Table of Contents

ISigele sase-United States singenye yezindikimba zemithetho ezinamandla kakhulu emhlabeni, siphethe ithonya elikhulu phezu kokubusa, isimiso, nokuphila kwansuku zonke kwezakhamuzi. Njengelinye lamagumbi amabili ahlanganisa i-United States Congress, iSigele sifeza indima ebalulekile esimisweni sokuhlola nokulinganisela okuchaza ukubusa kwentando yeningi kwaseMelika. Abantu bansuku zonke bazama ukuqonda ukuthi uhulumeni wabo usebenza kanjani, uqonda imithwalo yemfanelo yeSigele, amandla, nezinqubo zesizwe ezidingekayo ukuze babe isakhamuzi esifundile nesithembisene.

Lo mqondisi obanzi uphula imisebenzi yeSigele ngolimi olucacile, olufinyelekayo, ehlola yonke into kusukela ezisekeni zayo zomthetho-sisekelo kuya ezimisweni zayo zanamuhla. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi, isakhamuzi esikhathazekile, noma unelukuluku lokwazi ngohulumeni waseMelika, lesi sihloko sizokusiza ukuba uqonde kahle ukuthi iSigele sikwenzani nokuthi kungani sibalulekile kuwe.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo SeSigele

ISigele saseUnited States samiswa iSiphakamiso I soMthetho - sisekelo, esakha isishaya - mthetho se - bidamaral esakhiwa yikho kokubili iSigele neNdlu Yabameleli. OFata Abasunguliwe baklama iSigele ukuba sisebenze njengendikimba ede kakhulu kunendlu, ngamagama amade nasekuqaleni, ngokukhetha okungaqondile okwenziwa izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni kunokuba baqondise amavoti athandwayo.

ISigele sinamalungu ayikhulu, futhi isifundazwe ngasinye simelelwe yizigele ezimbili kungakhathaliseki ukuthi singakanani isilinganiso somphakathi. Lokhu kumelela okulinganayo kwakuwukwehlukana phakathi kwezifunda ezinkulu nezincane phakathi noMhlangano woMthetho-sisekelo, kuqinisekisiwe ukuthi izifunda ezingaziningi kangako ziyoba nezwi elilinganayo okungenani ekamelweni elilodwa loMkhandlu. Izigebengu zisebenzisa izigaba zeminyaka eyisithupha, cishe ezinengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zeSigele ezikhuphulwa ukuvolwa njalo eminyakeni emibili, zinikeza ukuqhubekela phambili nenkumbulo yenhlangano.

Ekuqaleni, izinyunyana zazikhethwa izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni, kodwa iSichibiyelo se - 17 esagunyazwa ngo - 1913, sashintsha lesi simiso ukuze siqondise ukukhethwa kwabantu bombuso ngamunye.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Engokomthetho: Ukwenza Imithetho Yesifunda

Umsebenzi oyinhloko weSigele ukudala, ukuphikisana, ukuphothula, nokumisa umthetho kahulumeni. Lenqubo yomthetho iyinkimbinkimbi futhi ihlanganisa izigaba eziningi eziklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ehlongozwayo ihlotshaniswa kahle ngaphambi kokuba isebenze.

Indlela Amabhuloho Aba Ngayo Imithetho NgeSigele

Inqubo yomthetho iqala lapho i-senear ingenisa isikweleti, esiwumthetho ohlongozwayo. Izincwadi zingaqala eSigeqeni noma eNdlu yabameleli, ngaphandle komthetho owodwa: zonke izikweleti zemali kumelwe zivele eNdlu. Uma sezakhiwe, isikweleti sinikezwa inani futhi sibhekiselwe ekomitini efanelekayo esekelwe endabeni yaso.

Amakomiti esigele afeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu enqubweni yokushaya umthetho. Lamaqembu akhethekile amanxusa ahlola izikweleti ngokuningiliziwe, anezimemezelo zokuqoqa ubufakazi obungochwepheshe nokwaziswa komphakathi, futhi anqume ukuthi angawuqhubekisela umthetho esiGungwini esigcwele. Amakomiti angasusa yini izindleko, azihlanganise nezinye iziphakamiso, noma amane amane avumele ukuba zife ngaphandle kwesenzo. Isigaba sekomiti silapho izikweletu eziningi zihlangabezana khona nesiphetho sazo, njengoba ingxenye encane kuphela yomthetho osusiwe ifinyelela khona phansi kweSishaya-gele.

Uma ikomiti ivumela isikweleti, ingena esitezini sokucabangela bonke abakhokhi abayikhulu. Yilapho idumela leSigele njengelungu elidelelayo liba sobala khona kakhulu. Ngokungafani nendlu yabameleli, enemingcele eqinile yesikhathi empikiswano, iSigele sivumela impikiswano engenamkhawulo ezindabeni eziningi. Lelisiko liye labangela ukuba i-banbuster, icebo le-procedrodual lapho abameleli bangakhuluma khona ngokungenasiphelo ukuba babambezele noma bavimbele ukuvota emthetho.

Ukuze kuqedwe i-finbuster futhi iqhubekele ekuvoteni, iSigele kumelwe sifake imvume yokuvota okudinga amavoti angu-60. Lemfuneko enkulu kakhulu isho ukuthi umthetho obalulekile udinga ukusekelwa kwe-bipartisan ukuze udlulise, ukhuthaze ukuvumelana nokwakha. Ngesinye isikhathi impikiswano iphela, amavoti akhethiwe eSigeqeni, kanye namavoti angu-5 avamile adingeka ukuze kudlule.

Inqubo Yesichibiyelo

Phakathi nokucatshangelwa kwephansi, abameli bangahlongoza ukulungisa ukulungisa izikweletu. Inqubo yokulungisa yeSigele ngokuvamile ivulekile kakhulu kuneyendlu, ivumela ukuba i-senate ikwazi ukuvumelana kakhulu nomthetho wokwakha. Iziphengululo zingaba izinguquko zobuchwepheshe ezincane noma izinguquko ezinkulu eziguqula injongo eyisisekelo yomthetho. Lenqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho uhlolwa kahle futhi imibono ehlukahlukene icatshangelwa ngaphambi kwengxenye yokugcina.

Ngezinye izikhathi izinguquko ziba yimpikiswano ngakwesokudla sazo, abameli be-jenali behlanganisa amalungiselelo angahlobene ezikweletini ezithandwayo ngethemba lokuthola indlela. Lezi zithasiselo, ngezinye izikhathi ezibizwa ngokuthi "abashayeli," zingabangela ukuba inqubo yokushaya umthetho ibangele ukuba kube nezikhawu ezinzima zezombangazwe ukuthi zingasekela noma ziphikise umthetho.

