Isisekelo Senkululeko YaseMelika: Isizathu Sokuba Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Sikhona

ISigqi samalungelo abantu, esihlanganisa amalungelo okuqala ayishumi okulungisa inkululeko yabantu. Lokhu kwavunyelwa ngoDecember 15, 1791. Kuwumnyombo oyinhloko wokubusa kwaseMelika, kulinganisela ngokucacile amandla kahulumeni kahulumeni ohlangene ukuze avikele inkululeko yabantu. UMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala wanikeza isisekelo selungelo leRepublic entsha kodwa yangenazo isivikelo esiqondile senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Lokhu kwaba yiqophelo elikhulu lokuphikisana phakathi nempikiswano. UAnti-Federalist, kuhlanganise nezilinganiso ezinjengoPatric Henry noGeorge Mason, waphikisa ukuthi ngaphandle kwemvume yamalungelo abantu, uhulumeni ophethe amalungelo ezakhamuzini ngokungenakugwenywa. Ukuvikela amalungelo ezakhamuzini. Ukuvikela, ukuthenjiswa kwezimiso ezithenjiswe amalungelo ahlukene kuthenjiswe amalungelo. Lemibuso ehlukene ayivunyiwe, ekuqaleni, yathatha isilinganiso ekuholweni kwemigomo ehlukene, isilinganiso esiphansi esisukela ekukhishweni kwemisweni kwemigqanye, isilinganiso semiyalo yemiyalo yemiyalo yemiyalo yemibuso enguhulumeni, ingu - Virginia engu - Virginia neyayisekeni engu - Virginia kanye ne

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala: Inkululeko Eyisihlanu Ebalulekile

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala siyisisekelo sentando yeningi yaseMelika. Sivikela ikhono lezakhamuzi lokubamba, ukuveza, nokuxoxa ngezinkolelo zazo ngaphandle kokucubungula kukahulumeni. I-Conreg ngeke yenze umthetho ngokuphathelene nokumiswa kwenkolo, noma ukunqabela ukusetshenziswa kwayo ngokukhululekile; noma ukuvimbela inkululeko yokukhuluma, noma yokusakaza izindaba; noma ilungelo labantu lokuhlangana ngokuthula, nokunxusa uHulumeni ukuba alungise izikhalo.[

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Neyokubonakaliswa

Lesivikelo asidluli nje kuphela emazwini akhulunywa kodwa futhi nasemisebenzini engokomfanekiso, ukudweba, nokuxhumana nge-intanethi. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi uhulumeni unamandla alinganiselwe kakhulu okulawula okuqukethwe kwenkulumo esekelwe esigijimini sayo noma emibonweni yayo. Nakuba inkulumo ivikelekile, izigaba ezithile azivikelwa kakhulu, zisuka kumthetho owesivikelo, kuhlanganise nokubhebhebhethekiswa kobudlova, ukuhlanjalazwa, ukuhlanjalazwa, ukuhlanjalazwa, nokusongela kweqiniso. Izimiso zeSichibiyelo sokuqala zisebenza ngamandla agcwele kuyi-Internet; amathekupho ezokuxhumana angabantu aseyeyona indawo yomphakathi yanamuhla. Uhulumeni ngeke ujezise othile ngokuveza umbono ongathandekiyo, nakuba izinkampani ezizimele zingawenza ngendlela efanele, zidala izimpikiswano ezibalulekile mayelana nenkululeko yokukhuluma ngasese.

Inkululeko Yenkolo

Le nombolo ihlanganisa izivikelo ezimbili ezihlukene. Ukuqinisekisa u-Claus kuvimbela uhulumeni ekumiseni inkolo engokomthetho noma ukusekela inkolo eyodwa ngokungafanele kunenye. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasebenzisa uvivinyo oluhlukahlukene ukuze ihlole lezi ziphakamiso, kuhlanganise neLemon Ament of Lémon v. Kurtzman [10], okuthiwa ukuthi umthetho unenjongo yezwe, umphumela oyinhloko ongathuthukisiwe noma ukuvimbela inkolo, futhi ugwema ukugxatsha nenkolo. Intection Claus ivikela isithakazelo sokudla kwabantu sokukholeka kokholo lwabo ngaphandle kokuphikisa umthetho. Uma kuvela umthetho owena eqekelweni kwezenkolo. Izikhulu zikahulumeni zeze ifuna ukukhokhwaza okuqinile ngaphansi kukahulumeni ongathi owe. [FLT:]

