana nemiphakathi abakhonza kuyo.

Ubukhulu Nendawo Yendlu

Inani labameleli abanamalungelo okuvota agcwele lingu-435, inani elimiswe nguMthetho womphakathi wama-62-5 ngoAugust 8, 1911, futhi lisebenza kusukela ngo-1913. Lelinani elimisiwe liye lahlala likhona isikhathi esingaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka, ngisho nanjengoba inani labantu base-U.S. inani labameleli lilingana nenani labantu abakhona, okusho ukuthi ngomphakathi omkhulu uthola abameleli abengeziwe, kuyilapho isifunda ngasinye siqinisekiswa okungenani ummeleli oyedwa kungakhathaliseki ubukhulu bezwe.

Ngaphezu kwamalungu angu - 435 okuvota, kunezinye izihambeli ezinhlanu ezimelela iSifunda saseCommonwealth saseCommon Northern Mariana Islands, iVirgin Islands, iGuam, neSamoa yaseMelika, nekhomishane yakhona imelela iPuerto Rico.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Eyinhloko

Umsebenzi oyinhloko weNdlu yabameleli ugxile ekudaleni, ukuphikisana, nokudlulisa umthetho othinta zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika. Lenqubo yokushaya umthetho imelela isisekelo sentando yeningi emelela idemokrati, iguqulela intando yabantu emithethweni nasemithethweni eqinile.

Inqubo Yomthetho

Abameleli bavula izikweleti nezinqumo, banikeza izinguquko futhi basebenze kumakomiti. Uhambo lwesivumelwano kusukela ekuqaleni ukuya ekubeni umthetho luhlanganisa izigaba eziningi zokubukeza, impikiswano, nokuvota. Amalungu endlu angamisa umthetho cishe nganoma isiphi isihloko esisegunyeni likahulumeni elingokomthetho, kusukela ekunakekeleni impilo nasemfundoni kuya ekuvikeleni izwe nesisekelo sesisekelo sezwe.

Lapho isikweleti sesethuliwe, sivame ukubhekiselwa ekomitini efanelekile ukuze kuhlolwe kabanzi. Amakomiti amile endlu anemithetho ehlukene yokulawula i-odanti futhi ngalinye licabangela izikweleti nezimpikiswano futhi litusa izinyathelo zokucatshangelwa kwendlu. Le komiti ivumela ubuchwepheshe obukhethekile nokufakwa kwemithetho ehlongozwayo ngaphambi kokuba ifike esitezini esigcwele sendlu.

Izincwadi ezidluliswa yiSigele zithunyelwa kumongameli ukuze zisayinwe noma zithunyelwe. Lesimiso se-bidamal siqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho uthola amazinga amaningi okuhlola futhi kumelwe uthole ukusekelwa okukhulu ezikhundleni ezihlukahlukene ngaphambi kokuba ube umthetho.

Amandla Angaphezu Kwamabhilidi Emali

Enye yemibuso ebaluleke kakhulu yomthetho-sisekelo wendlu yigunya layo elikhethekile lokusungula umthetho wemali. Imibuso ekhethekile yendlu ihlanganisa ukuqala zonke izikweleti zemali, ukunika igumbi ithonya elikhulu phezu kwesimiso sezwe sokulawula. Lamandla asuka enkolelweni yabalawuli yenkolo yokuthi intela kufanele ivele endikimbeni yemithetho elandisa ngokuqondile kubantu.

Indlu inamandla akhethekile okusungula izikweleti zemali, ngokuphawulekayo ithonya inkambiso yezezimali. Lokhu kusho ukuthi zonke izikweleti ezihlobene nentela, izimemezelo zomthetho, nezinye izinhlobo zemali kahulumeni kumelwe ziqale eNdlu yabameleli. Nakuba iSigele singahlongoza ukubuyiselwa kwalezizikweletu, ngeke zivele, zinikeze i House inzuzo ebaluleke kakhulu ekulolongeni umthetho wentela wesizwe.

Amandla Okuzifunela

Phakathi kwemithwalo yemfanelo ehloniphekile kakhulu nelandelayo kukuphela kwamandla ayo ezikhulu zikahulumeni. Indlu yabameleli iyoba noMandla okuphela kwawo, isebenza njengesinyathelo sokuqala enqubweni yomthetho-sisekelo wokususa amongameli, amajaji angokomthetho, nezinye izikhulu zikahulumeni esikhundleni.

Imibuso ekhethekile yendlu ihlanganisa ukuphoqa izikhulu zikahulumeni. Uma i House ikholelwa ukuthi isikhulu sikahulumeni siye senza "ubugebengu obukhulu namaphutha," singaphenya futhi sivote ezihlokweni zokungathonyeli. Uma iningi lamavoti endlu lingayephula, icala liphinde lidlulele eSigeleni ukuze liqulwe icala.

