Table of Contents

Ukuqonda indlela izinkantolo ezichaza ngayo uMthetho-sisekelo kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni isimiso somthetho waseMelika nendlela amalungelo akho avikelwe ngayo. Ukuchazwa komthetho-mthetho kuhlela yonke into kusukela enkululekoni yokukhuluma kuya emalungelweni okuvota, ukwahlulela kobugebengu kuya enqubweni yokunakekela impilo. Njengezakhamuzi, ukwazi izimiso eziqondisa ukwenza izinqumo zokwahlulela kukunika amandla okuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo ngokwengeziwe ezimpikiswaneni ezingokomthetho nezezombangazwe, ukuqonda izinqumo zenkantolo ezithinta ukuphila kwakho kwansuku zonke, futhi uhlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo eziminyeni zentando yeningi.

UMthetho-sisekelo usebenza njengomthetho ophakeme we-United States, kodwa ukusebenza kwawo ezimweni zanamuhla kudinga ukuchazwa. Izinkantolo, ikakhulukazi iNkantolo Ephakeme, zifeza indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni ukuthi yimaphi amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo nokuthi asebenza kanjani emacaleni athile. Le misebenzi yokuchaza inemiphumela ejulile emalungelweni omuntu ngamunye, imibuso kahulumeni, kanye nokulinganisela phakathi kwegunya likahulumeni nombuso.

Isisekelo Sokubukeza Kokwahlulela

Ngaphambi kokuhlola indlela izinkantolo ezichaza ngayo uMthetho-sisekelo, kubalulekile ukuqonda amandla awenza akwazi ukwenza kanjalo. Ukubukeza ukwahlulela. "Igunya lezinkantolo" lokunquma ukuthi imithetho nezenzo zikahulumeni ziyavumelana yini noMthetho-sisekelo /) liguqula itshe eliqinile lokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo e-United States. Nakuba lingashiwonga ngokuqondile eMthethweni ngokwawo, lo mbuso usuyinxenye eyinhloko yesimiso somthetho-mthetho waseMelika.

Indaba ephawulekayo ka-1803 ewumthetho noMarbury v. Madison yamisa isimiso sokuhlola kokwahlulela, inikeza izinkantolo igunya lokushaya imithetho ephikisana noMthetho-sisekelo. Lesi sinqumo saguqula indima yejaji kuhulumeni waseMelika, sidala isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela lapho izinkantolo zingahlola khona izenzo zezemithetho namagatsha aphethe. Ukuqonda leli gunya kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukuthi kungani ukuchaza izindaba zokwahlulela eziningi kangaka kangaka, amajaji angasebenzisi umthetho ngendlela esemthethweni; anquma ukuthi umthetho usho ukuthini nokuthi ezinye izenzo zikahulumeni zivumelana yini nezimfuneko zomthetho.

Ukuhlola kokwahlulela kudinga izinkantolo ukuchaza umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo, ngokuvamile oqukethe ulimi olubanzi okumelwe lusetshenziswe ezimweni ezithile. Amagama afana "ngenqubo engaphambili," "isivikelo esilinganayo," "inkululeko yokukhuluma," kanye "ukuphenya okungenangqondo" kudinga ukuchazwa ukuze kutholakale ukusebenza kwazo. Lokhu kudinga ukuchazwa kuye kwaholela ekuthuthukiseni izindlela ezihlukahlukene abahluleli abazisebenzisayo lapho benquma izindaba zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo.

Ukufinyelela Okukhulu Ekuchazeni Umthetho - sisekelo

Izinkantolo zisebenzisa izindlela eziningana ezihlukene lapho zichaza uMthetho - sisekelo, ngamunye unesisekelo sawo sefilosofi kanye nezici eziwusizo. Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde izinqumo zokwahlulela kanye nokucabanga okuzisekelayo.

Ukuqamba: Ukubheka Esikhathini Esidlule

Ubufandamentali buyinkolelo - mbono engokomthetho e - United States esekela ukuchazwa kombhalo ngokomthetho - sisekelo, kwezokwahlulela, nokuvumelana nomthetho ngesikhathi sokuwuthola. Le ndlela iye yaba nethonya emashumini eminyaka amuva futhi imelela isizinda esiphawulekayo sokucabanga ngencazelo yomthetho - sisekelo.