Inkululeko Yezindaba

I-mahhala yezindaba isebenza njengendlela yokuqapha yomphakathi. Uhulumeni ngeke uhlole iphephandaba kusengaphambili, isimiso esaziwa ngokuthi ukuzithiba. Umshini uvikeleka lapho ubika izindaba zomphakathi, ngisho noma ukwaziswa kuphikisana noma kuphoxa izikhulu zomphakathi, njengoba kusungulwe kuNew York Times v. Sullivan (1964), okudinga izibalo zomphakathi ukufakazela ububi bangempela ezindabeni zokuhlanjalaza. Lokhu kudingekile ekubekeni izikhulu zikahulumeni isibopho sokuziphendulela nokuqinisekisa izikhulu zikahulumeni ezinolwazi.

Ilungelo Lokuhlangana Nesicelo

Izakhamuzi zinelungelo lokubuthana emaqenjini amaqembu alwa nokubhikisha, imibuthano, nemihlangano. Uhulumeni angabeka isikhathi esinengqondo, indawo, nezindlela zokuvimbela lemisebenzi, kodwa ngeke kuvimbele ukubhikisha okusekelwe esigijimini sakhe. Ilungelo lokucela livumela abantu ngabanye namaqembu ukuba bafune uhulumeni ukuze bashintshe indlela yokulungisa izikhalo, ithuluzi eliqondile lokuhlanganyela ngentando yeningi.

Ukuvikelwa Komuntu, Ikhaya, Nempahla: ISichibiyelo Sesibili, Sesithathu Nesesine

ISichibiyelo Sesibili: Ilungelo Lokuphatha Izikhali

Ukuchazwa kwalenguquko kuye kwashintsha kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva. A i-Militia elawulwa kahle, njengoba idingeka ekulondekeni koMbuso okhululekile, ilungelo labantu lokugcina nokuphatha Izikhali, ngeke iphikwe. E-Griteader of Columbia v. Helder [2001] [2001]] [iNkakhulu leNkantolo ephakeme iqinisekisa ukuthi iSiphendulo sesibili sivikela ilungelo lomuntu lokuba nento engaxhunyiwe ngenkonzo e-athomu, ngoba izinjongo ezingokomthetho zingokomthetho zikhona ngaphakathi ekhaya. Lokhu kunquma kwanwetshwa kuhulumeni nasezindaweni ezithile [FLD] [FD] [5] [5]

ISichibiyelo Sesithathu: Amasosha Aphethe Iqembu

Lokhu kulungisa akuvamile ukubekwa ezinkantolo zanamuhla, kodwa kumiswe isimiso esinamandla sokulawula ibutho lezempi, ngaphandle kwemvume yoMnikazi, noma ngesikhathi sempi, kodwa ngendlela efunwa umthetho. Lokhu kulungisa akuvamile ukubekwa ezinkantolo zanamuhla, kodwa kumiswa isimiso esiqinile sokulawula imicimbi yezomuntu siqu nesesizwe. INkantolo Ephakeme yabhekisela eSiphendulweni Sesithathu Grislold v. Connecticut[ njengengxenye yelungelo lezethu zomthetho ezivikela izakhamuzi ekungeneni emakhaya azo.

ISichibiyelo Sesine: Ukucwaninga Nokukhohlisa Okungenangqondo

[ Ilungelo labantu lokuphepha kubantu babo, izindlu, amaphepha, nemiphumela, ngokuphenywa okungacabangeli nokuquleka, ngeke kusonakaliswe, futhi ngokunokwenzeka, kodwa ngenxa yesizathu, lisekelwe yi-Oath noma imvume, futhi ikakhulukazi ukuchaza indawo okumelwe ihlolwe, futhi abantu noma izinto okumelwe zibanjwe. [[FLT:] [indlela] Lento edinga ukugcinwa komthetho ukuze kuthole isiqinisekiso esisekelwe entweni elindelekile noma impahla yabo. [[FLT:] [FLT]] ukuvikela [indlela engaphezulu], kudinga ukugcinwa komthetho okwenziwe ngayo imvume engekho emthethweni.[FLT] [egconf] i-'oct:M]. [Foct: [5] [19] [19] [19], ukuvimbela ubufakazi obusetshenziswa ngobuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa ngobuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa ngobuchwepheshe obusemthethweni obusetshenziswa ngobuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa ngocingo.[inxa-uhlu lomthetho, iqoqo lenani elingaphezulu lomthetho eligunya lenye lenkathi eligunya lohlelo lohlelo lomthetho.[F], iqoqo eligunya