Lamandla agunyazayo amelela ukuhlola okugxekayo egunyeni eliphethe nelahluleli, eqinisekisa ukuthi asikho isikhulu sikahulumeni esingaphezu komthetho.

Umtapo womtholalwazi

Ngaphandle kokwenza umthetho, iNdlu yabameleli ifeza indima ebalulekile ekwengameleni igatsha eliphethe nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano zikahulumeni zimisa imithetho njengenjongo yoMkhandlu. Le nkonzo yokwengamela isebenza njengesici esibalulekile sesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela okuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha likahulumeni ukuba lithole amandla amaningi kakhulu.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Yekomiti

AmaKomiti anemithwalo yemfanelo yokwengamela izinhlangano, izinhlelo, nemisebenzi engaphansi kwezindawo zawo, futhi kwezinye izimo ezindaweni ezinqamula imibuso yamakomiti. Ngokuzwa, ukuphenya, nezicelo zezincwadi, amakomiti endlu ahlola indlela izinhlangano eziphethe ezisebenzisa ngayo imali yentela, zisebenzisa izinhlelo zikahulumeni, futhi zifaka imithetho.

Lo msebenzi wobubonisi uvame ukwenzeka ngaphandle kwezindawo kodwa usho okukhulu ekulandiseni ngecala likahulumeni. AmaKomiti angafaka ofakazi abaphansi, acele izincwadi, futhi abeke icala lomphakathi ukuze ahlole ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba kwenziwe ububi, udoti, noma ukungabikho kwemisebenzi kahulumeni. Lokhu kuhlola kungaholela ekwakheni umthetho omusha, izinguquko emikhubeni yezinhlangano, noma ngisho nasezigebengwini uma kufaneleka.

Amandla Okuhlola

Igunya lophengululo lendlu lidlulela kuwo wonke uhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni. Abameleli bangahlola yonke into kusukela kwezempi nasemisebenzini yokuhlakanipha kuya ezimisweni zendawo ezungezile nasezimisweni zokunakekela impilo. Lo mandla amakhulu okuhlola aqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha eliphethe lihlala linesibopho sokulandisa egatsheni lomthetho futhi, ekugcineni, kubantu baseMelika.

Ukuhlola kwezindlu kuye kwaveza amahlazo kahulumeni, kwadalula ukungcola nokukhwabanisa, futhi kwabangela izinguquko ezinkulu kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika.

Ukumelela Nezakhiwo Eziyi - Electoral

Indlu yabameleli yayiklanyelwe ukunikeza izakhamuzi zaseMelika izimpawu eziqondile, ilungu ngalinye likhonza isifunda esithile sendawo.

Izifunda ze-Congress nezithombe zenani labantu ezisekelwe

I-United States ihlukaniswa yaba izigodi ezingu-45 ezinama-countain anezinhlalo ezingaba ngu-780 000 i-80 000 ngayinye, futhi isifunda ngasinye sikhetha ummeleli weNdlu yabameleli iminyaka emibili. Lesi simiso esisekelwe emphakathini sisho ukuthi abantu abaningi kunabameleli abaningi futhi ngenxa yalokho banethonya elikhulu eNdlu.

Ukwabiwa kwezihlalo kusekelwe ezakhamuzini ezisezweni, futhi amalungu atholakala njalo ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi, ngemva kokubalwa kwabantu okwathatha iminyaka eyinkulungwane. Lokhu kuvuna kwasikhathi sonke kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukumelelwa kwabantu kuyaqhubeka kulingana namashifu omphakathi, amazwe akhulayo athola izihlalo futhi amazwe anciphayo awalahlekelwa yizo.

Ngemva kokubala ngakunye, izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ziphinde zidwebe imingcele yesifunda sesifunda sesifunda ukuze zibonise ushintsho lwenani labantu. Le nqubo yokulungisa ingakwazi ukuthonya kakhulu ukumelelwa kwezombangazwe futhi iye yaba nengxabano eyandayo, ngenxa yokukhathalela ukudweba imigqa yesifunda ukuze ithande elinye iqembu lezombangazwe kunelinye.

Umjikelezo Wonyaka Omubili Wokukhetha

Amalungu eNdlu afeza isikhathi esimisiwe seminyaka emibili, isihlalo ngasinye sihlezi ekukhetheni ngaphambi kokuqala kweSishaya-mthetho esilandelayo, futhi kungenzeka ukhetho olukhethekile uma kuvela indawo. Lomjikelezo ovamile wokhetho wenza amalungu endlu athathe isinyathelo ngokukhethekile ekukhathazekeni okuhlangene, njengoba kumelwe aqhubeke elwa emkhankasweni futhi athethelele imibhalo yawo ukuba avote.