Abasunguli bezincwadi zomthetho-sisekelo bakholelwa ukuthi umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo kufanele unikezwe incazelo yomphakathi yokuqala ukuthi wawuyoba khona ngesikhathi sokuba ube umthetho. Kunokuba uvumele incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ishintshe isimo somphakathi esishintshayo, izazi zokuqala ziphikisa ngokuthi amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo anezincazelo ezimisiwe lapho zigunyaziwe.

Incazelo yokuqala yemibhalo yomthetho-sisekelo ingaqondwa ngezichazamazwi, izincwadi zohlelo, nakwamanye amaphepha omthetho okuthi umbhalo uboleke kuwo. Ingathathwa futhi ezingxabanweni zomthetho eziyisisekelo kanye nempikiswano yomphakathi eyabangela ilungiselelo lomthetho ngokomthetho. Lendlela idinga abahluleli ukuba bacwaninge ngomlando ukuze baqonde ukuthi ulimi lwalusetshenziswa futhi luqondwa kanjani phakathi nesikhathi esifanelekile.

Kukho ukuhlukanisa okukhulu. Imfundiso yokuqala yabasunguli yagxila "enhloso"""""" ukuthi abafaki be-flamers babehloseniphisani lapho bebhala izinhlelo zomthetho-sisekelo. Nokho, lendlela yabhekana nobunzima bokunquma izinhloso zabantu abaningi kusukela emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka adlule. Ukuqala kwanamuhla kuye kwashintshelwa kakhulu "etathwini lakuqala," eligxile ekutheni umuntu onengqondo ngesikhathi sokuthola isisekelo wayewuqonda kanjani umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo.

Phakathi nenkathi kaMahluleli uAntonin Scalia eneminyaka ecishe ibe ngamashumi amathathu e-Anthoria eNkantolo Ephakeme, yena nezazi eziningana ezivelele bachaza ukuthi, njengabasunguli bezincwadi zokuqala, babezimisele ukufuna ukuqonda incazelo yasekuqaleni yomthetho-sisekelo. Lendlela ibheka incazelo ecacile yombhalo woMthetho-sisekelo njengoba wawungaqondwa umphakathi wonke, noma umuntu onengqondo, owayephila ngesikhathi uMthetho-sisekelo uvunyelwe. UMahluleli Scalia waba omunye wabameleli abavelele kakhulu kulendlela yokuchaza.

Abasekeli bobuProfethi bokuqala banikeza izaba eziningana zalendlela. Abasekeli bobuKhomanisi bokuqala baphikisa futhi ngokuthi ukufinyelela imingcele yemithetho yokwahlulela, kuvimbela abahluleli ekunqumeni amacala ngokuvumelana nemibono yabo siqu yezombangazwe. Ngokusekela incazelo ngomlando, abasekeli benkathi yokuqala baphikisa ngokuthi amajaji acindezelwa ubufakazi obungenazinhloso kunokuba athande izinto ezithandwa yibo siqu. Lokhu baphikisa ukuthi, bakhuthaza izindinganiso zentando yeningi ngokuhlonipha ukukhetha okwenziwa abantu abamukela amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo kunokuba bavumele abahluleli abamiswe ukuba babeke izindinganiso zabo siqu.

Abagxeki bobuProfethi baqala baphakamisa ukukhathazeka okuningi. Baphikisa ngokuthi u-ronalism uyindlela eqinile, enephutha yokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo, bephikisa ngokuthi abantu besikhathi soMthetho-sisekelo babengaziqondi ezinye zezimo ezaziyovela ezikhathini zanamuhla. Baphinde baphikise ngokuthi ukuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo osekelwe encazelweni yokuqala kungase kuhluleke ukuvikela amalungelo amancane ngoba abesifazane namalungu ambalwa ayengenamalungelo afanayo ngesikhathi sokuFundwa (noma ukudunyiswa kweZindululo zeMpi Yomphakathi) njengoba kunjalo namuhla. Laba bagxeki bayabuza ukuthi izincazelo ezisekelwe ekhulwini le-18 noma le-19 zingakhuluma kahle ngezinselele ezifana nezingasese ze-atho zonyaka engu-21 noma 21 kuya-19, ubuchwepheshe bokuzala, noma izikhali zanamuhla.

