Ukuqonda Intela Yasendaweni

Intela yendawo iwumgogodla wezimali wohulumeni bendawo nezifunda eUnited States, inikeza inzuzo edingekayo ukuze kudluliswe izinkonzo ezixhomeke ezakhamuzini nsuku zonke. Lentela ibekwa izinhlangano ezibusayo (izindawo eziphetheyo, amadolobha, izifunda zesikole, nezibalo zesikole (nezezikweleti) futhi ihlukile kuhulumeni nakuhulumeni. Izintela nezinga lentela zendawo kuyahlukahluka kakhulu kuye ngokwemithetho kahulumeni, izimo zezomnotho, nokukhetha kwezimiso. Nakuba ngokuvamile zingabonakali kakhulu kuneholo elikhokhwanywayo noma intela egodlweni encishisiwe, intela yendawo ingenamiphumela engcono ekuphileni komphakathi ngenxa yokukhokha izikole, izintela eziphuthumayo, izinkonzo zezindawo eziphuthumayo, amapaki, nokugcinwa kwezindawo.

Ukuqonda izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zentela yendawo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zibone ukuthi imali yazo iqoqwa kanjani nokuthi injani. Izigaba ezivamile zihlanganisa intela yempahla, intela yokuthengisa, intela yendawo noma intela yentela yenkokhelo, kanye nentela ehlukahlukene yezinkonzo. Ezinye izikhokhiso ze-levy zikhokhelwa futhi izimali ezikhethekile.

Intela Yempahla

Intela yempahla iwumthombo owodwa omkhulu kakhulu wemali yentela yendawo eUnited States, izibalo cishe zamaphesenti angu - 72 ayo yonke intela yendawo, ngokwe-Urban-Booking Taxilic Policy Center ( intela isekelwe entengo ehlotshisiwe yezindawo zendawo. Intela isekelwe entengosini enqunyiwe yezindawo ezikhona [1] kokubili indawo yokuhlala nokuthengwa kwentela. Abahloli bendawo banquma isilinganiso sempahla ngezikhathi ezithile, kanye nesilinganiso sentela (ngokuvamile isilinganiso semali ebanzi, lapho ibhuloholwayo eyodwa ilinganiselwa kuR1,000 (R1,000) ibekwa izikhulu zendawo ezikhethiwe noma amabhodi ehhotelayo. Intela ngokuvamile intengo ihlala ihleli futhi ihlelwe ngoba iphansi, kodwa bangenza izinselele ngemali emakhaya abani ehlawulwayo.

Ukuthengisa Intela

Izintela zentela zikhokhwa ngokwenani lentengo yokuthenga izimpahla, futhi kwezinye izindawo, izinkonzo. Izintela zendawo zokuthengisela zivame ukwenezelwa ngaphezu kwentela yohwebo kahulumeni, okusho ukuthi amazinga ahlangene angadlula ngamaphesenti ayishumi ezindaweni eziphezulu. Ngokungafani nentela yempahla, intela yokuthengisa ikhokhwa ngabathengi ngesikhathi sokuthengisa, izenza zibonakale kakhulu. Futhi ziyashintshashintsha kakhulu, njengoba izimali zishintshashintshashintsha nemijikelezo yezomnotho nezindlela zokuthenga. Intela yendawo isetshenziselwa ukukhokha imisebenzi evamile, kodwa inganikezelwa futhi ngezinjongo ezithile njengokuthutha noma ukuphepha komphakathi. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi ukuthengwa kwentela kuphinde kubonakale.

Iholo Lasendaweni Nentela

Amanye amadolobha nezindawo ziphoqelela intela yawo yeholo lendawo kuzakhamuzi, abasebenza ngaphandle kwekhokha, noma zombili. Lentela ngokuvamile iyinani elishibhile leholo noma iholo lenetha. Ngokwesibonelo, amadolobha anjenge New York, iPhiladelphia, nezikhulu eziningi zikamasipala e-Kentucky zisebenzisa intela yemali yendawo ukuze zikhokhe izinkonzo. Intela yakhona ikhokhelwa abaqashi njengemali ekhokhelwayo, futhi isetshenziswa kwezinye izindawo ukukhokha izinhlelo ezithile njengentuthuko yemisebenzi noma intela yezisebenzi. Intela yendawo ingaba elingana kakhulu nentela ethengwayo ngenxa yekhono lokukhokha imali, kodwa ingabeka intela ehholweni encintiswayo uma indiselwa kakhulu.