Leligama elithatha iminyaka emibili lidala amandla lapho abameleli kumele balinganise imigomo emide yezimiso nezidingo ezisheshayo. Nakuba lokhu ngezinye izikhathi kungaholela ekucabangeni okufushane, kuqinisekisa futhi ukuthi indlu ihlala ihambisana eduze nombono womphakathi oshintshayo futhi kuvela izimpikiswano ezithinta abavoti.

Izinkonzo Nemimelelo Ezimele

Ngaphandle kokuvota umthetho, abameleli bachitha isikhathi esiningi bekhonza abameleli babo ngokuqondile. Isimiso sommeleli simatasa kakhulu, ngokuvamile siqala ekuseni ngezihloko ezifingqiwe, sihamba ngokushesha phakathi kwe-caucus nemihlangano yamakomiti nabezindaba, ukuvota ezikweletini, ukukhuluma nabameleli namanye amaqembu, nokuhlola iposi, izingcingo zezindaba nemibiko ehlukahlukene.

Abameleli basiza abameleli ukuba baqondise i-compal commission, baxazulule izinkinga nezinhlangano zikahulumeni, futhi baqonde indlela ezithinta ngayo ukuphila kwabo. Lo msebenzi wenkonzo, nakuba ungabonakali kakhulu kunemisebenzi yezezishayamthetho, umelela ukuhlobana okubalulekile phakathi kwezakhamuzi nohulumeni wazo. Abameleli basebenza futhi ukusekela ukuxhasa kwemisebenzi kahulumeni ezifundeni zabo, ukusekela izithakazelo zendawo, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi amazwi abo azwakala eWashington.

Isimiso Sokuhola Nenhlangano

Indlu yabameleli isebenza ngesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi sokuhola esihlela umsebenzi womthetho, sisingatha izinhlelo zaphansi, futhi sixhumanisa amasu eqembu. Ukuqonda lesisigaba sabaholi kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela lendlu esebenza ngayo.

Umkhulumeli Wendlu

Isikhulumi sisebenza njengomholi wendlu futhi sihlanganisa izindima eziningana zokuhlela nokuphatha. Njengesikhulu sendlu, uSithethi unamandla amakhulu enqubo yomthetho. Isikhulumi sikhetha izihlalo zamakomiti amile, simisa amalungu amaningi eKomiti yeMibukiso, simisa wonke amalungu amakomiti engqungquthela, futhi sinquma ukuthi yimaphi amakomiti acabangela izikweletu.

USpeaker ukhethwa amalungu agcwele eNdlu futhi ngokuvamile ungumholi weqembu elikhulu. Ngalé kokuqondisa imicimbi yase House, uSpeaker ukhonza njengesifebe sesizwe sezombangazwe, umelela iNdlu esebenzelana noMongameli neSigele, futhi uthatha unyawo lwesibili ekulandeleni umongameli ngemva kukaMongameli ongumsekeli.

Isikhulu esiphethe silawula umthetho amalungu eNdlu akhuluma ngawo: akukho lungu elingase likhulume noma linyakaze ngaphandle kokuba liqashelwe okokuqala isikhulu esiwengamele. Lamandla okuqaphela amalungu anikeza ukulawula okuqinile ezingxoxweni zasesitezi nasenqubweni yokushaya umthetho.

Abaholi Abakhulu Nabancane

Izikhulu nabaholi abambalwa bamelela izigaba zabo ezisesitezini sendlu, kuyilapho iziswebhu zisiza ekuqondiseni uhlelo lwezishayamthetho lweqembu labo eMfuleni. UMajority Modeli usebenza njengesazi esiyinhloko sesitezi seqembu elikhulu, ukuhlela umthetho nokuhlela izihlalo zekomiti ukuqhubekisela phambili uhlelo lweqembu.

UMholi oMncane uhola iqembu lokuphikiswa, asungule iziphakamiso namasu okuthola ukulawulwa futhi. Bobabili abaholi bafeza indima ebalulekile ekuxazululeni ukuvumelana, ukubala amavoti, nokutshela amalungu nomphakathi izikhundla zeqembu labo.

Isimiso Sesipi

I-wip iyizixhumaniso ezibalulekile phakathi kobuholi beqembu namalungu alo, ezikhethwe yiqembu ngalinye, kanye ne-Majority Wip evame ukuba yilungu lesithathu elibekwayo kanye ne-Minority Wip ngokuvamile eyilungu lesibili elincinyane elithatha indawo, elihola izinhlangano ezinkulu zesekela nezaphulo. Isimiso sesephu siqinisekisa ukuthi abaholi beqembu bayaqonda ukuthi amalungu ahlela kanjani ukuvota emthethweni obalulekile futhi angenza umsebenzi wokulondoloza ubunye beqembu.