Ukubhala NgemiBhalo: Ukugxila Emazwini

I-textalism iyindlela yokuchaza egxila encazelweni ecacile yombhalo wencwadi engokomthetho. Nakuba ihlobene kakhulu nokubhalwa kombhalo, ukubhalwa kwemibhalo kugxile kakhulu futhi kusebenzisa izindlela ezenza ukuba ifaneleke ngokwehlukana.

I-textumism ivame ukugcizelela indlela amagama asemthethweni aqondwa ngayo ngabantu ngesikhathi egunyazwa, kanye nomongo avela ngawo lawo magama. Ababhula ngemibhalo ngokuvamile bakholelwa ukuthi kunencazelo enenjongo yombhalo, futhi abafuni imibuzo ngokuphathelene nenhloso yabadwebi, abathathi-zincwadi, noma abalungisi boMthetho-sisekelo kanye nezinguquko zawo lapho zithola incazelo embhalweni. Lokhu kuveza indlela yokubhala ngokwezimo zakuqala zobuProfethi be-fastom.

Umehluko phakathi kwazo ungowokusebenza, hhayi wefilosofi: UbuShona bubhekisela ngokuqondile ekuchazeni uMthetho - sisekelo osekelwe encazelweni yamazwi aphathwa ngesikhathi sokubhala, kuyilapho ukubhalwa kwemibhalo kubhekisela ekuchazeni yonke imibhalo engokomthetho ngencazelo evamile yombhalo, ibekela eceleni izici hhayi embhalweni ngokwawo. Imibhalo ingasetshenziswa ezimisweni, ezimisweni, nakweminye imibhalo engokomthetho, kuyilapho ubuShulumende bukhuluma ngokuqondile ngencazelo yomthetho - sisekelo.

Izazi ze-Texts ziphikisa ngokuthi indlela yabo yokubhala ikhuthaza ukubikezela nokunqanda ukuhlelwa komthetho. Baphikisa ngokuthi ukubhalwa kwemibhalo kuvimbela abahluleli ekunqumeni izindaba ngokwazo ngokuvumelana nemibono yabo yezimiso, kuholela ekubikezeleni okwengeziwe ekwahlulelweni. Abasekeli baphikisa futhi ukuthi ukubhalwa kwemibhalo kukhuthaza izindinganiso zentando yeningi ngoba kunamathela emazwini oMthetho-sisekelo abantu abawamukelayo ngokuphambene nalokho amaJaji acabanga noma akukholelwayo. Ngokugxila emyalebeni ngokwayo emhlabeni ngokwayo, kunokugxila emithonjeni engaphandle njengomlando wezomthetho noma iziqondiso, abaxhasi bemibhalo basekela ukuthi ukuchazwa okusekelwe kulokho okubekwe ekwasemthethweni.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukubhalwa kwemibhalo akufani nokuqina kokwakha, okuchaza umbhalo ongokomthetho ngendlela engokoqobo kakhulu. UMahluleli Scalia, umbhali ovelele wemibhalo, wakwenqaba ngokuqondile ukwakhiwa kwemibhalo, ephikisa ngokuthi imibhalo kufanele ithathwe ngokunengqondo ukuze iqukethe konke eqonde kahle, ingahunyushwa ngokuthatha i-sphracy ewubala umongo nokusetshenziswa okuvamile.

Umthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo: Ukuzivumelanisa Noshintsho

Umthetho-sisekelo ophilayo, noma i-pregmatism yokwahlulela, umbono wokuthi umthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. unencazelo enamandla ngisho noma umbhalo ungalungiswanga ngokomthetho. Abasekeli babheka umthetho-sisekelo njengowakheka kanye nezidingo zomphakathi futhi unikeze ithuluzi elithambile kakhulu kohulumeni. Lendlela iphambene ngokuqondile nezindlela zobuProfethi bokuqala.

