Isimiso Somthetho - sisekelo Sokubusa Kwezomnotho

UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States awuwona nje umthetho-mthetho wezombangazwe; uyisikhonkwane esikhona lapho isimiso sezomnotho sonke sezwe simi khona. Ngokumisa imibuso kahulumeni, ukuchaza imingcele yegunya likahulumeni, nokuhlanganisa amalungelo ayisisekelo, uMthetho-sisekelo wakha isisekelo esingokomthetho sezentengiselwano, ezohwebo, nesimiso sobupolishi ukuze sichume. Kusukela ezingxabanweni zokuqala zeSivumelwano seFiladelphia kuya ezinkundleni eziPhakame kakhulu zeNkathi zezente, amalungiselelo oMthetho-mthetho wezentengiselwano nemithetho yezentengiselwano aqhubeke e-Melika. Ukuqonda lesiciko kubalulekile ukuqonda indlela i-Li United States eyavela ngayo ekuhlanganeni okungenamthetho okungalawuleyo kwezomnotho emhlabeni wonke.

I - Claus Yezentengiselwano: I - Enjini Yegunya Lezentengiselwano

I-Commerce Claus, etholakala eSiphakamisweni I, iSiqendu 8, u-Classias 3, unikeza uMkhandlu amandla "olawula intengiselwano nezizwe zakwamanye amazwe, naphakathi kwamaZwe amaningana, kanye namaNdiya. Lomusho obonakala ucacile uye waveza ukuhlaziywa okukhulu futhi wandisa amandla kahulumeni ngaphezu kwanoma yiliphi elinye ilungiselelo lomthetho-sisekelo. Ngesikhathi sokulawula i-ratiation, isimemezelo esihloselwe ukuqeda izimpi zezentengiselwano nemingcele yemithetho yezwe eyayiphazamise iZigaba Zomphakathi. Izwe lalilokhu linemisebenzi emikhulu yokuwela imingcele yalo, ukukhuphuzisa intuthuko engokomnotho. Ngokunikeza i-Hulumente ukuba kulawule intengo yezentengiselwano, uMthetho-mthetho wakha izimake yezentengo yesizwe.

Izincazelo Zokuqala Nenkantolo YaseMarshall

UMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Marshall waqinisa ukufinyelela kobubanzi bezentengiselwano zika Claus ebhokisini eliphawulayo Gibbons v. Ogden (1824), owabulala isikebhe esinesitimu saseNew York esasiphazamisa ukuhamba ngemikhumbi-mfunda. Marshall wabambelela ekutheni "ummerce" awuhlanganisi nje ukuthengiselana izinto kodwa futhi nazo zonke izinhlobo zokuhlangana kwezentengiselwano. Lesinqumo samisa lowo mbuso wezentengiselwano yezwe ezweni i-pnary futhi ikhethekile lapho i-Congresssion ikhetha ukwenza. Isinqumo sabeka isisekelo sokulawula umthetho wezesitimela, imibhobho, izindiza, futhi ekugcineni i-injini.

Ingxenye enkulu yekhulu le-19, i-Choommerce Claus yayisetshenziselwa ukususa imingcele ehlukanisayo phakathi kwezentengiselwano zamazwe. Ku- United States v. C. Night Co. (1995], iNkantolo Ephakeme yasebenzisa umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezentengiselwano nokusungula, ikhipha umthetho wokuthi iSherman Anti - Confincidence Act ayinakusetshenziswa ekuhluzeni ushukela ngenxa yokuthi ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo kwakuwumsebenzi wendawo. Lombono omncane wawukhona kwaze kwaba yilapho uDengehla lokukhulu kwezomnotho luphoqelela ukushiswa kwenteko yomthetho womthetho.

Inqubo Entsha Nokwanda Kwamandla Ombuso Kahulumeni

Inkinga yezomnotho yonyaka ka-1930 yashukumisela uMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt's programs New Deal, eyandisa kakhulu umthetho kahulumeni wezomnotho. Ekuqaleni, iNkantolo Ephakeme yakhipha umthetho oyinhloko, njenge-National Industrial Recovery Act Schechter Poult Corp. v. United States[FLT] [1935] [1935], ebusa ukuthi umthetho ulawula ibhizinisi lezentengiselwano. Nokho, ngemva kwe-"National Region-packeting Active Actsssstion" usongo, iNLB. Jones & Laulglin .[FLT] [193], isekela izikhathi ze-National Actsmentsmentsment eziphikisaneni ezinkulu zezezezezezezezezezezezezezeze zezenteko yezentengiselwano yezentengiselwa ".".