Ukuvota kunezici ezibalulekile, ukuncenga amalungu ukuba asekele izikhundla zeqembu, nokutshelana ngezinkinga ezibuyela ebuholweni. Lokhu kuxhumana okuhamba kabili kusiza abaholi beqembu ukuba bahlole ukusekelwa komthetho futhi benze izinqumo ezihlelekile zokuthi bazoletha nini izikweletu phansi.

Isimiso Sekomiti

Umsebenzi omningi wendlu wenziwa emakomitini, lapho amalungu eqala khona ubuchwepheshe ezicini ezithile zenqubo futhi enza nezinhlolo eziningiliziwe zomthetho ohlongozwayo. Isimiso sekomiti sivumela le ndlu ukuba ikwazi ukusingatha umqulu omkhulu nobunzima bezindaba ezibhekene nohulumeni.

Amakomiti Amile

Indlu inakekela amakomiti amaningi amile, ngalinye elinezikhundla zezimiso ezithile njengezindawo ezolimo, izinkonzo zezikhali, imfundo, amandla, izinkonzo zezimali, izindaba zangaphandle, amajaji, kanye nezokuthutha. Ngaphambi kokuba amalungu abelwe emakomitini, ubukhulu bekomiti ngayinye nesilinganiso samaRepublicans kumele kunqunywe abaholi beqembu ngalinye, nengqikithi yeminyango yamakomiti enikwa isigaba esisodwa esilingana nesigaba seqembu elikhulu namalungu amancane egumbini eligcwele.

Izabelo zamakomiti zifunwa kakhulu, ngoba zinquma ukuthi yiziphi izici ezimisiwe ezingathonya ngokuqondile. AmaKomiti athatha ukuqulwa kwamacala ukuze aqoqe ukwaziswa, izikhawu zokwehlisa izimali, kanye namavoti ukuze anqume ukuthi imuphi umthetho oqhubekela phambili endlini egcwele. Isigaba sekomiti silapho izikweleti eziningi zizuza khona amandla noma zife, okwenza ukuba amalungu ekomiti abe abalulekile ekuphumeleleni kommeleli.

Ikomiti Engaphansi Nezindawo Ezikhethekile

Amakomiti amaningi amile ahlukaniswa abe amakomiti angaphansi agxile ngisho nasezimkhankasweni eziqondene kakhulu. Lesi sakhiwo sivumela ukuba kube nokuqashelwa okujulile futhi siqinisekise ukuthi izindawo eziyinkimbinkimbi zithola ukunakekela okwanele. Ikomiti ezingaphansi ziphatha izinqumo zazo, zimise umthetho, futhi zitusa ikomiti egcwele.

Indlu futhi idala amakomiti akhethayo namakomiti akhethekile ukuze ahlole izindaba ezithile noma izenzakalo. Le mikhandlu yesikhashana ingahlola izindaba ezingafanelani kahle nezindawo zekomiti ezikhona noma ezidinga ukunakwa isikhathi esilinganiselwe.

Indima yendlu kumthetho- sisekelo

Ngaphandle kwamandla ayo akhethekile okusungula izikweleti zemali, iHouse inendima eyinhloko kuzo zonke izici zesimiso sikahulumeni sokukhipha izimali, ekugunyazeni ukusetshenziswa kukahulumeni ekuhleleni izinto eziza kuqala ekuhleleni indlela yokusebenzisa imali nokusingatha isikweletu sesizwe.

Ukusikisela Nokusekela Kohulumeni

IKomiti yokuphanga Indlu, esebenza nesici sayo seSigele, inquma indlela imali esetshenziswa ngayo unyaka ngamunye. Ngenqubo yokubhula, i House inikeza imali yokuxhasa yonke into kusukela ekuvikelekeni kwesizwe sesivikelo sezwe, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nesisekelo sesisekelo. La mandla esikhwama semali amelela enye yeziphetho ezibaluleke kakhulu zegunya lezikhulu zeBhunga.

Inqubo yokunikeza izicelo ihilela ukuhlola okuningiliziwe ngezicelo zezimali zezinhlangano, ukuzwa nezikhulu zamagatsha eziphethe, nokuxoxa ngamazinga okuxhasa izinhlelo zikahulumeni eziyizinkulungwane.

Izinqumo Zokusebenzisa Imali Nokuhlela Izinto Ezifanele

IKomiti yoHlahlelo Lwemali Yasekhaya ihlela izinqumo zaminyaka yonke ezihlela izisulu zemali nemali kahulumeni.