Amaphaphu Omsebenzisi Nezinye Izikhalo

Ngaphandle kwentela esekelwe ezinkokhelweni ezibanzi, ohulumeni bendawo baqoqa intela yomsebenzi ezinkonzo ezithile: imvume yokwakha, amalayisense ebhizinisi, intela yokungena epaki, intela yokuxhumana nezindawo zokupaka izimoto, intela yeyamuva, nenhlawulo yokuphulwa kwemitapo. Nakuba lentela ingakhokhi izikhokhi ezikhokhisayo, ifeza injongo efanayo futhi ingasetshenziswa ezinkonzweni abazisekelayo. Izakhiwo kufanele zibe nemali elinganayo nezindleko zokunikeza inkonzo. Emiphakathini eminingi, intela yomsebenzisi iye yakhula ngokushesha kunentela njengendlela yokukhokha izinkonzo ngaphandle kokunyusa intela.

Indlela Izimali Zentela Zendawo Ezibaluleke Ngayo Ezinhlanganweni Zomphakathi

Inzuzo yentela yendawo igelezela ezimalini zokusebenza ezikoleni, eminyangweni yomphakathi, imisebenzi yomphakathi, amapaki, imitapo, iminyango yezempilo, nezinkonzo zomphakathi. Uhulumeni wendawo onezinkokhelo eziphambili ungalondoloza imigwaqo ephephile, izikole ezihlonyiswe kahle, iziphetho eziphuthumayo, nezindawo zomphakathi ezinamandla. Ngokungafani, izimiso ezikhungethwe kakhulu ziholela ekuncipheni kwezakhiwo, ukuswelakala kothisha, ukuthatha isikhathi sokusabela kwamaphoyisa, nokuvala izikhungo zokuzijabulisa. Ukuwohloka okulandelayo kuqokomisa izindawo ezinkulu zenkonzo nokuncikamela kwazo emalini yentela yendawo.

Ukuxhasa Imfundo

Izikole eziyinhloko nezisekhondari zixhaswe ngokuyinhloko yintela yendawo, isekelwa usizo lwempahla nombuso. Ezifundazweni eziningi, imingcele yezifunda yesikole ihloselwe ukuhambisana nezindawo zikamasipala noma zesifundazwe, okusho izinga lemfundo yengane liboshelwe ngokuqondile engcebweni yentela yendawo. Lokhu kwenza ukuhlukana okukhulu phakathi kwemiphakathi yabacebile nabampofu. NgokweSikhungo semfundo, ohulumeni bendawo banikele cishe amaphesenti angu-45 ayo yonke imali yesikole somphakathi ngokwezizwe ezisezweni lonke ([ inzuzo yentela ]). Lemali ihlanganisa imitapo yentela yezemfundo, izinto zokufundisa, ezokwakha, ezobuchwepheshe, ezobuchwepheshe, nezinhlelo zesikole ezingaphezulu. Izindawo eziningi zinikela ngokomthetho ukugunya izivumelwano zentela zezemfundo yasekhaya noma ukusekela isilinganiso sezemfundo yasekhaya.

Ukuphepha Komphakathi

Amaphoyisa, umlilo, kanye nezinkonzo zezokwelapha eziphuthumayo (EMS) ziphakathi kwezinkonzo ezibonakala kakhulu nezibalulekile ezixhaswe yintela yendawo. Intela yempahla futhi kwezinye izindawo, intela yokuthengwa kwentela enikezelwe noma ukukhokhwa komphakathi, intela yokusekela izisebenzi, izinto zokulungisa iziteshi, nokuqeqesha. Izimali ezanele ziqinisekisa ukuthi abathumeli abangu-911 basebenza ngewashi, izinjini zomlilo zihlonyiswe kahle, futhi izikhulu zokuhlola zingasabela ngokushesha. Ngaphansi kweminyango yokulungisa impahla, imishini ephelelwe isikhathi, noma inciphe imishini esebenzelayo. Izindawo eziningi zasemaphandleni zithembele eminyangweni yezisebenzi zokuzithandela, kodwa ngisho nakulezo zidinga ukusekela umshuwashi, amagilayelo, amagiya emishinini.