AmaKomiti Omhlangano Nendlela Yokudlula Yokugcina

Lapho iSigele neNdlu zidlulisa izinguqulo ezihlukene zesivumelwano esifanayo, lamakamelo amabili kumelwe avumelane nokungefani kwawo. Lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka ngekomiti yengqungquthela, lapho amalungu awo womabili axoxa ngenguquko evumelanayo. Uma ikomiti yengqungquthela ifinyelela isivumelwano, kokubili iSigele neNdlu kumelwe ivumele inguquko yokugcina efanayo ngaphambi kokuba ithunyelwe kuMongameli ukuze isayinwe noma iveto.

Uma uMongameli esayina isaziso semali, kuba umthetho. Uma uMongameli esikhipha, uMkhandlu ungawudlulisa ngevoti ephindwe kabili-ntathu kuwo womabili amagumbi, nakuba lokhu kungavamile ukuphumelela. Le nqubo ibonisa isimiso sesheke nezilinganiso, iqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha likahulumeni elingadala imithetho.

Iseluleko Nemvume: Ukuqinisekisa Ukumiswa Komongameli

Enye yemibuso ebaluleke kakhulu yeSigele yigunya laso lomthetho-sisekelo lokunikeza "imvume nemvume" ekumisweni komongameli. Lomthwalo wemfanelo unikeza ithonya eliqinile emagatsheni aphethe nawahluleli, esebenza njengesehlo esibucayi emandleni kamongameli.

Ukumiswa Kokwahlulela

Mhlawumbe ukumiswa okuwumthelela kakhulu okucatshangelwa iSigele yijaji likahulumeni, kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme. Abahluleli abamiswa ukuphila konke, okusho ukuthi izinqumo zabo zingalolonga umthetho nenhlangano yaseMelika amashumi eminyaka. IKomiti Yezigele Yomkhandlu iqhuba ukuqulwa okukhulu kwamacala ngomahluleli, ihlole izimfanelo zabo, ifilosofi yokwahlulela, nemithetho noma imibhalo yangaphambili.

Izikhulu zikahulumeni ezigunyaza amacala ezinkantolo ezinkulu ziye zaba yizenzakalo ezivelele, ezikhanga kakhulu imithombo yezindaba nokunaka komphakathi. Izimemezelo ziyabuza ukuthi imibono yazo ngencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo, isibonelo, nezindaba ezithile ezikhethekile zomthetho. Nakuba ngokwesiko kugwenywa ukuthi bangawalawula kanjani amacala athile angase afike, la macala anikeza ukuqonda ngendlela yabo yokwahlulela nendlela ababukeka ngayo.

Inqubo yokuqinisekisa abahluleli bakahulumeni iye yaba nethonya elandayo emashumini eminyaka amuva, ngokuvota okuncane phakathi kweqembu kuya kuba okuvamile. lokhu kuqashelwa kwemithetho kubonisa ukuqaphela ukuthi ukumiswa kokwahlulela kunezici ezijulile ezihlobene nezindaba ezisukela elungelweni lomphakathi kuya ekuvikeleni indawo ezungezile kuya esimisweni sezempilo.

Ukumiswa Kwekhathi Nezikhulu

ISigele siqinisekisa futhi onobhala bamakhatheyini abaphethe iminyango ephethe njenge-Defense, State, Treasury, and Education. Lezi zikhulu zisebenzisa izinqubo zikaMongameli futhi ziphatha izikhulu ezinkulu zikahulumeni ezisebenzisa izigidi zabantu. Le nqubo yokuqinisekisa ivumela abameleli ukuba bahlole izimfanelo zabameleli, izingxabano ezingase zibe nesithakazelo, kanye nezici eziza kuqala.

Ngaphandle kwezikhundla zezikhulu zegatsha, iSigele siqinisekisa amakhulu ezinye izikhulu zegatsha eziphethe, kuhlanganise amanhloko ezinhlangano, amanxusa, nezikhulu zezempi ezingaphezulu kwezigaba ezithile. Nakuba eziningi zalezi ziqinisekiso ziqhubeka kahle, abaphikisi abaphikiswayo bangabhekana nokuphenywa okukhulu futhi ngezinye izikhathi bahluleke ukuthola isiqinisekiso. Abaqondisi bangase bafake "ababambe" ekuthatheni, ekuthatheni inseleleni, noma ekuvoteleni abameleni abamele noma ababheke njengabangafaneleki.

Inqubo yokuqinisekisa

Inqubo yokuqinisekisa iqala ngekomiti yeSigele ephethe icala lommeli. Amalungu eKomiti ayakungabaza ukuqulwa kwecala, abukeze isizinda sawo nezimfanelo zawo, futhi azwe abasekeli nabaphikisi. Ngemva kokuzwa isiphetho, ikomiti ivota ukuthi ingatusa yini isiqinisekiso esiSigele esigcwele.

Ngisho noma ikomiti ivota ngokumelene nomphathi, iSigele esigcwele sisengakucabangela ukumiswa kwegama, nakuba lokhu kuyivelakancane. Uma nje ukumiswa kwegama kufinyelela phansi kweSigele, abameli baphikisana ngezimfanelo ze-minee ngaphambi kokuvota. Izicelo eziningi zidinga iningi elivamile, nakuba imithetho ye-Relivebuster iye yahluka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Eminyakeni yamuva, bobabili abameleli bashintsha imithetho ye-Relicybuster yemithetho ethile, inciphisa imvume yokuvota, inciphe umnyango wezinye izivumelwano zeqembu elingu-60 elivamile.

Isivumelwano Sokudutshulwa Kwemali: Ukusebenzisa Imithetho Yamazwe Angaphandle

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza iSigele indima eyingqayizivele enkambisweni yangaphandle ngamandla aso okuhlanganisa izivumelwano zomthetho we-rafy. UMongameli uxoxa ngezivumelwano namazwe angaphandle, kodwa lezi zivumelwano zezizwe zonke ziqala ukusebenza ngemva kokuba iSigele sizibumukele ngevoti eyisithathu ezimbili. Lemfuneko enkulu iqinisekisa ukuvumelana okukhulu kwezibopho ezibopha i-United States emhlabeni wonke.

Inqubo yesivumelwano inikeza iSigele ithonya eliphawulekayo phezu kwesimiso sangaphandle saseMelika. i-Gazer Foreign Relations Committee iveza izivumelwano ezihlongozwayo, ihlola imiphumela yazo yenhlala-khona yesizwe, yezezomnotho, neyobuhlobo bezizwe. Iziphathi zingaveza ukungezwani, ukuqonda, noma izimemezelo ezilungisa noma ezicacisa amalungiselelo esivumelwano ngaphambi kokuvota ukuqiniswa kwe-ratiation.

Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, iSigele siye senqaba noma sahluleka ukugunyaza izivumelwano eziningana ezibalulekile, sibonakalisa amandla aso okucindezela izinyathelo zobumongameli zakwamanye amazwe. Izibonelo eziphawulekayo zihlanganisa isivumelwano saseVersailles ngemva kweMpi Yezwe I nezivumelwano zokulawula izikhali ezihlukahlukene. Umnyango ophezulu wokunqanda izikhali usho ukuthi amongameli kumelwe bakhe ukusekela izivumelwano okubanzi noma izingozi zokubona ukuphumelela kwezivumelwano zabo zezivumelwano zesivumelwano.