Izimpikiswano zokuhlelwa kwemali eMzini zivame ukuveza ukungavumelani okuyisisekelo ngobukhulu obufanele nendima kahulumeni, ukulinganisela phakathi kokusebenzisa imali kanye nentela, kanye nezinto eziza kuqala phakathi kwezinhlelo ezincintisanayo. Lezi zimpikiswano azilona inqubo esheshayo kodwa futhi zihlanganisa nokuthambekela okudala kwezomnotho kanye nekhono likahulumeni lokuxazulula izinselele zezwe.

Amandla Akhethekile Omthetho - sisekelo

UMthetho-sisekelo unika lendlu imibuso eminingana eyingqayizivele ngaphezu kwegunya layo elivamile lomthetho, ubonakalisa umbono wabakhi bendlu njengengxenye yentando yeningi kakhulu kahulumeni kahulumeni.

Ukubonisa UMongameli Imibono Ekhululekile

Imibuso ekhethekile yeNdlu ihlanganisa ukuvota umongameli uma kungekho mvoti othola amavoti amaningi e-Electoral College. Kulesimo esingavamile, abameleli bombuso ngamunye eNdlu yendlu bavota kanye umongameli, kanye neningi lezifunda ezidinga ukunqoba. Lenqubo yokukhetha encikeneyo isetshenziswe kabili kuphela emlandweni waseMelika, kodwa imelela isivikelo esibalulekile somthetho-mthethweni.

Ithuba lokhetho lweziqu linika indlu indima ekhethekile ekukhetheni umongameli, iqinisekisa ukuthi abameleli babantu basho okokugcina uma i-Electoral College iveza umphumela ongenakuphikwa. Lombuso ugcizelela isikhundla sendlu njengenhlangano yentando yeningi engcono kakhulu kuhulumeni kahulumeni.

Iziphendu Zomthetho - sisekelo Eziwumsuka

Nakuba zombili izikhungo zomthetho-mthetho zingahlongoza ukulungisa, iNdlu ivame ukuhola ekusunguleni ukulungisa okunweba ukungenela kwentando yeningi noma ukusingatha izindaba zokwakha kuhulumeni. Ukuhlobana kwendlu nomzwelo othandwayo kukwenza kube yisiqalo esingokwemvelo sezinguquko zomthetho sisekelo ezibonisa izindinganiso ezishintshayo zomphakathi.

Indlu Esesimisweni Samasheke Nokulinganisela

Indlu Yabameleli isebenza njengesici esibalulekile sesimiso somthetho - sisekelo sokuhlola nokulinganisela, ilinganisela amandla akho kokubili amagatsha aphethe nawahluleli kuyilapho wona ngokwawo ecindezelwa iSigele noMongameli.

Ukuhlola Amandla Okuqondisa

Ngemibuso yayo yemithetho, yobuphathi, neyobuphenyi, i House ingasicindezela kakhulu isenzo sobumongameli. Indlu ingayenqaba ukuxhasa izinyathelo zokuphatha, ihlole imisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe, futhi ikhiphe umthetho phezu kokuphikisa kukamongameli (namandla amabili-ntathu). Amandla okungagunyazi anikeza isixwayiso sokugcina ekuziphatheni okubi kwezikhulu.

Ikhono lendlu lokulalela nokufuna ubufakazi obuvela kubaphathi begatsha abaphethe liqinisekisa ukubonakala nokulandisa emikhankasweni kahulumeni. Ngisho noma iNdlu ingakwazi ukukhipha umthetho ngenxa yokuphikiswa kweSigele noma umongameli, imisebenzi yayo yokuhlola nokwengamele ingathonya umbono womphakathi nokuziphatha okucindezelayo.

Ukuphatha Kokwahlulela

Nakuba le House ingenakuzigumbuqela ngokuqondile izinqumo zokwahlulela, ingasabela ezinqumweni zenkantolo ngomthetho, ukuhlelwa komthetho-mthetho, nokulawulwa kwezimiso zokwahlulela. Indlu futhi ihlanganyela ekugunyazweni kwamajaji kahulumeni, inikeza ishekezo ngokuziphatha okubi kokwahlulela.

Ngamandla ayo okumisa, iNdlu ingalungisa imithetho ukuze isabele ezincazelweni zokwahlulela, ikhe izinqubo ezintsha zomthetho ezikhuluma ngezindaba zenkantolo, noma imingcele yemithetho yokwahlulela ezindaweni ezithile. Lokhu kuhlangana phakathi kwendlu nokwahlulela kubonisa isimo esinamandla sokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingahlanganyela Ngayo Nendlu

Indlu Yabameleli inikeza amathuba amaningi okuba isakhamuzi sihlanganyele enqubweni yentando yeningi, kusukela ekuvoteni nasekuthintaneni nabameleli kuya ekufakazeleni ekuqulweni kwecala nasekukhuthazeni izinguquko ezingokomthetho.