Izakhiwo Nemisebenzi Yomphakathi

Imigwaqo, amabhuloho, amabhuloho, amabala asendleleni, izintambo zomgwaqo, izintambo zezimoto, amanzi nezindawo zokuthutha, kanye nezimiso zokuthutha zomphakathi konke kuxhomeke emalini yentela yokwakha nokulungisa izakhiwo. Intela yendawo ivame ukuxhasa izakhiwo zikahulumeni, kuyilapho intela yendawo, intela yokubhalisa izimoto, noma intela yokuthutha inyuswa emisebenzini yasemgwaqweni. Imiphakathi eminingi iye yabona ukuthi kunesidingo esikhudlekayo semisebenzi yezemisebenzi njengoba izimiso ezakhiwe eminyakeni eminingi edlule zifinyelela ekupheleni kokuphila kwayo okuwusizo. INhlangano yaseMelika ye-Civin Enginerers’s 2021 Lick inikeza isakhiwo sezesisekelo se-C, intela yezimoto nebhuloholoholo, iphansi ngisho nangokwendlela ethembekile yokukhokha intela yendawo, ingenza kube nokuhle kakhulu, futhi kuncipheke kakhulu.

Ukuzijabulisa, Amapaki, Nemitapo Yezincwadi

Amapaki, izikhungo zomphakathi, imidlalo, amatheku okubhukuda, izitaladi, nemitapo yomphakathi kuthuthukisa izinga lokuphila futhi kuthuthukisa impilo engokomzimba nengokwengqondo. Lezi zakhiwo zixhaswe kakhulu ngentela yempahla, ngezinye izikhathi ezinezelwa yimibandela yesibopho noma intela yokuzilibazisa enikezelwe. Izimiso zomtapo zinikeza ukutholakala kwamahhala kwezincwadi, i-Internet, imithombo yokuhlola umsebenzi, nezindawo zokuhlangana komphakathi. Iminyango yezindawo igcina izindawo eziluhlaza futhi ihlele imidlalo yabantwana, imisebenzi emikhulu, nemicimbi yamasiko. Izimali ezingokwezimali ziqinisekisa ukuthi lezi zinkonzo zihlala zifinyeleleka kuzo zonke izakhamuzi kungakhathaliseki iholo, zisekela inzuzo yezenhlalo nemisebenzi engokwenhlalo.

Izinkonzo Zempilo Yomphakathi Nezomphakathi

Iminyango yezempilo yendawo inikeza ukugoma, ukuhlola izifo, ukuhlola kwezesikhwama, izinhlelo zezempilo zomama nezezingane, nokuzilungiselela okuphuthumayo. Lezi zinkonzo zixhaswe ngokuxubana kwama-dollar endawo, iminikelo yombuso, kanye nemali kahulumeni enjengeyaseCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. Izinkonzo zezenhlala-hlala-khona njengosizo olungenamakhaya, izinhlelo zokudla, izinkonzo zasebe, izinkonzo zasebe, izinkonzo zempilo, kanye nokululeka ngengqondo kusekelwa ngokwengxenye ngentela yendawo. Ezindaweni ezisekelwa umphakathi olinganiselwe noma ohulumeni, izindleko zendawo ziba yisivikelo esiyinhloko semiphakathi yabantula esengozini.

Ukuxhumana Phakathi Kwenzuzo Yentela Nenkonzo Yasendaweni

Izinga lentela yendawo elihambisana ngokuqondile nezinkonzo zomphakathi ezikhona. Intela ephakeme ivumela imingcele ukuba iqashe othisha abengeziwe, inciphise amakilasi, isebenzise imishini ephambili yokulwa umlilo, ilungise imigwaqo ngokushesha, igcine amapaki ehlanzekile futhi ephephile. Izimali eziphansi zinzima ukukhetha: ukusika umtapo wezincwadi, ukususa izinhlelo zesikole, noma ukuqasha intela ngeqhwa. Amazinga entengo awawona kuphela awumfantu emali esetshenziswayo futhi ahlale ehlanzekile. Kodwa imali ephansi ihlela isisekelo sophahla lwangaphakathi ngenxa yalokho okunokwenzeka.