Emashumini eminyaka amuva, amongameli baye bathembela kakhulu ezivumelwaneni zezikhulu kunokuba bathembele ezivumelwaneni ezingokomthetho zokuphatha imithetho yangaphandle. Lezi zivumelwano azidingi ukunqandwa kweSigele, nakuba zingasasebenzi izivumelwano ezingokomthetho ezivumelanayo. Lokhu kushintshela phambili ukulinganisela okufanelekile phakathi kokuvumelana kwemithetho yangaphandle nesokuqondisa iSishaya-mthetho.

Ukuphoqelela Ukulingwa: Ukubeka Izikhulu Icala

ISigele sikhonza njengenkantolo yokuqulwa kwecala, omunye wemithwalo yemfanelo ehloniphekile kakhulu eyabelwe uMthetho-sisekelo. Nakuba iNdlu yabameleli inamandla okunikeza izikhulu zikahulumeni amandla okuzimangalela ngokuletha amacala angokomthetho, iSigele sodwa sinamandla okuzama ukuphoqelela nokususa izikhulu esikhundleni.

Inqubo Yokuzivumelanisa Nezinto

Ukujezisa kuyinqubo ethatha izinyathelo ezimbili. Okokuqala, iNdlu yabameleli ihlola ububi obuthiwe futhi ivoti ezihlokweni zokungathotshelwa, eziwubufakazi obungokomthetho. Uma amalungu amaningi endlu evota ukuthatha icala, lenqubo isheshisa iSigele ukuze kuqulwe icala. Abaphathi abamisa indlu abasebenza njengabashushisi, banikeza ubufakazi nezimpikiswano ukuze baqiniseke.

Phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala lesigele, izinyunyana zisebenza njengejaji, ubufakazi nokuphikisa okuzwayo okuvela kubo bobabili abaphathi bezindlu nakuvikelwa. Uma uMongameli equlwa icala, uMahluleli oyinhloko weNkantolo Ephakeme uyabusa; kwezinye izikhulu, uMongameli ongumsekeli noma uMongameli weSikhathi sezwe uqobo uyabusa. Ngemva kokuba zombili izinhlangothi zidlulisa amacala azo, izimemezelo zabo ngamabomu nezivoti ezihlokweni ngasinye sokungagunyazi.

Ukuqiniseka kudinga amavoti amabili-mithathu abameleli abakhona, ibhande eliphakeme elibonisa amandla okususa isikhulu esikhethiwe esikhundleni. Uma isikhulu siboshelwe, sisuswa ngokushesha ehhovisi. ISigele singavota futhi ukuba singamvumeli umuntu ukuba athathe isikhundla sikahulumeni sesikhathi esizayo, nakuba lokhu kudinga inani elivamile.

Ukuvivinywa Okungokomlando

ISigele siye saqunga icala lamacala abefundisi, abahluleli, amalungu ombuso, namanxusa kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika. Omongameli abathathu baye bavunyelwa yindlu futhi baqulwa iSigele: uAndrew Johnson ngo-1868, uBill Clinton ngo-1998-1999, noDonald Trump ngo-2020 no-2021. Kuzo zonke izigila-jaji, iSigele savota ukukhulula, sihluleka ukufinyelela emnyango owesingeni esibili sesithathu secala.

Amajaji angokohulumeni aye aba yizindaba ezivame kakhulu zokungavumelani, futhi amaningana asuswa ezikhundleni ngemva kwesivumelwano seSigele. Lamacala avame ukuhilela ukumangalelwa kokukhohlakala, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwegunya, noma okunye ukuziphatha okubi okungathi sína. Amandla okungagunyazi asebenza njengendlela ebalulekile yokuhlola ukuzimela kokwahlulela, anikeza inqubo yokususa abahluleli abaphula isifungo sabo sobuphathi kuyilapho belondoloza ukuphila kwabo konke kulabo abenza imisebenzi yabo ngokwethembeka.

Ukugada Nokuphenya

Ngaphandle kwemibuso yalo engokomthetho engokomthetho, iSigele siqondisa igatsha eliphethe ngokuhlola, ukuzwa, nemibiko. lomsebenzi wokwengamela usiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izinhlangano zikahulumeni nezikhulu zisebenzisa imithetho ehlosiwe futhi isebenza kahle nangezimiso.

Ukucwaninga Kwekomiti

Amakomiti eNkathi ahlola njalo imisebenzi kahulumeni, ukuhluleka kwezimiso, nokuthiwa ukona. Lokhu kuhlola kungasukela ekuqondiseni izinhlelo zezinhlangano ezivamile kuya ekubuzeni ngezindlela eziphezulu kuya emahlazweni noma ezindabeni zokhuseleko lwesizwe. Amakomiti anamandla angaphansi kwe-pona, awavumela ukuba aphoqelele ubufakazi nomkhiqizo wezincwadi ezivela kuzikhulu zegatsha eziphethe nezakhamuzi ezizimele.

Izindlebe zophenyo zifeza izinjongo eziningi. Zitshela izigebengu nomphakathi ngemisebenzi kahulumeni, zikhomba izinkinga ezidinga amakhambi emithetho, futhi zibeke izikhulu ezinecala ngezenzo zazo. Izindlebe eziphezulu zengxenye zingathonya umbono womphakathi nezimpikiswano zezimiso, zizenze amathuluzi anamandla abaqondisi abafuna ukuthuthukisa izinto zabo eziza kuqala noma ukubekela inselele izimiso zokuphatha izikhali.

Ukuqinisekisa Ukuzwa Njengoba Ugadile

Izicelo zokugunyazwa kwezikhulu zegatsha zinikeza elinye ithuba lokwengamela. Iziphathi azisebenzisi lezi zimemezelo kuphela ukuhlola abaculi kodwa futhi zibuze ngazo ngezimiso zezinhlangano, ukubeka izinqumo, kanye nokuqondisa izinto eziza kuqala. Ngokuvamile abanyunyana benza izibopho lapho kuqulwa ukuthi bazoyisingatha kanjani imithwalo yabo yemfanelo, benze izimiso zokulandisa ezingakhomba ezenzweni zesikhathi esizayo.

Amandla Okuthenga

Indima yeSigele enqubweni yokuqulwa kwezicelo inikeza elinye ithuluzi elinamandla. Izinhlangano ze-Federal zincike ekuhlolweni kwezinhlangano ukuze zisekele imisebenzi yazo, zinike iNkampane imvume yokuthonya izinkonzo eziza kuqala nokuziphatha. Izindleko zokunikeza iziphakamiso zihlanganisa iziqondiso eziningi mayelana nendlela izinhlangano okufanele zisebenzise ngayo imali, futhi amakomiti aqondisa kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuvuma.