Ukuxhumana Nomumeleli Wakho

Wonke umuntu waseMelika unommeleli eMzini onomthwalo wemfanelo wokulalela izinkathazo zabameleli futhi amelele izithakazelo zabo eWashington. Izakhamuzi zingathinta abameleli bazo ngocingo, ama-imeyili, izincwadi, nangemihlangano eyimfihlo emahhovisi esigodi noma eWashington, D.C. abameleli balondoloza izisebenzi ezinikezelwe ezinkonzweni ezihlangene futhi zisabela ekuthonyeni komphakathi.

Ukuxhumana okuphumelelayo kungathonya indlela abameleli abavota ngayo imithetho, iziphi izindaba abazibeka kuqala, nendlela abasebenzisa ngayo isikhathi sabo nengcebo yabo.

Ukuhlanganyela Ezindlebeni Zamakomiti

Izindaba eziningi zekomiti zivulekele umphakathi futhi zamukele ubufakazi obuvela ezakhamuzini, emaqenjini okuphatha izigebengu, nakochwepheshe. Ukufakaza ekomitini kunikeza ithuba lokuthonya ngokuqondile inqubo yomthetho ngokuhlanganyela ubuchwepheshe, okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu, noma ukutusa kwezimiso namalungu oMkhandlu.

Ngisho noma zingafakazeli, izakhamuzi zingaya enkantolo, zibhale izitatimende ezibhaliwe ukuze zithole inqubo yomthetho.

Ukudla Okungalawuleki Nezimpande Ezinomsila

Imikhankaso ehleliwe yokulawula ingayithonya kakhulu inqubo yeNdlu yomthetho. Ngokuhloma abameleli ukuba bathintane nabameleli babo, bahlele imishini yokufaka isicelo, futhi baqondise imikhankaso yemithombo yezindaba, amaqembu okuphatha izikhundla angaphakamisa izindaba eziphathelene nezinhlelo zezindlu kanye nokucindezela amalungu afuna ukuthatha izikhundla ezithile.

Amagrasroot ahlela ukusabela kwendlu embonweni womphakathi, esebenzisa umjikelezo wokhetho othatha iminyaka emibili ukuze adale izisusa zezombangazwe zokuba abameleli basekele izinqubo ezithandwayo noma baphikise ezithandwayo. Loluhlobo lwesivumelwano somphakathi lumelela ukubusa kwentando yeningi, luguqulela izintando zomphakathi emiphumeleni yemithetho.

Ukuziphendukela Kwendlu Nezinselele Zanamuhla

Indlu Yabameleli iye yavela ngokuphawulekayo kusukela yadalwa ngo - 1789, ivumelanisa nezinguquko emphakathini, kwezobuchwepheshe, namasiko ezombangazwe kuyilapho ilondoloza imisebenzi yayo eyisisekelo yomthetho - sisekelo.

Intuthuko Engokomlando

Indlu yabameleli ekuqaleni yayinamalungu angu - 59, futhi inani lanyuka ngemva kokumiswa koMthetho - sisekelo yiNyakatho Carolina neRhode Island ngo - 1790, lapho iSishaya - mthetho sokuqala sithungatha abameleli abangu - 65. Njengoba isizwe sasikhula futhi inani labantu landa, lendlu yakhula ngokuhambelana kwayo kwaze kwaba yilapho ifinyelela inani laso lama - 435 ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama - 20.

Kuwo wonke umlando wayo, le House ibilokhu iyinhloko yezimpikiswano ezinkulu zesizwe ngokuphathelene nobugqila, amalungelo omphakathi, isimiso sezomnotho, izindaba zangaphandle, kanye nezinqumo zezenhlalo. Ukwakheka kwaleligumbi nezinqubo kuye kwashintsha ukuze kuxazululwe izimo ezishintshayo kuyilapho kugcinwa indima yalo eyinhloko njengendlu yabantu.

Izinselele Zanamuhla

Indlu yanamuhla ibhekene nezinselele eziningi, kuhlanganise nokuhlukaniswa okukhulu kwabantu, ithonya lemali kwezombangazwe, ukulawulwa kwemithetho, nobunzima bokusingatha izimpikiswano eziyinkimbinkimbi esikhathini sokushintsha kwezesayensi nezenhlalo okusheshayo. Ukuyala kweqembu bekungaqinile ngaso sonke isikhathi, ngenxa yeqiniso lokuthi amalungu, okumelwe aphinde akhethe njalo eminyakeni emibili, ngokuvamile akhetha izithakazelo zezifunda zawo kunokuba afune iqembu lawo lezombangazwe lapho kuhlukana kabili.