Amalungelo Esimisweni Sobulungisa: ISichibiyelo Sesihlanu, Sesithupha, Sesikhombisa Nesesishiyagalombili

Lezi zinguquko zichaza amalungelo abantu abamangalelwa ngobugebengu noma abahilelekile ezingxabanweni ezingokomthetho.

Isichibiyelo Sesihlanu: Inqubo Efanele Nokuziphikisa

[[[FLT:] Akukho muntu ophoqelelwayo] ukuba aphendule ngenhloko- dolobha, noma ngenye indlela ubugebengu obudume kabi, ngaphandle kokuba kubekwe icala noma inqubo efanelekile yomthetho we-Grand Jury... futhi ngeke noma imuphi umuntu abekwe ngaphansi kwecala elifanayo ukuze abekwe engozini yokuphila noma isitho somzimba; futhi ngeke aphoqelelwe kunoma yisiphi isigebengu, noma kuphucwe ukuphila, noma kuncishwe ukuphila, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho; futhi ngeke kuthathwe noma kusetshenziswe impahla ethile ukuze kusetshenziswe umphakathi, ngaphandle kwenkokhe. [[[[FFFF:1]] IsiHlanu] inikeza isivikelo esihlukene. [impofu] impoqo yecala eliyikhona. [empela imposo yomthetho engokomthetho:] [FUFU.Nquluqulu] [e]

ISichibiyelo Sesithupha: Ilungelo Lokuqulwa Kwecala Okungagwegwesi

[[[FLT:] Kukho konke ukumangalelwa kobugebengu, omangalelwa ujabulela ilungelo lokuthola ukwahlulela okusheshayo nokukwamukelwa umphakathi, ngejaji elingakhethi loMbuso nangesifunda lapho ubugebengu buzakube senziwa khona... ukuze atshelwe ngemvelo nangesizathu salokhu kumangalelwa; abhekane nofakazi; abe nenqubo ephoqelelwe yokuthola ofakazi ekwamukeleni kwakhe, futhi abe ne-Aresethi yelukululeni lokuvikela. [[FLT:] [[F]] [F]] [10] umbango owesizwe uqinisekisa ukuvinjelwa okusheshayo, okuvimbela uhulumeni ukuba ubambe othile ngokungenacala.[FFFOLT].[19] Iqembu elingu mvume elisemthethweni.[19] [[19] [evoct]

ISichibiyelo Sesikhombisa: Ukuvivinywa Kombango

Ifashoni kumthetho ovamile, lapho inani lempikiswano lizodlula khona amaRandi angamashumi amabili, ilungelo lokuqulwa icala lizolondolozwa, futhi alikho iqiniso elizanywa yijaji, lingaphinde lihlolwe futhi kunoma yiliphi iGceke lase-United States, kunokuba ngokwemithetho yomthetho ovamile. Le mvume ilondoloza ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala enkantolo kahulumeni. Iqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo eziyiqiniso ezenziwa yijaji engxabazweni zombathano zihlonishwa izinkantolo ze-ambubhile.

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili: Unya Nesijeziso Esingavamile

[[[FLT: 0] Ibheyili ye-apply ayizukudingeka, noma izihlawulo ezibekwe ngokweqile, noma izijeziso ezinonya nezingavamile ezinikezwayo. Lokhu kulungisa kuhulumeni kuyawunqabela ukumisa izijeziso ezinzima ngokungafanele. [ [ibheyili-awumthetho] iqinisekisa ukuthi ibheyili ibekelwe ngokwesilinganiso esifanele ukubonakala kommangalelwa. [[FLT] [FLT] I-ETY] Imithetho elungile[FLT:], isetshenziswa ezivumelweni [imposiso].[FLT] isilinganiso esiphezulu semivukele, isilinganiso semivuvuzomthetho, ingeyentengomthetho wobugqiyo.[FLT] [FLT] [F]

Izinqumiso Zesi - 1000 Nezeshumi: Ukulinganisela Amandla Kahulumeni

Lezi zinguquko zikhuluma ngobukhulu bamandla kahulumeni namalungelo abantu nemibuso, zakha isisekelo somthetho - sisekelo sobuzwe.