Izakhamuzi zivame ukubona inzuzo eqondile ekuthengeni kwazo intela yendawo. Ngokwesibonelo, imiphakathi enentela ephakeme yempahla yezikole ivame ukulinganisela kakhulu ekuhlolweni, ukuncipha kwenani lempahla, nezindinganiso eziphezulu. Ngokufanayo, amadolobha atshala izindleko zokuphepha komphakathi abona izikhathi zokusabela ezinciphile nezinga lobugebengu. Amapaki nezinkonzo zokuzilibazisa ezikhokhelwa ngokunikezelwa kwentela kubonisa izinga eliphakeme lokusetshenziswa kwempahla nokwaneliseka kwezakhamuzi. Inselele yohulumeni bendawo ukulinganisela isifiso sentela ephansi kanye nesidingo senkonzo eyanele, ukungathi ukuntenga okuxazululwa kangcono ngokuhlelwa kwemali ebhajekile kanye nezakhamuzi.

Indlela Izinga Lentela Lasendaweni Ebekwa Ngayo

Ukubeka amazinga entela yendawo yinqubo yezezombangazwe nezemali engekho ngokwendawo ehlukahlukayo nge-fuyo kodwa ngokuvamile ilandela umjikelezo ohleliwe waminyaka yonke. Izikhulu eziqashelwe (izikhulu zezikhulu, izibhodi zezifunda, amabhodi ezisiteshi, izikhungo zesikole) izishaya mali ezisekelwe ezidingweni ezihleliwe zemali edingekayo nemali elinganiselwayo evela kuhulumeni nasemithonjeni kahulumeni. Igebe phakathi kwezindleko zentela ezihleliwe nemali engekho ngokomthetho linquma ukuthi imali okumelwe ikhushulwe ngentela yendawo. Intela yempahla, ilinganiswa ngokwengqikithi yenani le-levy elinganiselwayo yonke impahla ekhokhelwayo engokomthetho ewumbuso. Izifunda eziningi zibeka imishado noma izimfuneko zemali eziboleki ezifunwayo ezikwezimpahla zikhuliswe ekuvisweni kwentela ukuze kuvizwe abaniswe abani basekhaya.

Izinga lentela ngokuvamile linqunywa umthetho noma inqunyulwano endaweni, kodwa imithetho kahulumeni ivame ukulinganisela izinga eliphakeme. Amanye ama-oventium avumela abavoti ukuba bandise intela ngokufaka i-asendium yemisebenzi ethile enjengokuthutha izakhiwo noma ukwakhiwa kwesikole. Amazinga entela ehholo lendawo abekwa njengenani elishibhile ngokwemithetho yendawo noma ngokwezilinganiso zemali. Le nqubo kumelwe ivumelane nezimfuneko zikahulumeni zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho kanye nezomthetho, futhi ukuzwa kwabantu ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ngaphambi kokuba kuvunyelwe ukungeniswa kwesakhamuzi. Eminyakeni yamuva, amanye amafekthaliji aye aphendulela emitho yemali engekho mithetho ehhotela, intela emifushane ehhotela, noma impoza yokukhokha ngaphandle kokunyusa izimfuneko zempahla noma ukuthenga intela.

Izinselele Ezimisweni Zentela Yendawo

Nakuba intela yendawo ibalulekile, ayizona izinkinga. Enye inselele enkulu ukubuyiselwa kwentela yokuthengiselana nentela yempahla, okukokubili kubeka umthwalo onzima kakhulu emikhayeni ethola imali encane. Okunye ukukhathazeka kubangelwa ukuncishiswa kwentela lapho amazinga empahla encipha ngenxa yokuntengantenga kwezomnotho noma lapho ukuthengwa kwempahla kushintshela kuyi - Internet. Imibuso eminingi iye yazama ukusingatha lokhu ngokusebenzisa izintela noma ngokuvala intela edayisayo edayisayo elandela u-South Dakotav. Wayfair v. Wayfair Isinqumo esiphezulu seNkanto engokongasese, kodwa intela ingayinkimbinkimbi.