Ushintsho lwamahora angu-24 ezindaba nezokuxhumana luye lwaguqula indlela abameleli abaxhumana ngayo nabantu abahlangene nendlela izimpikiswano zemithetho eziqala ngayo.

Izimpikiswano Ngezinguquko

Kuqhubeka izimpikiswano eziphathelene nenguquko yendlu, njengokuthi kufanele nandiswe inani labameleli ukuze babonise ukukhula, indlela yokulwa nokwanda kwenani labantu, ukubeka imingcele, nokuthi kungancishiswa kanjani ithonya lezinto ezikhethekile. Lezingxoxo zibonisa ukukhathazeka okukhulu ngempilo yentando yeningi yaseMelika nokuphumelela kwezinhlangano zabameleli.

Abanye abashisekeli bezinguquko basekela ukwandisa iNdlu engaphezu kuka-435 ukuze kuncishiswe inani labantu esifundeni ngasinye futhi kuthuthukiswe ukuma kwesifunda ngasinye. Abanye bagxila ekushintsheni okungokwesayensi ukuze banciphise i-grid lockbock futhi bakhuthaze ukubambisana kwe-bipartisan. Lezimpikiswano cishe ziyoqhubeka njengoba iNdlu iqhubeka izivumelanisa nezinselele zamashumi amabili nanhlanu.

Imbulunga Yonke: Indlu Ngokwesilinganiso

Ukuqonda iNdlu yabameleli yase-U.S. kuyasiza ngokuyiqhathanisa neziqu zomthetho kwezinye imibuso yentando yeningi. Isakhiwo sendlu, imibuso, kanye nobuhlobo nezinye izinhlangano zikahulumeni kubonakalisa izimiso zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika ngokucacile kuyilapho zihlanganyela izici ezithile namaphalamende emhlabeni wonke.

Izici Eziyingqayizivele Zendlu Yase - United States

Ngokungafani nezimiso zephalamende lapho umphathi ephuma khona esishaya umthetho, iNdlu isebenza ngokuzimele ngaphandle kobumongameli, idala ukuhlukana kwangempela kwemibuso. Lokhu kuzimela kuvumela iNdlu ukuba ihlole igunya eliphethe ngokuphumelelayo kunezimiso zezishayamthetho ezisezimisweni zamaphalamende, lapho uhulumeni ngokuvamile elawula khona iningi lezikhulu zemithetho.

Indlu inamandla akhethekile ezindlekweni zemali kanye nendima yayo ekuhleleni ihlukanisa namanye amagumbi amaningi emithetho. Umjikelezo wokhetho lweminyaka emibili mfushane kune yemibuso eminingi yentando yeningi, udala amandla ayingqayizivele okulandisa nokusabela.

Izifundo Ezivela Kwezinye Izici Zokungavumelani Nenkolo

Ukuhlola indlela ezinye izishaya - mthetho ezibusa ngentando yeningi ezingazisa ngayo izimpikiswano ngenguquko yendlu. Izimiso ezihlukene zokhetho, izakhiwo zamakomiti, nemithetho ehleliwe kunikeza ezinye izindlela zokuhlela umsebenzi womthetho nokuqinisekisa ukumelelwa kwentando yeningi.

Ukuqhathanisa kwezizwe zonke kuqokomisa futhi amandla esimiso sase-U.S., kuhlanganise nokuzinza kwaso, ukuzimela kwendlu ngaphandle kokulawulwa yiziphathimandla, namathuba okuba isakhamuzi sihlanganyele enqubweni yomthetho. Lokhu kuqonda okuqhathanisa kungasiza ama-America ukuba azise izinhlangano zawo kuyilapho ethola izindawo ezingase zithuthuke.

Ikusasa Lendlu Yabameleli

Njengoba umphakathi waseMelika uqhubeka uguqula, iNdlu yabameleli iyobhekana nezinselele ezintsha namathuba ekufezeni imithwalo yawo yemfanelo yomthetho-sisekelo. Izinguquko zomthetho-mthetho, ubuchwepheshe, ukuxhumana kwembulunga yonke, kanye nokushintsha kwezombangazwe konke kuyoguqula indima yesikhathi esizayo.