Lokhu "kuhlola okungalingani" kwaba yindinganiso entsha, evumela ukuba kuqondiswe noma yimuphi umsebenzi, e-aggreat, owawunethonya elibonakalayo ezomnotho zesizwe. Kamuva iNkantolo yanwebela lobuhlakani kwezolimo (Wickard v. Filburn[, 1942]), lapho yanquma ukuthi umlimi okhula ukolweni ngenxa yenkukhu yakhe siqu, lapho ewephula khona inzuzo yakhe siqu, ithinta ukutholakala nenani likakolweni ezweni lonke. Lesi sinqumo saphawula uphawu lwamanzi lwegunya eliphezulu lezentengo yezentengiselwano ka Claus, yenza umthetho owendawo yonke ezungezile ukwenze ukuba isivikelo seze indawo ezungezile.

Imingcele Yezentengiselwano Yanamuhla KaClaus: Lopez, Morrison, noNFIB

Kusukela ngawo 1990, iNkantolo ehlonipheke kakhulu yaqala ukubeka imingcele yangaphandle eChwebeni lika Claus. United States v. Lopez (1995], iNkantolo yahlasela iGun-Free School Communs Act ngenxa yokuthi ukuba nento yokudubulana eduze nesikole kwakungewona umsebenzi wezentengiselwano futhi akuthinteki kakhulu kwezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano. Lena kwakuyisikhathi sokuqala eminyakeni ecishe engu-60 ukuba iNkantolo iqede umthetho wezwe wegunya lezentengiselwano yeClaskosten Claus. Ngokufanayo, United States v [2])) wayekholelwa ukuthi ubudlova obumelene nomthetho wobufazi bezentengiselwano obungalungathethelelwa ngenxa yeze-Clausschism ngenxa yobudlova bezezomnotho.

Isilinganiso samuva kakhulu se-National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202), lapho iNkantolo yabheka khona ukumiswa komthetho-sisekelo womthetho-mthetho we-Affordal Care Act. IJaji elinguJohn Roberts, ebhalela iningi, yasekela ukuthi i-Classias ayigunyazi uKhoshana lwezentekoste ukuba ithenge umshuwalense wempilo. Amandla okulawula ezohwebo awazihlanganisi amandla okwakha abantu ngokuphoqelela abantu ukuba bangene emakelweni. Lesi sinqumo sakhankambiso: ISikhulu uJajini uJohn Roberts, ubhalela iningi, uphethe ukuthi i-Claus awenzise ukuba i-Classicas agunyaze ukuba abantu ukuba bathelele umsebenzi weze wezentengiselwane.

Ukulwela Uhulumeni Nokulinganisela Kwamandla Ezomnotho

Isimiso soMthetho-sisekelo sobuzwe sinikeza igunya eliqinile ezindabeni zezomnotho zendawo, kuhlanganise nezentengiselwano zezwe, intela, ukusetshenziswa kwezwe, nokusetshenziswa kwemisebenzi. ISichibiyelo seshumi sezwe asiphathiswanga yonke imibuso eUnited States. Eminyakeni engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili, lengxenye iye yaveza ukucindezeleka okukhulu okulawula isimiso sezomnotho kuzo zonke izinga.

Ibhizinisi Elinamandla LikaClaus

Ngisho noma uKhongolo-mfutho wezentengiselwano u-Claus ungathatha isinyathelo, i-Choomer Claus ingaba nomphumela "demant" olinganisela imithetho kazwelonke ehlukanisayo noma ngokungafanele kwezentengiselwano zezwe. Lemfundiso yamajaji enqabela ukumisa umthetho wokuvikela ovumela amabhizinisi angaphandle kwezwe ukuba athathe izimpi zamazwe. idolobha lasePhiladelphiaph [New Jersey [1788]), iNkantolo ephakeme yenkantolo yawisa umthetho wamuva waseJersey owenqabela ukuthunyelwa kwemfucumfucu kakhulu, ivimbela ukuthi umbuso awunakucwa ngokumelene nokuzinzeka kwezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano esendaweni yawo siqu. Ngokufanayo, iNkantolo yeNkantolo yamuva ifuna umthetho wonke wewayini elithengise ngokuyinzuzo, ithole imali egcwele, ukutholakala ngokunekayo, ukuthengwa kwemali ephakathi.