Ababheki bangasebenzisa iziphakamiso ukuze bavuselele izinhlangano ezenza kahle futhi zijezise labo abangahlangani namathemba. Bangahlanganisa nabagibeli bemithetho ekusebenziseni izikweletu, besebenzisa usongo lokuvala uhulumeni ukuze baqhube izintambo eziphambili ezingase zingadluli njengezikweletu ezizimele.

Ukuhola Nenhlangano Yesigele

Ukuqonda indlela iSigele esisebenza ngayo kudinga ukujwayelana nokwakheka kwaso kobuholi nokuhlelwa kwenhlangano. Ngokungafani ne House of Deader, lapho iSpeaker isebenzisa khona amandla amakhulu, iSigele sisebenza ngesibonelo sobuholi esakazekayo esibonisa isiko laso lombuso ngamunye.

Abaphathi Bomthetho - sisekelo

UMthetho-sisekelo umisa uMongameli ongumsizi we-United States njengoMongameli weSigele, nakuba lendima inemikhosi eminingi. UMongameli ongumKhosi angavota amavoti ahlukanisa isibopho uma iSigele sihlukene ngokuphelele kodwa kungenjalo kuthukela engamele ukumiswa kweSigele. Ekungabini kukaMongameli ongumKhosi. Umongameli uthatha isigaba esiphambili kakhulu seqembu elikhulu, uphethe iSigele.

Abaholi Beqembu

Amandla angempela esiGangeni asemasontweni abaholi beqembu abakhethwe yizikhundla zabo. UMajority Hole, ohola iqembu ngezihlalo eziningi, ulawula uhlelo lweSishaya-mthetho, unquma ukuthi iziphi izikweleti ezithola isikhathi esiphansi nanini lapho kuvota khona. Lombuso ohlelayo wenza uMholi weMajor abe ngowokuqala onamandla kakhulu kuhulumeni waseMelika.

UMholi Omncane uhola iqembu lokuphikiswa, asebenzele ukuthuthukisa izinto eziza kuqala zeqembu labo kanye nokuvimbela noma ukuguqula izinto eziningi. Bobabili abaholi banezabo abasiza ekubaleni amavoti, bancenge amalungu ukuba asekele izikhundla zeqembu, futhi baxhumane ngezindawo eziphambili ukuze basekele izikhundla eziphezulu zobuphini nohele. Abaholi beqembu kumelwe balinganisele isifiso sabo sokuthuthukisa izinhloso zabo kanye nesiko leSigebengu sokuvikela amalungelo omphakathi ngamunye nengxoxo ekhuthazayo.

Isimiso seKomiti

Amakomiti akhona ayizindikimba ezihlala njalo ezisingatha imithwalo yemfanelo yezomthetho neyokwengamela ezindaweni ezinjengezolimo, izinkonzo zezikhali, izimali, amandla, izimali, ubudlelwane bakwamanye amazwe, nezomthetho.

Izabelo zamakomiti zifunwa kakhulu, ngoba zinikeza abameli abaphethe ipulatifomu ukuba bathonye isimiso ezindaweni ezibalulekile kubantu abasebenza nabo futhi bakhe ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisa ithonya labo. Abaphathi abadala basemakomitini esihlalo, abasebenzisa amandla aphawulekayo ezimisweni zekomiti yabo nasemisebenzini. Izihlalo zamakomiti zinquma ukuthi iziphi izikweleti ezithathwayo, lapho kuvotwa, nokuthi iziphi izimali zamakomiti ezizobelwa.

Ngaphezu kwamakomiti amisiwe, iSigele siye sakhetha amakomiti asingatha izindaba ezithile noma aqhube uphenyo olukhethekile, namakomiti ahlangene ahlanganisa amalungu aseSigele nawaseNdlu Yendlu. Isimiso sekomiti sivumela iSishaya - mthetho ukuba sinakekele umsebenzi waso oyinkimbinkimbi ngokuhlukanisa imisebenzi yamaqembu akhethekile kuyilapho sinikeza amathuba okuhlola ngokucophelela imithetho nokwengamela imisebenzi yegatsha ephethe.

Imithetho Yesigele Nezinyathelo

Le mithetho isebenza ngokuvumelana nemithetho eyinkimbinkimbi nezinqubo eziye zavela phakathi namakhulu amabili eminyaka, ilawula indlela umthetho osebenza ngayo kule ndawo futhi uvikele amalungelo amaningi nawabantu abambalwa.

I - filibuster Ne - clow

I-finbuster mhlawumbe iyisici esivelele kakhulu seSigele. Ngokungafani nendlu, elinganisela impikiswano isikhathi, iSigele sivumela impikiswano engapheli ezindabeni eziningi. Abahlaziyi bangakhuluma isikhathi eside uma bethanda, bengase bavimbele ukuvota ewumthetho abamelene nawo. Lelisiko libonisa indima yeSigele njengelungu elidebeselelayo lapho imibono embalwa ithathwa khona ngokucophelela.

Ukuze kuqedwe i-finbuster futhi iqhubeke ekuvoteni, iSigele kumelwe sinxuse ukuvuselelwa kwama - maraby, okudinga amavoti angu-60 ngaphansi kwemithetho yamanje. Lemfuneko enkulu inikeza iqembu elincane amandla abalulekile okuvimbela noma ukuphoqelela ukumiswa kwemithetho, ngisho nalapho lintula amavoti okuyinqoba ngokuqondile. Umnyango wama-60 ohlukene ukhuthaza ukubambisana kwe-bipartis kanye nokuhlehla, nakuba abagxeki bephikisana nayo ivumela idlanzana elincane ukuba livimbe ukumisa uhlelo lweningi.

I-filbuster iye yavela ngokuphawulekayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Esikhathini esidlule, ojenene kwadingeka babambe iphansi njalo ukuze bagcine i-nfilbuster, okuholela ezingxenyeni zokukhuluma ezimagqamuza. Umkhuba wanamuhla uvumela izigelekeqe ukuba zikhulume i-palbuster ngokumane zisongele impikiswano entshaziwe, ngaphandle kokukhuluma. Lolu shintsho lwenze ama-monicbuster avame kakhulu futhi angabonakali, okunezela ekunyuseleni kwe-rad lock lock.

Inqubo Yokubuyisana

Inqubo yokubuyisana kwemali inikeza umehluko obalulekile kumthetho we-filbuster. Ukubuyisana kwezindleko, okumelwe kuhlotshaniswe nemali kahulumeni, inzuzo, noma isilinganiso sesikweleti, akunakufakwa futhi kudinge inani elivamile kuphela ukuze kudluliswe. Le nqubo ivumela iningi ukuba lidlulise umthetho othile wemali ngaphandle kokusekela i-bipartis, nakuba imithetho eqinile ilinganisela lokho okungahlanganiswa ezikweletini zokubuyisana.