Iziqabukiso Ezibonisa Umlando Nomfanekiso

Ukushintsha kwenani labantu eMelika kuzoqhubeka kuthonya izakhiwo nezindawo eziza kuqala. Njengoba inani labantu lihluka kakhulu, indlu kuzodingeka iqikelele ukuthi yonke imiphakathi inemidwebo ephumelelayo futhi ifuna ukumiswa kwemithetho elawulayo ibonisa izenzakalo nezinto ezikhathazayo zaseMelika.

Inqubo yokuthola inzuzo njalo iyoshintsha izimpawu ezizweni, okusho ithonya lezifunda kanye nesimiso. Izwe elibhekene nokwanda kwenani labantu liyothola abameleli kanye namandla ezombangazwe, kuyilapho imibuso ewohlokayo iyolahlekelwa izihlalo, kusungulwe izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo mayelana nokumelelwa kobulungisa kanye nokunikezwa kwempahla.

Inqubo Yobuchwepheshe Nemithetho

Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe izoqhubeka iguqula indlela ukuziphatha kwendlu okusebenza ngayo, ukuxhumana nemithetho ehlangeneyo, nezimiso zokuxhumana. Amathuluzi amanani angathuthukisa ukubonakala, athuthukise izinkonzo zomthetho, kodwa futhi abangele ukukhathazeka ngokulondeka, ukufihla imfihlo, kanye nobungako bokuhlola idemokhrasi.

Indlu kuyodingeka ivumelanise izinqubo zayo namakhono ukuze ixazulule izimpikiswano ezibangelwa ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, ukungalondeki kwe-inthanethi, ucingo lwe-athom nezinye intuthuko zobuchwepheshe.

Ukuqinisa Izinhlangano Ezibusa Ngentando Yeningi

Ukuhlola iNdlu kuhlala kuyinhlangano ephumelelayo nengokomthetho yentando yeningi kuyodinga ukunaka okuqhubekayo ezindabeni zokubonana, ukulandisa, nokuthembisana komphakathi. Ukwakha ukuthembela komphakathi kuKhongolose, ukukhuthaza ukuthatha isinyathelo somphakathi onolwazi, nokulondoloza ukuzimela nobuqotho bendlu kuyoba okubalulekile ekulondolozeni umbuso wentando yeningi waseMelika.

Ikhono lendlu lokuxazulula izinselele ezinkulu zesizwe .Kusukela ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu nasekunakekeleni impilo kuya ekungalinganini kwezomnotho kanye nokulondeka kwesizwe, kuxhomeke ekhonweni layo lokukhuthaza impikiswano ekhiqizayo, ukwakha imifelandawonye, nokuguqula izinhlelo zomphakathi zibe yinqubo ephumelelayo. Ukuqinisa i House njengenhlangano kuqinisa ukubusa ngentando yeningi kwaseMelika konke.

Isiphetho: Indlu njengoMkhandlu wabantu

Indlu yabameleli ihlanganisa isimiso sokuzibusa kwentando yeningi, esisebenza njengenhlangano eyinhloko amaMelika asebenzisa ngayo ubukhosi obuthandwayo. Amandla awo okumisa, izimali ezifanelekile, ukuqondisa, nezikhulu zikahulumeni ezizimele ayenza ibe itshe lesisekelo lesimiso somthetho-sisekelo sokuhlola nokulinganisela.

Ukuqonda lokho le Home ekwenzayo − kusukela emandleni ayo akhethekile emali ehhhala emalini ekhokhweni layo endima ekumeleni izakhiwo ezihlukahlukene − kudingekile ukuze kube nezakhamuzi ezinolwazi. Ukusabela kwendlu embonweni womphakathi, kanye namandla ayo amakhulu omthetho-sisekelo, kuyenza ibe kokubili ukubonakaliswa kwentando yeningi yaseMelika namandla amakhulu ekulolongeni ikusasa lesizwe.

Njengoba izakhamuzi zihlanganyela nabameleli bazo, zihlanganyela enqubweni yokushaya umthetho, futhi zibheka uhulumeni wazo njengonecala, zigcwalisa umbono wabakhi bendlu njengegumbi labantu. Impilo yentando yeningi yaseMelika ixhomeke eMkhayeni wabameleli ophumelelayo, osabelayo, nolandisayo omelela ngempela amazwi nezithakazelo ezihlukahlukene zabantu baseMelika.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngeNdlu yabameleli, vakashela ingosi ye-'FLT'.'eWebsite ye-'indlu'esemthethweni'.gov'., ukuhlolwa kwemisebenzi yezomthetho .Govv[, funda ngomthetho-sisekelo e [ eSikhungweni soMthetho-mthetho-Mpathilo [[[FLT] [FLT:]], ulandele abameleli bakho Govrack[[[FLT:]], futhi uthole umlando we-Cresss .Centers Center [FLD:9].C.C.Capitol Imediartssss