ISichibiyelo Se - Ninth: Amalungelo Angenazibalo

Uhlelo oluseMthethweni, lwamalungelo athile, ngeke luthathwe njengokuphika noma ukuhlukanisa abanye abantu. Lokhu kulungisa kukhanya ukuthi uhlu lwamalungelo eSivumelwaneni samalungelo aluphelele. Abantu bagcina amalungelo angahlelwanga ngokuqondile, njengamalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu, ilungelo lokuhamba, nelungelo lokuzimela. Lesimiso siye sasetshenziselwa ukusekela ukuqaphela amalungelo okungase kungalindelwe ngokuqondile.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi: Amandla Agcinelwe Elase - United States

Amandla angawaphathi i-United States ngoMthetho-sisekelo, noma enqatshelwe yiwo e-United States, agcinelwe i-Estates ngokulandelana, noma abantu. Lenguquko ichaza isimo sombuso waseMelika. Iqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni wezwe unawo lawomandla anikezwa wona ngokuqondile nguMthetho-sisekelo. Yonke eminye imibuso, njengamandla okwakha imithetho ephathelene nemfundo, umshado, nokuphepha komphakathi, igcinelwe ezimisweni.

Indlela Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Esiwasebenzisa Ngayo Namuhla

I-Bill of Rights ekuqaleni yayiyi-sehlo egunya likahulumeni kuphela. NgeSichibiyelo se-14 seSimemezelo i-Access Claus, sagunyazwa ngo-1868, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yasebenzisa iningi leSigqi Samalungelo Amalungelo kahulumeni futhi yasebenzisa ohulumeni bendawo ngenqubo yokuhlanganisa. Lokhu kusho amalungelo ezakhamuzi eCalifornia, eTexas, noma eNew York ngokuyinhloko afanayo ngokuphathelene nalesivikelo esiyisisekelo. Ngaphandle kokuhlanganisa i-Cregister Procesclementation Claus, umbuso ungamisa inkolo, ubeke imingcele yenkulumo, noma ulwe icala ngaphandle kwejaji. Ukuqonda i-Bill of Rightsismstion kubalulekile ezakhamuzini zonke. Inika abantu iziqondiso ezingeni lokuqala. Inikeza iziqondiso ezingenisweni zokuqala. Inikeza abantu ngabanye izikhululweni zabo zomphakathi ukuba baphendule, futhi bazivikele ekungabini kobulungisa. Ilungelo ngokuvamile lisekuncintinyeniswa njalo kwezinye izinkantolo.

Imithombo Yemfundo Eqhubekayo

Ukuze ujulise ukuqonda kwakho iBhili yamaLungelo nokusebenza kwawo eUnited States, lemithombo elandelayo inikeza ukwaziswa okunegunya, okujulile.

  • [[INTLA] Ishadi Lokukhululeka: IBhili Yamalungelo – IZinqolobane zesizwe zinikeza umbhalo ogcwele weBill of Rights kanye nomongo womlando nezithombe zemibhalo yokuqala.
  • [[NTL:0] Isikhungo solwazi lomthetho: iBill of Rights Incwayer[[FLT]] - Isiqondiso esibanzi, esiqokonyisiwe seBhill of Rights, kuhlanganise nokufushaniswa kwamacala abalulekile eNkantolo Ephakeme.
  • Iprojekthi ye-Oyez – Umkhondo wemimeseva weNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States, eveza amacala angabonakali, izimpikiswano zomlomo, nemibono ehlobene neBill of Rights.
  • American Liberties Union (ACLU) – i-ACLU ihlanganyela ekuhlawuliseni nasekuhloniseni ukuvikela amalungelo nenkululeko eqinisekiswe yi-Bill of Rights.