Bobabili laba basebenzisa ukubuyisana ukuze badlulise umthetho omkhulu lapho bentula amavoti angu-60 okunqoba i-banbuster. Nokho, umphathi weSigele umisa imithetho egunyaza ukuthi yimaphi amalungiselelo angafakwa ezikweletini zokubuyisana, ngezinye izikhathi iphoqelela amaqembu ukuba asuse izimiso ezithandekayo ezingahlangani nezingahlangani nezimfuneko eziqinile. Lokhu kuvimbela ukubuyisana kulinganiselwe uma kugcinwa njengethuluzi lokusingatha izindaba ezimqoka.

Ukuvuma Ngokubambisana

Ibhizinisi leSigele lenqubo lenzeka ngezivumelwano zesivumelwano esivumelanayo, lapho bonke abameli bevumelana ngezinqubo ezithile zokucabangela umthetho noma ukuqhuba elinye ibhizinisi. Lezi zivumelwano zingamisa imingcele yesikhathi empikiswanoni, zinqume ukuthi iziphi izinguquko ezizocatshangelwa, futhi amavoti esimiso. Imvume yeSigele ivumela ukuba isebenze ngokunempumelelo kakhulu kunokunamathela ngokuqinile emithethweni yayo.

Nokho, noma imuphi umsekeni ongamelana nesicelo sokuvumelana, unikeze amalungu ngalinye amandla abalulekile. Ngezinye izikhathi abashicileli basebenzisa leli gunya ukuze bakhiphe ukuvunyelwa kwemvume eholweni noma babambezele ukuthethwa kwezindaba abaphikisana nazo. Lesisiko somphathi ngamunye sihlukanisa iSigele eNdlweni futhi sinezela ekudunyisweni kwaso njengomzimba owehlisayo kodwa ngezinye izikhathi ohamba kancane.

Indima Yesigele Enqubweni Yohlelo Lohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali

ISigele sifeza indima ebalulekile ezinqubweni zemali kahulumeni, ezinquma indlela uhulumeni achitha ngayo izigidigidi zamaRandi minyaka yonke.

Izinqumo Zokusebenzisa Imali

Unyaka ngamunye, iSishaya-mthetho kufanele sidlulisele isinqumo sokuhlela indlela yokusebenzisa imali nemali efakwa ngayo kuhulumeni kahulumeni. ISigele seKomiti yoHlanzelo Lomthetho sithuthukisa inguquko yeSigele sesinqumo, esimisa izisulu zezigaba ezihlukahlukene zezinhlelo zikahulumeni. Isinqumo semali asibi umthetho kodwa sinikeza uhlelo lwezikweletu zezinhlelo ezilandelayo.

Izinqumo zemali engasetshenziswa zingahlanganisa iziyalezo zokubuyisana eziyala amakomiti athile ukuba asungule umthetho oshintsha amazinga emali noma imali. Lezi ziyalezo zibangela ukubuyisana, zivumela umthetho othile wemali ukuba udlule ngeningi kunamavoti angu - 60 adingekayo ukuze kunqotshwe i-banbuster.

Izigidi Ezishukumisayo

IKomiti yokuphanga yeSigele kanye nezibopho zayo eziyishumi nambili ziveza izikweleti zokudlulisa izikweletu ezinikeza izinhlangano zikahulumeni nezinhlelo. Lezimali kumelwe zidlule kokubili amagumbi futhi zisayinwe nguMongameli ngaphambi kokuqala konyaka ngamunye wemali ngo-October 1. Uma izindleko zokujezisa zingadluli ngesikhathi, uMkhandlu kumelwe udlulise izinqumo eziqhubekayo zokugcina uhulumeni ukhokhelwa noma ubhekene nomthetho onqanyuliwe.

Izikweletu zezindleko zinikeza abasekeli amathuba okuqondisa ukuxhaswa kwemali emikhankasweni nasemikhakheni ebalulekile ezindaweni zabo, ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi "i-arymark" noma "izindleko zomphongolo wepork". Nakuba izimpawu ziye zaphikisana futhi zabekwa imingcele ehlukahlukene, abakhokhi abaningi bazibheka njengendlela esemthethweni yokusingatha izidingo zikahulumeni eziqonde ngqo futhi bakhe ukusekela umthetho obanzi.

Imingcele Yezikweletu

ISigele kumelwe sivote ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze siphakamise isikweletu sikahulumeni, esihlanganisa imali engakanani uhulumeni angayiboleka. La mavoti aye aba nengxabano ekhulayo, ngezinye izikhathi neqembu elincane lisebenzisa umthetho olinganiselayo wesikweleti njengemvume yokufuna ukukhokha imali eshisiwe noma ezinye izinguquko zesimiso. Ukwehluleka ukuphakamisa isikweletu kungenza uhulumeni ahluleke ezibophweni zakhe, okungabangela inhlekelele yezomnotho.

Izinkonzo Zokumelela Nezokuvikela

Nakuba ukunaka okukhulu kubhekiselwa emisebenzini yeSigele yokushaya umthetho nokwengamela, izinyunyana zisebenza futhi njengabameleli bezifunda, zisekela izithakazelo zikahulumeni futhi zisiza abameleli ukuba baqondise izikhulu zikahulumeni.

Ukusekela Izithakazelo ZoMbuso

Abakhandi basebenzela ukuthuthukisa inzuzo yezomnotho nezimiso zezifunda zabo ngomthetho, ukugunyaza, nokuphatha izikhungo zegatsha eziphethe. Bangacindezela ukuxhasa kwezwe ngezimali zemisebenzi yezemisebenzi yezemfundo, izikhungo zempi, noma izakhiwo zokucwaninga ezisezweni labo. Basekela izimboni ezibalulekile kwezomnotho zikahulumeni wabo futhi basebenzele ukuvikela izithakazelo zikahulumeni lapho izimiso zikahulumeni zingabalimaza.

Isakhiwo seSigele, esinemimelelo elinganayo yazo zonke izifundazwe kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zinabantu bani, siqinisekisa ukuthi amazwe amancane anezwi eliqinile enkambisweni kahulumeni. Lelilungiselelo lingadala izingxabano lapho izithakazelo zesizwe zingqubuzana nezithakazelo zikahulumeni, kodwa libonisa ukulinganisela kwesimiso phakathi kobunye besizwe nobukhosi bombuso.

Izinkonzo Eziwusizo

Izinkampani zinakekela amahhovisi eWashington, D.C., nasemakhaya azo ukuze zikhonze iziqeshana. Izisebenzi zeSigele zisiza abasebenza ngezinkinga ezihilela izinhlangano ze-Social Security, izinkonzo zomakadlelwano, izindaba zokufuduka, nezokuthutha. Nakuba izinkampani zingenakuphoqelela izinhlangano ukuba zenze izinqumo eziqondile, imibuzo yazo ivame ukusiza abaqondisi bezindawo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuhamba ngemikhumbi futhi iqinisekise ukuthi izimo zabo zithola ukunakekela okufanele.