Inkolelo-mthetho-sisekelo ephilayo isekelwe ezimpikiswaneni eziningana eziyinhloko. Umbono we-pragmat uphikisa ngokuthi ukuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo ngokuvumelana nencazelo yawo yokuqala ngezinye izikhathi akumukeleki njengendaba yenqubo futhi ngakho incazelo eshintshayo idingekile. Okwesibili, uma kuhlobana nenhloso, uphikisa ukuthi abahleli bomthetho-sisekelo babhala ngokuqondile uMthetho-sisekelo ngamazwi amakhulu futhi avumelanayo ukuze bakhe umbhalo onamandla, "ophilayo". Abasekeli baphikisa ukuthi abasebenzisi be-freafture basebenzisa ulimi olubanzi ngamabomu ukuze bavumele izizukulwane ukuba zivumelane nezimiso zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo zishintshe izimo.

Izazi zomthetho-sisekelo eziphila ngokusemthethweni zigcizelela ukuthi izwe liye lashintsha kakhulu kusukela kwabhalwa uMthetho-sisekelo. Ubuchwepheshe, izakhiwo zezenhlalo, ubudlelwane bomhlaba wonke nezinye izici eziningi zokuphila ziye zavela ngezindlela abakhiqizi bemithetho yokusebenza kwezakhiwo abangenakuzilindela. UMthetho-sisekelo obhalwe ngesikhathi semisuka nezincwadi ezibhalwe ngesandla, baphikisa ngokuthi, kumelwe kuchazwe ngokucacile ukuchazwa kwezindaba eziyimfihlo ze-inthanethi, izikhali zenuzi, kanye nobuchwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe banamuhla.

Uma kusetshenziswa, indlela ephilayo yoMthetho-sisekelo ngokuvamile incike kakhulu ezimisweni zomphakathi ezilandelanayo. Izinkantolo azibheki nje kuphela embhalweni womthetho-sisekelo kodwa futhi nendlela izinkantolo zangaphambili eziwuchaza ngayo, lokho umphakathi wanamuhla okubheka njengokunengqondo, nendlela izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezingasiza ngayo kangcono izidingo zamanje. Lendlela yokusebenza ivumela umthetho womthetho ukuba ukhule ngezinqumo zokwahlulela kunokuba ifune ukulungisa okungokomthetho kukho konke ukuvumelana nazo.

Abagxeki boMthetho-sisekelo ophilayo baphakamisa ukukhathazeka okukhulu. Abaphikisi ngokuvamile baphikisa ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo kufanele ushintshwe inqubo yokulungisa ngenxa yokuvumela amajaji ukuba ashintshe incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo wentando yeningi. Okunye ukuphikisa ngokumelene noMthetho-sisekelo ophilayo ukuthi isenzo somthetho womthetho, kunokuba kube izinqumo zokwahlulela, simelela kangcono intando yabantu baseUnited States eRopublic esemthethweni, ngoba ukhetho lwezikhathi ezithile luvumela abantu ukuba bavote ukuthi ubani ozobamelela eUnited States Congress, futhi amalungu eKhonsele (in profectionssion) athathele imibono yama-maclations. Laba bagxeki baphikisa ukuthi abahluleli abamiswayo ngezikhathi zokuphila akunagunyaza ukuba baphinde babhale umthetho osekelwe emibonweni yabo siqu.

Impikiswano phakathi kobu quatrinist nomthetho-sisekelo ophilayo imelela enye yezigaba eziyisisekelo kakhulu emcabangweni ongokomthetho waseMelika. Abaqondisi bokuqala baphikisa ngokuthi incazelo yombhalo womthetho-sisekelo imisiwe futhi kufanele ibophe abadlali bomthetho-sisekelo. Abahleli bomthetho-sisekelo baphikisa ukuthi umthetho womthetho-sisekelo ungavumelana futhi kufanele uphendukele ekuphenduleni izimo ezishintshayo nezindinganiso. Lengxoxo ayifani nje kuphela nezingxoxo zemfundo kodwa futhi ihlela nokwenza kokwahlulela kwangempela okuthinta izigidi zamaMelika.

Indima Yokuchaza Ubuciko Ezomthetho - sisekelo

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imahluleli ukhetha yiphi ifilosofi evumelana nayo, isibonelo sifeza indima ebalulekile ekwenzeni izinqumo zomthetho-sisekelo. Imfundiso yokugqolozela idecisis .Slatini ye-"lokuma ngezinto ezinqunyiwe" isekela ukuthi izinkantolo ngokuvamile kufanele zilandele izinqumo zokwahlulela zangaphambili lapho zinquma amacala ahilela amaqiniso afanayo nezimpikiswano ezingokomthetho. Lesimiso sinikeza ukuzinza nokubikezela kwesimiso somthetho.