I-Dorment Commerce Claus ilokhu iyithuluzi elinamandla lemithetho kahulumeni ebekela inselele emabhizinisini. Izenzakalo zamuva nje zihlanganise izimfuneko zemikhiqizo yobisi, imingcele ezindaweni zokukhangisa nge-intanethi, kanye nentela ekukhangiseni nge-webhsayithi. Njengoba i-e-commerce iqhubeka ikhula, i-Dorment Commerce Claus iyakuba nesisekelo sokunquma ukuthi izifunda ezingamisa imithetho ehlukene ezinkampanini ezisebenza ngaphesheya kwemigqa kahulumeni.

Ukukhokha Intela Nomthetho Ophathelene Nemali

UMthetho-sisekelo ubeka futhi imingcele ephawulekayo kuyo yomibili imibuso yentela kahulumeni nekahulumeni. Izintela ze-Federal kumelwe zifana ezweni lonke (Ingxenye 8, u-Clause 1), futhi intela eqondile kumelwe yabelwe phakathi kwezifundazwe ngokwenani labantu [1] imfuneko eyaholela ekuthatheni iSichibiyelo seSinyakatho seSinethiwesi ngo1913, esagunyaza intela yeholo kahulumeni. Izwe, futhi, inqatshelwe ekuthengeniseni intela noma ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwemvume yokumiswa kwesivumelwano (I, Ingxenye 10, u-Claus 2) nasemisebenzi ye-levy ezindaweni ezingeni lamachweba alo.

Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme sokuqoqa intela eMhlabeni we-Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc. [2018]) [208] ngokuphawulekayo ukuqoqwa kwentela kahulumeni. Emashumini eminyaka, iNkantolo yayisephethe ukuthi izikhulu zingenza amabhizinisi anezitolo ezingokoqobo ezikhona kuhulumeni ukuba athengise intela. Kodwa Wayfair[, iNkantolo ihle kakhulu leyo mpindo, iqaphela ukuthi umthetho we-ikhomputha yomthetho we-intanethi wanika abadayisakazi inzuzo engafanele ezitolo ezitolo ezinkonzweni nasebusuku. Manje kungadingeka ukuba kuthengiswe intela yezwe futhi ithengiswe izakhamuzi, ilungiselelwe isimo esivamile, esingekho sigezwe yinqubo yomthetho weze yezentengiselwa futhi i-echmo.

Amalungelo Empahla, Izincwadi Nenqubo Efanele

Isivikelo soMthetho-sisekelo sempahla nezivumelwano zakha indawo eqinile yokutshala imali nezentengiselwano. IsiHlanzi sesihlanu sinqabela ukuthatha impahla yomuntu siqu ukuze isetshenziswe umphakathi ngaphandle kokukhokhiswa. ISichibiyelo seshumi nane sidlulisela lesisivikelo esimelene nesenzo sombuso futhi siqinisekisa isivikelo esifanayo nenqubo efanelekile. Okunye, lamalungiselelo aqinisekisa ukuthi amabhizinisi angathembela ekuvikelweni kwempahla yawo nasekugcinweni kwezivumelwano zawo.

UClaus Othandwayo

ISiphakamiso I, Ingxenye 10, u-Claus 1 uyakwenqabela ukuvimbela isibopho sezivumelwano. KuyiRepublic yakuqala, lesi sisho sasibalulekile ekuvikeleni abakweletwayo emithethweni kahulumeni eyayizama ukukhulula abanecala. Nokho, njengoba umnotho washintsha, iNkantolo Ephakeme yavumela ukumiswa kwemithetho evumela ukumiswa kwezivumelwano lapho kudingekile ukuvikela impilo yomphakathi, ukulondeka, noma inhlalakahle. [[FLT: 0] Ekhaya i-Builning & Asn. v. Blaisell [1934]), iNkakhulu leNkanto yavumela ukuba kubekwe imithetho yesivumelwano sokuvikela intengo yomphakathi phakathi nokwehla kwezomnotho, kodwa isekela umthetho we-Minnesorsolse phakathi nokwehlahlohlo-nkulu, iveza ukuthi amandla kahulumeni okuvikela isithakazelo somphakathi kungadlula izivumelwano. Lokhu kulokhu kuvikela izibo zomthetho zesivumelwano somphakathi okwesikhashana.