Izinkonzo ezisizayo zakha ubuhlobo phakathi kwabasizi nabavoti, zisiza abasizi ukuba bahlale bexhumene nabantu abamelelwayo. Lezi zinkonzo zinikeza futhi izimemezelo ezinokuqonda ngendlela izimiso nezinhlelo zikahulumeni ezithinta ngayo abantu bangempela, zitshela abameleli babo nezinto eziza kuqala nezobubonisi.

Ukuziphendukela Kwezigele Nezinselele Zanamuhla

ISigele siye savela ngokuphawulekayo kusukela sadalwa, sazivumelanisa nezimo zezombangazwe, zezenhlalo, nezezobuchwepheshe kuyilapho silondoloza imisebenzi yaso eyisisekelo yomthetho - sisekelo.

Ukwanda Kobungane

ISigele siye saba nenzondo eyandayo emashumini eminyaka amuva, njengoba abasizi bezokuvota behambisana neqembu bebambisana ngokungaguquki futhi ukubambisana kwe - bipartisan kuba yivela kancane. Lokhu kuhlukana kubonisa ukuthambekela okukhulu kwezombangazwe nomphakathi waseMelika, kuhlanganise nokukhetha indawo, ukuhlukana kwemithombo yezindaba, kanye nokuvumelana kwamaqembu.

Ukwenyuka kobandlululo kuye kwenza kwaba nzima ukushaya umthetho, njengoba izimali eziyi-60 ezikweletini eziningi zidinga ukusekelana. Umthetho omkhulu uyadlula ngokubuyisana noma ngezinye izinqubo ezigwemayo, zilinganise izinga lalokho okungase kufezwe. Izimpi zokuqinisekisa ziye zaba nezingxabano, kanti izimpi zibhekene nokuphikiswa okwengeziwe futhi zibambezeleka isikhathi eside.

Izimpikiswano Ngemithetho Yezigele

Imithetho yeSigele, ikakhulukazi i-finbuster, iye yaba yizici zempikiswano enkulu. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi i-banbuster ivikela amalungelo e-ocent, ikhuthaza ukucabangisisa, futhi ivimbela ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokuphamazela ezindabeni eziphikisanayo. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi yenza ukuvimbela, isithibaza ukubusa kweningi, futhi yenza igebe lika-gede.

Bobabili laba bahlukene emithethweni ye-nfinbuster uma bephakathi kweningi, besusa imfuneko engu-60 ye-vote ye-offminications ezithile. Lezinguquko, ngezinye izikhathi ezibizwa ngokuthi "inketho yenuzi," ziye zaphikiswana, futhi abagxeki baxwayisa ngokuthi bakhuphula ubuntu obuhlukile beSigeqe nesivikelo semibono emincane. Izingxoxo ziyaqhubeka ngokuthi ingabe izolungisa noma ziqede i-nfinbuster ukuze yenze umthetho.

Ukumelela Nokubusa Ngentando Yeningi

Ukumelela okulinganayo kwesifundazwe kungakhathaliseki ukuthi sisiphi abantu kuye kwabangela izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo mayelana nokumelelwa kwentando yeningi. Izifunda ezincane zimelela isigele esifanayo nezifundazwe ezinkulu, okusho ukuthi izigele ezimelela idlanzana lomphakathi zingavimbela umthetho oxhaswe yizikhulu ezimelela iningi. Abagxeki baphikisa leli lungiselelo ukuthi alinayo idemokrati futhi linikeza amandla angenakulinganiswa ezindaweni zasemaphandleni ezinabantu abambalwa, ngokuvamile ezihlala emaphandleni nangokwesiko.

Abavikeli besimiso samanje baphawula ukuthi ukumelelwa kwezwe elilinganayo kwakuyisivumelwano esiyisisekelo esenze uMthetho-sisekelo ube nokwenzeka futhi ubonise isimo sikahulumeni kahulumeni waseMelika. Baphikisa ngokuthi iNdlu yabameleli inikeza ukumelelwa kwenani labantu, kuyilapho iSigele siqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izifundakazi zinezwi elilinganayo okungenani ekamelweni elilodwa. Le ngxoxo iveza imibuzo ebanzi mayelana nesimo sedemokrati nesimiso sombuso waseMelika.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingahlanganyela Ngayo NeSigele

Ukuqonda lokho okwenziwa iSigele kuyisinyathelo sokuqala kuphela esiholela ekubeni isakhamuzi esithembisene. Izakhamuzi zinezindlela eziningi zokuhlanganyela emsebenzini weSigele futhi zithonye izinqumo zezikhulu zazo.

Ukuxhumana Nababengi Bakho

Izakhamuzi zingathintana nocingo, i-imeyili noma iposi ukuze ziveze imibono yazo ngomthetho, ukudluliswa kwemithetho, noma ezinye izindaba. Nakuba abameleli bethola inqwaba yezokuxhumana okuhlangene, banake lokho okushiwo yizo, ikakhulukazi lapho abantu abaningi bethintana nazo ngomcimbi ofanayo. Imiyalezo echaza ukuthi indaba ikuthinta kanjani wena siqu ithambekele ekusebenziseni kakhulu kunendlela yokubhala izincwadi.

Amahhovisi eSigele alandela ukuxhumana futhi akusebenzise ukuze athole umbono womphakathi ezindabeni. Uma abameleli bengaqiniseki ngendlela yokuvota, ukufakwa kwemininingwane kungathonya izinqumo zabo. Ngisho noma abameleli benezikhundla eziqinile, bazi ukuthi abaxhasi bakhathalela indaba ethile bangathinta ukuthi bayenza kangakanani imizamo yokuyithuthukisa noma ukumelana nayo.

Ukulandela Imisebenzi Yezigele

Izakhamuzi zingalandela imisebenzi yeSigele ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni yeSigele inikeza ukwaziswa mayelana nomthetho, ukuqulwa kwezindaba zamakomiti, ukuqulwa kwezindaba, nemibhalo yokuvota. I-C-SPAN isakaza iziteshi zeSishaya-Mnyango zezikhulu nezindaba zekomiti, ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zibukele iSigele esenzweni. Izinhlangano zezindaba zihlanganisa imisebenzi emikhulu yeSigele, nakuba ukudluliswa kwazo kugxile ezimpikiswaneni eziphezulu ze-profile kunokuba kugxile emsebenzini wesiko womthetho.

Izikhulu eziningi zilondoloza imithombo yezokuxhumana ekhuthele, zinikeza izincazelo ngemisebenzi yazo nezikhundla. Nakuba izikhungo zezokuxhumana zivame ukuhlukanisa futhi zikhetha, zinikeza ukuqonda ngezinto eziza kuqala nezingabalulekile kumalungu omphakathi. Ukulandela izimemezelo zakho zezokuxhumana kungakusiza ukuba uhlale waziwa ngomsebenzi wawo nangezikhundla zawo ezindabeni zamanje.