Izikhonkwane zentela zempahla, ezivame ezifundeni ezinjengeCalifornia (Procence 13) neMassachusetts (Indawo 2 / 1,2), zilinganisela ukukhula kwentela yempahla yaminyaka yonke, enqanda ukukhula kwemali ekhokhwayo njengoba izindleko zinyuka. Lokhu kungaholela ekuncishisweni kwentela yezemfuyo nezemisebenzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthembela ezintela zempahla kudala ukungalingani phakathi kwezifunda ezicebile nezimpofu. Izindlela zokusiza uhulumeni zizama ukunciphisa le ntela, kodwa imingcele iyaqhubeka. Ohulumeni bendawo futhi kumelwe basebenzise ukuqina phakathi kokukhuphula intela nokugcina isimo sokuncintisana kwentela okubangelwa yintela. [nenkathiwe] ukukhushula izakhamuzi nentela ephakeme kakhulu, okunganciphisa intela, okuthi ihholo lentela ephansi.

Ukuhlanganyela Nezakhamuzi Ezinqumweni Zentela Zendawo

Izakhamuzi ezinolwazi nezithembisiwe zibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi amasheya endawo asetshenziswa ngokuhlakanipha futhi ahambelane nezinto eziza kuqala emphakathini. Ukuhlanganyela komphakathi ekutheni kuhlelwe kwemali, emihlanganweni yesikole, nasezimisweni zemikhandlu yedolobha kunikeza izakhamuzi imvume yokunquma ukuthi kungakanani ukukhokha intela nokuthi kuphi ukunikezela izimali. Intela nevoti yentela imelela ukubusa kwentando yeningi okuqondile, ivumela abavoti ukuba bavumele noma balahle ukwanda kwentela ethile yemisebenzi abayinakekelayo.

Izindlela Izakhamuzi Ezingahileleka Ngazo

  • I-attententid yemali yamahholo asemadolobheni okuhlela imali[ - - Ohulumeni bendawo bavame ukuqulisa inkantolo yomphakathi ngaphambi kokusebenzisa uhlelo lokugcina lokuhlela imali. Izakhamuzi zingabuza imibuzo ngezindleko ezihlongozwayo nezinguquko zesilinganiso sentela.
  • Ukukhonza kumakomiti okuqondisa ezakhamuzi [ --izindawo eziningi zinebhodi yamapaki, ukuhlela, ukuthutha, noma ukuxhasa imali lapho izisebenzi zokuzithandela zibukeza khona izimali futhi zenze ukutusa.
  • Landela imithonje yezenyuziyamu nohulumeni wezindawo ezibona kude - amawebhusayithi anjenge-OpenGov, OpenData platifomu, nemibiko kamasipala ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zibone ukuthi intela isetshenziswa kanjani ngempela.
  • I-vote kukhetho lwendawo - amameya, amalungu omkhandlu, abaphathisi besikole, kanye namakhomishane esifundazwe amisa umthetho wentela. U-Lowvoter okhethweni lwendawo kusho ukuthi izinqumo zenqubo zivame ukuthonywa amaqembu amancane, ahlelekile.
  • Iprojekthi yokufakwa kwesisekelo nemisebenzi ephambili [ - ukuhlola, ama-fourme, kanye namathuluzi e-inthanethi ahlanganisa izintando zomphakathi ezazisa ukuhlelwa kwemali.

Lapho izakhamuzi zikuqonda ukuhlobana kwentela nezinkonzo ezinikezwa umphakathi ngenkuthalo kwakha ukwethembana phakathi kwezakhamuzi nohulumeni wendawo futhi kuholela ekunikezeni inkonzo esheshayo nephumelelayo.

Isiphetho

Intela yendawo iyinkambiso yentela ebaluleke kakhulu yezinkonzo zomphakathi ezichaza ukuthi abantu bafuna ukuhlalaphi, umsebenzi, futhi bakhulisa imikhaya. Kusukela emakilasini kuya ezikhungweni zomlilo, amapaki kuya ekulungiseni imigodi, izinga lokuphila kwansuku zonke lixhomeke ekutheni intela ihlelwe ngendlela elungile futhi ingakhethi. Nakuba kungekho ntela ephelele, intela yendawo ehlelelwe kahle ingathuthukisa ukulinganisela, ukukhula kwezomnotho, nempumelelo yomsebenzi. Izakhamuzi ezithatha isikhathi sokuqonda ukuthi umsebenzi wazo wentela ziwuba kanjani futhi zihlanganyele kanjani enqubweni yezenzweni yemali yezindawo ezihlala kuzo.