Ukuthatha Isinyathelo Nokulungisa Izomnotho

Ukuthatha u-Claus kudinga uhulumeni ukuba akhokhe imbuyiselo uma ithatha impahla ngasese ngokomzimba. Kodwa imithetho enciphisa inani lempahla ingalingana no-"umthetho wokuthatha impahla" uma ithatha isilinganiso esingaphezulu kakhulu. Pennsylvania Coal. v. Mahon [1922] [192] [uMahluleli] [u-Holm Holm] [u-Dimen] [u-all] [192]), i-Jajinisdurate isho ukuthi uma umthetho uqeda inani lempahla, kumelwe ukhokhelwe. Muvalk] I-V. i-South Carolinal Cauntal [FLT] [FLT] [3] [1992] ikholelwa ukuthi umthetho ohluphayo yonke impahla ewusizo ngokwezomnotho, ngaphandle kokuncitshiswa kwemithetho yezezezeze mithetho.

Izimiso Zomthetho - sisekelo Emithethweni Yezomnotho Yanamuhla

Namuhla, umthetho - sisekelo uyaqhubeka uhlangana nazo zonke izici zesimiso sezomnotho, kusukela ezindinganisweni zezisebenzi kuya ekuvikeleni indawo ezungezile kuya kwezentengiselwano zemishini. Ukuqonda lokhu kuxhumana kubalulekile kubenzi bemithetho, abaholi bezebhizinisi, nezakhamuzi.

Umsebenzi Nomthetho Womsebenzi

Imithetho yezisebenzi, kuhlanganise ne-Fair Labor Standard Act (iholo eliphansi kakhulu nesilinganiso eseqile), iNational Labor Relations Act (ihlanganisa amalungelo okuncintisana), kanye neSihlomo VII se-Civil Rights Act (indawo yokusebenza), yonke inciphe kuyi-Chwelement Clausse. iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yasekela lemithetho njengegunya eligunyaziwe leSishaya-Mnyango sokulawula umsebenzi wezezimali ezithinta ibhizinisi lezentengiselwano. Nokho, izikhulu futhi zigcina igunya elikhulu ezindabeni zemisebenzi, njengenkokhelo yezisebenzi, umshuwalensele wemisebenzi, kanye nokuphepha emsebenzini kwezisebenzi zikahulumeni. Izimpi zamuva nje ezisebenza phezu kwe-gig-economy (ig., kungakhathaliseki ukuthi abashayeli bezezezemisebenzi noma basebenzela ngokwamandla okuzimele) ziyimibuzo ye-ozwezwe, njengoba imithetho yemithetho enjengemithetho ye-AB yesizwe ihlukile ye-California ye-California ye-California.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwendawo Ezungezile

I-Ndevironmental Protection Agency (EPA) ithola imingcele yayo eminingi yegunya lokulawula ku-Chwethemmerce Claus, njengoba ukungcola ngokuvamile kunqamule imigqa ye-oct. I-Cease Air, Clean Water Act, ne-Estengeres Species Act konke kuye kwasekelwa ngaphansi kwemiphumela eqinile. Nokho iNkantolo Ephakeme ibeke imingcele: weWest Virginia v. [[FLT][FLT][202] [202]), iNkantolo yeNkanto isithi i-EPA inciphisa ikhono lokubeka imingcele yamandla ezitshalo ngaphansi kwe-"imfundiso yezentengo," ifuna ukukhuluma ngokucacile uma ihlose ukuphathisa izinqumo zezezomnotho noma zezombangazwe. Lezimpawu zokuthi Clauscasclas abaphathi bezenst production, azikwazi ukuyisebenzisa ngaphandle kwezimiso ezicacile.