Ukuhlanganyela Ekukhetheni

Indlela eqondile kakhulu izakhamuzi ezithonya ngayo iSigele ingokhetho. Njalo eminyakeni emibili, izihlalo zesigele eziyisithathu zibekwa ekukhetheni, zinikeza abavoti amathuba okukhetha ukuthi ubani ozimelelayo. Ukhetho lweSishaya-mthetho luye lwancintisana futhi lwabiza kakhulu, ngezigidi zezigidi zamaRandi ezichithwa emikhankasweni.

Izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela ekukhetheni ngokuvota kweSishaya - mthetho, ngokuvota, ngokuvuma ukukhokha imikhankaso, ngokunikela kubangane nakomakhelwane. Ukhetho oluyinhloko, lapho amaqembu ekhetha khona ohulumeni bawo, lubaluleke kakhulu, njengoba ngokuvamile zinquma uhide lwezinqumo ezikhona okhethweni oluvamile. Ukuhlanganyela ezindlini eziqalile kunikeza ithonya hhayi nje ukuthi yimuphi umkhandlu olawula iNdlu - mbuso kodwa futhi yiziphi izinhlobo zababezo abazokukhetha iqembu ngalinye.

Ukuhleleka Nokuhleleka

Izakhamuzi zingandisa ithonya lazo ngokujoyina izinhlangano zezezimali ezingenisa izinyunyana ezindabeni ezithile. Lezinhlangano zihlanganisa ukuxhumana, zihlela imikhankaso yotshani, futhi zinikeze ukwaziswa ngezikhundla zezikhulu kanye nemibhalo yokuvota. Nakuba abagxeki bekhathazekile ngethonya lamaqembu anezithakazelo, lezinhlangano zisiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo enqubweni yezombangazwe.

Ama-rassroot ahlela, kuhlanganise namahholo amadolobha, imibhikisho, nezicelo, kungadonsa ukunaka kwabasekeli futhi kuthonye izinqumo zabo. Abahlaziyi banaka ngokukhethekile umsebenzi ohleliwe we-ocestrations ezifundeni zabo zasekhaya, ngoba kubonisa ukuzizwa ngamandla ngezindaba nangemiphumela engaba khona.

Umphumela Wesigele Ekuphileni Kwansuku Zonke

Nakuba umsebenzi weSigele ungabonakala ukude nezinkathazo zansuku zonke, izinqumo zaso zithinta kakhulu ukuphila kwansuku zonke kwaseMelika ngezindlela eziningi.

Umthetho Wezomnotho

Imithetho yentela ekhishwa iSigele inquma ukuthi abantu ngabanye nabathengisi bakhokhela intela kangakanani nokuthi yiziphi izikweleti ezikhona. Ukukhokha izikweletu zezimali kuhlela izinhlelo zezimali ezinikeza ukulondeka kwezomnotho, kuhlanganise neNhlala - kahle, iMedicare, umshuwalense wokungasebenzi, kanye nosizo lokudla.

Ukuqinisekiswa kweSigele kubabusi be-Federal Reserve kuthonya isimiso semali, esithinta inzalo, ukwehla kwamandla emali, nomsebenzi. Imithetho yokubhaka neyomnotho eqondiswa yiSigele ithinta ukukhokha ngesikweleti, isivikelo sabathengi, kanye nokuqina kwesimiso sezimali. Izivumelwano zezohwebo zagunyazwa yisimo seSigele sezentengiselwano sezwe lonke futhi zithinta imisebenzi ezimbonini ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe.

Ukunakekelwa kwempilo

Izinqumo zeSigele ngokuphathelene nenqubo yokwelapha zithinta izigidi zamaMelika angenele ekunakekeleni kwezokwelapha kanye nezindleko zayo. Imithetho yokumisa iMedicare, iMedicaid, noMthetho wokunakekela ongathi i-Affordal Care Act wadluliswa ngeSigeqe, njengoba kuye kwashintshwa kaningi kule zinhlelo. Izinqumo zeSishaya-mthetho zinquma ukuxhasa imali yokucwaninga kwezokwelapha, izinhlelo zempilo zomphakathi, kanye nezindawo zokwelapha.

Ukugunyazwa kwezikhulu zeSigele ezihola uMnyango Wezempilo Nezobuntu ne - Food and Drug Administration kuthinta indlela izinhlelo zezempilo ezisetshenziswa ngayo nendlela imithi nemishini yezokwelapha eqondiswa ngayo.

Imfundo

ISigele sithonya isimiso semfundo ngomthetho ogunyaza izinhlelo zemfundo kahulumeni, ukugunyaza ukuxhasa izikole nosizo lwabafundi, nokuqondisa uMnyango Wemfundo. Izinhlelo zabafundi ababolekwayo, uPell Grants, ukuxhasa imfundo ekhethekile, nokusekela izikole eziswele konke kuxhomeke esinyathelweni seSigele.

Izinqumo zeSigele ngokuphathelene nenqubo yemfundo azithinteli nje abafundi bamanje kuphela kodwa futhi nokuncintisana kwezomnotho isikhathi eside nokuhamba kwesizwe. Izimpikiswano mayelana nokuxhasa imfundo, ukukhetha isikole, ukukhokha intethelelo yabafundi, kanye nokulawula kwezwe iSigele okuqhubekayo okunemiphumela ephawulekayo.

Indawo Ezungezile Namandla

Imithetho yeSigele nesimiso sokwengamela inqubo yokuvikela indawo ezungezile namandla. Imithetho elawula izinga lomoya namanzi, ukuvikela izilwane ezisengozini, kanye nokuphatha amazwe omphakathi konke kwadlula eNdlwini. Iziphakamiso zeNkathi Yokuvikela Imvelo nezoMnyango Wezemvelo zinquma ukuthi imithetho yendawo ezungezile iphoqelelwa ngamandla kangakanani futhi isekela kangakanani amandla ahlanzekile atholakalayo.

Izimpikiswano zezigebengu mayelana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukusungulwa kwamandla avuselelwe, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla adingekayo, nezimiso zendawo ezungezile zinethonya elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni indawo ezungezile, impilo yomphakathi nezomnotho.

Amalungelo Omphakathi Nobulungisa

Ukuqinisekiswa kweSigele amajaji angokomthetho kulawula ukuchazwa nokugcinwa kwemithetho yamalungelo omphakathi ezizukulwaneni. Umthetho wamalungelo abantu ophawulwe ngeRovil Rights Act, Voting Rights Act, neMelika ephethe uMthetho woBukhu, wadluliswa ngeSigele. Izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo mayelana namalungelo okuvota, ukulungiswa komthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho, ukuthunyelwa kwezindawo, kanye nokuvikelwa kobandlululo konke kuhilela isenzo seSigele.

Ukuphathwa kweSigele soMnyango woMahluleli nezinhlangano zomthetho kahulumeni eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho kuthinta indlela imithetho ephoqelelwa ngayo nendlela isimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu esisebenza ngayo. Lezi zinqumo zithonya yonke into kusukela emikhubeni yamaphoyisa endawo kuya ekuqikelweni kwemithetho yokuthunyelwa kwabantu kuya ekumangalelweni kobugebengu bezindlu zamazwe ezimhlophe.

Ukuqhathanisa ISigele Nezinye Izindikimba Ezingokomthetho

Ukuqonda izici eziyingqayizivele zeSigele kuyacaca lapho kuqhathaniswa nezinye iziqu zomthetho, kokubili e-United States nasemhlabeni wonke.

ISigele Simelene Nendlu Yabameleli

ISigele sihlukile kwiNdlu yabameleli ngezindlela eziningana ezibalulekile. ISigele sincane, sinamalungu ayikhulu uma siqhathaniswa nama-435, okwenza kube lula ngamalungu aso ngabanye ukuba athonye imiphumela. Izigebengu zisebenzisa amagama athatha iminyaka eyisithupha uma eqhathaniswa nemithetho yendlu yeminyaka emibili, ezinika isikhathi esengeziwe sokugxila esimisweni kunokuba zigxile emkhankasweni, nakuba lenzuzo iye yancipha njengoba imikhankaso iye yaba ingunyaka wonke.

Imithetho yeSigele ivumela ithonya elikhulu lelungu ngalinye kunesakhiwo sendlu esilawulayo. Nakuba i House Speaker isebenzisa amandla amakhulu ukulawula uhlelo lwengxoxo futhi ilinganise, abaphathi ngabanye bangasebenzisa izibambiso, ama-finbuster, kanye nokuphikisa ukuvumelana ekuthonyeni imicimbi. Lokhu kwenza iSigele sithathe imingcele ebanzi kakhulu kodwa futhi sithambekele kakhulu ekuchayekeni.

ISigele sinemibuso ekhethekile yomthetho-mthetho - sisekelo engenayo iNdlu, kuhlanganise nokubekwa kwesivumelwano kanye nokuqinisekiswa kokumiswa komongameli. Indlu inamandla ayo ayingqayizivele okusungula izikweleti zemali kanye nezikhulu zikahulumeni. Lemibuso ehlukene ibonisa inhloso yabasunguli yokwakha amagumbi amabili anezindima nezici ezingafani.

Ukuqhathaniswa Kwamazwe Ngamazwe

Imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi inezishaya-mthetho ze-bimeral ezinekamelo eliphezulu elifana neSigele, nakuba izincazelo zihluka kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, i British House of Lords ayikhethwa futhi inemibuso elinganiselwe uma iqhathaniswa nendlu ekhethiwe yamaCommons. IBundesrat yaseJalimane imelela ohulumeni bamazwe kunabantu, abafana nomklamo wokuqala weSigele sase-U.S.

ISigele sase-U.S. singavamile ekuhlanganiseni ukumelelwa kwezwe okulinganayo, ukukhetha okuqondile, kanye nemibuso emikhulu elingana nekamelo eliphansi. Amagumbi amaningi aphezulu kwamanye amazwe awanawo amelelo olulinganayo, anamagunya alinganiselwe, noma awakhethwanga ngokuqondile.

Imithombo Yokufunda Okwengeziwe NgeSigele

Izakhamuzi ezinesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe ngeSigele nokuhlala zinolwazi ngemisebenzi yaso, ziningi izinto ezitholakalayo.

Imithombo Kahulumeni Engokomthetho

Ingosi yeSigele engokomthetho e www.QUE.senate.gov inikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngesakhiwo seSigele, izinqubo, nemisebenzi. Le ndawo ihlanganisa ukulandelela, ulwazi lwekomiti, izikhawu zokwaziswa okuzwayo, ne-senator. I-Congregation Record, etholakala nge-Hulumeni Yokunyathelisa, inikeza imininingwane eningi yezesiteji ze-Stempri.

I-Library of Congress igcina i-Conrer.gov, enikeza izinhlelo eziseshwayo zomthetho, imibiko yamakomiti, nemibhalo yokuvota. Lendawo ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zilandele izikweletu ezithile, zibone ukuthi abasizi bazo bavote kanjani, futhi zifunde umbhalo womthetho ohlongozwayo.

Imicebo Yemfundo

ISigele i-Ofesi yomlando engokomlando weSigele, amasiko, nezinqubo. Izinhlangano zemfundo njenge-Congregational Research Service iveza imibiko ngezindaba zezimiso nezinqubo zomthetho, eziningi zazo ezitholakala obala. Izimo ezingekho kanye nokucabanga okukhulu kwezombangazwe kusakaza izinqubo zeSigele nezimpikiswano zemithetho.

Izinhlangano zezindaba zinikeza ukuhlanganiswa kwansuku zonke kwemisebenzi yeSigele, zinikeza ukuhlanganiswa okuthile okukhethekile kwezindawo ezihlangene.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukhona KweSigele

ISigele saseUnited States siseyinhlangano ebalulekile ekubuseni ngentando yeningi kwaseMelika, siphethe amandla aphawulekayo emithetho, ukumiswa, izivumelwano, nokwengamela igatsha eliphethe.

Ukuqonda lokho iSigele esikwenzayo kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ekubuseni kwentando yeningi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokuvota, ukuthintana namanxusa, ukulandela imisebenzi yeSishaya-mthetho, noma ukuhlanganyela ekulawuleni izigebengu, izakhamuzi ezinolwazi zingathonya izinqumo zeSigele futhi zigcine abasizi bazo benecala. Umsebenzi weSigele uthinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika, kusukela esimisweni sezomnotho kuya ekunakekeleni amalungelo empilo ezakhamuzi ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe.

Nakuba iSigele sibhekene nezinselele ezihlanganisa ukuhlukaniswa kwamazwe omhlaba ongeziwe, izimpikiswano ngemithetho nezimiso zaso, kanye nemibuzo mayelana nokumelelwa, siyaqhubeka sifeza imisebenzi yaso engokomthetho-mthetho yokukhipha imithetho, ukuhlola amandla aphakeme, nokumelela izithakazelo zikahulumeni esimisweni sikahulumeni. Njengoba ukubusa ngentando yeningi kwaseMelika kushintsha, ngokungangabazeki iSigele siyoqhubeka sivumelanisa nokusebenza kwayo njengoba silondoloza indima yaso njengengxenye ebalulekile yesimiso somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo sokuhlola nokulinganisela.

Kubantu bansuku zonke abafuna ukuqonda uhulumeni wabo, ukuqonda imisebenzi yeSigele, amandla, nezinqubo kubalulekile. Izinqumo zeSigele zibumba imithetho esiphila ngaphansi kwayo, izikhulu ezisikhonzayo, nezimiso ezithinta ukuphila kwethu kwansuku zonke. Ngokuhlala benolwazi ngomsebenzi weSigele nangokuhlanganyela nabasizi baso, izakhamuzi zingaqinisekisa ukuthi lenhlangano enamandla iyaqhubeka isabela kubantu esibakhonzayo futhi iqhubeke ifeza indima yaso ebalulekile ekulawuleni kwentando yeningi yaseMelika.