Ezentengiselwano Zezobuchwepheshe Ne - Internet

I-Internet iyithuluzi lezentengiselwano ezingokomthetho. I-commerce Claus inikeza i-congress amandla okulawula. Umthetho we-TeTerngation wango- 1996, ohlanganisa i-Calmetic Act 230 (ukuvikela amaqonga angena emasontweni esithathu ahlukene), uhlala kulesisekelo somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo. Amazwe aye azama ukulawula izici zezomnotho zezentengiselwano, njengokulinganisela kwezezenhlalakahle kanye nezokwaziswa, kodwa abhekane nezinselele ngaphansi kwe-Dorment Commerciety Clause uma imithetho yawo imelene namabhizinisi asemaphethe. I-comforensial Act (CPA), ngokwesibonelo, isebenza ekuqoqeni ukwaziswa okuvela ezakhamuzini eCalifornia, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inkampani ikhona kuphindwano. I-Clausten, i-Prectororn, u-Elmasterner, umlawuli wezenyust.

Ukunakekela Impilo Nokubhekana Nokuphazamiseka Kwabantu Ngamunye

Isinqumo NFIB v. Sebelius asiyithiyanga nje kuphela i-Claus yezentengiselwano kodwa futhi samisa ukuthi ukwanda kwe-Affordal Care Act's Medicaid akunakuphoqelelwa ezizweni ngokusongela ukususa izimali ze-Medicaid ekhona. INkantolo yasekela ukuthi uhulumeni kazwelonke u-"ngeke"akwazi ukuthatha umthunjwa" ukuze wandise ukufinyelela kwakhe. Lesi sinqumo siye sadala izinhlelo ze-operation ezalandelana ze-All's Health Information Programmes nenguquko yempilo yesikhathi esizayo. Iqinisa futhi isimiso sokuthi umthetho wezomnotho awuna ukubophezela ukuthatha izivumelwano ezintsha zeze-omthetho wokwenza izinqumo eziqotho.

Amacala Ayinhloko Enkantolo Athonya Ukubuyiswa Kwezentengiselwano

  • Gibbons v. Ogden (1824): umbuso omisiweyo kumandla entengiselwano yezwe ne-injini.
  • [FLT]Wickard v. Filburn (1942): Umthetho wezwe wokusetshenziswa kukakolweni endaweni njengethinta ezentengiselwano zamazwe.
  • Izwi lase-Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States[ (1964): Isihloko II se-Civil Rights Act ngaphansi kwe-Chwebo Claus, inqabela ubandlululo lwezinhlanga ezindlini zomphakathi.
  • [FLT] United States v. Lopez (1995): Amandla ezentengiselwano alinganiselwe ngokubulala iSiphakamiso seSikole seGun-Free Act.
  • [FLT] South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc. (2017): yawushintsha umthetho wokukhona wekhokhisa intela kahulumeni.
  • [FLT] Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202]) (20: Inciphiso yamandla entengiselwano ka Claus ukuze igunyaze umsebenzi wezomnotho.

Isiphetho: Ukuthotshiswa Okuqhubekayo Kwezentengiselwano Zomthetho - sisekelo

UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States useyincwadi eyisisekelo sokubusa kwezomnotho. Izentengiselwano zawo zeCommerce Claus, isakhiwo sombuso, kanye nezivikelo zempahla nezivumelwano ziye zaqondisa ukuthuthuka kwezomnotho zesizwe kusukela ekunyusweni kwemithetho yezentengiselwano yezezimali yangemva kwe-injini. Izimpikiswano zamuva 2016 ezidlulile, ukubusa kwemibuso, amalungelo ezwe, nemingcele yemithetho yemithetho. Ziphila isimiso samanje sokulungisa intela, izindinganiso zezemvelo, amalungelo ezisebenzini, ne-webhreverne.

Kubafundi bezezomnotho, umthetho, nomphakathi, ukuqonda lezizimiso zomthetho-sisekelo kubalulekile. UMthetho-sisekelo awugunyazi imiphumela engokomnotho, kodwa umisa imithetho yomdlalo abenzi bezezomnotho abasebenza kuwo. Njengoba kuvela ubuchwepheshe obusha nezinselele zembulunga yonke, amalungiselelo afanayo emibhalo azochazwa kabusha ngamalens amasha. Ingxoxo eqhubekayo phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu kahulumeni − kanye naphakathi kwenhloko-nhloko- dolobha yeWashington, iqinisekisa ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo uhlala ungumthombo ophilayo enqubweni lwezentengiselwano nokwakhiwa kwesimiso sezomnotho.

Ukuze ufunde, hlola i-Cornell Legal Information’s seshoory Institute yeCalmer Claus , i- Project yeze-'Oyez's metary country country's[, kanye ne-[FLT] Constitution Center yesizwe efundisayo ye-Constitution [].