I-Precegent isebenza ngokwehlukile emazingeni ahlukahlukene esimiso senkantolo. Izinkantolo eziphansi ngokuvamile zibophelelekile ukulandela izinqumo ezivela ezinkantolo eziphakeme eziphethe. Ngokwesibonelo, izinkantolo zesifunda zikahulumeni kumelwe zilandele izenzakalo ezimiswe yinkantolo yazo yesifunda nayiNkantolo Ephakeme. Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme ngokwayo, ayiboshelwe ngokuqinile ngezinqumo zayo siqu zangaphambili, nakuba zilandela ngenxa yokuhlonipha ukuqina nokwehluka komthetho.

Ukuncika kwesibonelo kwakha indikimba yomthetho-sisekelo oqala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kunokuba icala ngalinye linqunywe ngokusekelwe embhalweni womthetho-sisekelo kuphela, abahluleli bacabangela indlela izinkantolo zangaphambili eziwachaze ngayo futhi ziwasebenzise ngayo amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kwenza imfundiso ewujuqu engokomthetho enikeza isiqondiso emacaleni azayo.

Nokho, isibonelo asisona esiphelele. Izinkantolo zingazigumbuqela futhi zigumbuqele izinqumo zangaphambili lapho ziphetha lezo zinqumo ngokungalungile noma lapho izimo sezishintshe ngokwanele ukuba zivumelane nokucatshangelwa kabusha. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaziguqula ezayo izicathulo ezicatshangelwe yingqophamlando kuwo wonke umlando, kusukela kuBrown v. Ibhodi yemfundo igumbuqela uPlesty v.'s Ferguson's "Imfundiso elinganayo kodwa esekelwe ezinqumweni zamuva kakhulu eziphinde zamiswa ngomthetho - sisekelo.

Ukungezwani phakathi kokuhlonipha isibonelo nokulungisa amaphutha abonakala enziwa kudala izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo. Ngezinye izikhathi abakholelwa ekuziqulweni kwakuqala baphikisa ngokuthi izenzakalo ezinqunyiwe kufanele ziphendulwe ukuze kubuyiselwe incazelo yasekuqaleni yoMthetho-sisekelo, ngisho noma sekungamashumi eminyaka. Abahleli bemithetho-sisekelo bangase baphikise ngokuguqula izinqubo ezingasahambelani nezindinganiso zanamuhla noma ezingasasebenzi. Zombili izindlela ziqaphela ukuthi leso sibonelo, nakuba kubalulekile, ngeke zibophelele kuzo zonke izimo.

Ukuthatha Icala Kokwahlulela Kuqhathaniswa Nemingcele Yokwahlulela

Esinye isici esibalulekile sokuqonda incazelo yokwahlulela sihilela imiqondo yokuthatha izahlulelo nokunqanda ukwahlulela.Lamazwi achaza amafilosofi ahlukahlukene ngendima efanele yezinkantolo esimisweni sikahulumeni nokuthi izinkantolo kufanele ziwasebenzise ngonya kangakanani amandla azo okuhlaziya ukwahlulela.

Ukuqonda Ukubekwa Kwemithetho Yokwahlulela

Ukuvinjelwa kokwahlulela kuyifilosofi yokuthi izinkantolo kufanele zilalele izinqumo zamagatsha kahulumeni akhethiwe noma nini lapho kungenzeka. Abahluleli abazimisele ukuvimbela bayanqikaza ukuqeda imithetho noma izenzo zikahulumeni ngaphandle kokuba kubekwe umthetho ocacile. Bakholelwa ukuthi embusweni wentando yeningi, izinqumo zezimiso ngokuvamile kufanele zenziwe ngabameleli abakhethiwe abanecala kubavoti, hhayi ngabahluleli abamisiwe ukuphila kwabo konke.

Abasekeli bemithetho yokwahlulela baphikisa ngokuthi ihlonipha izinqubo zentando yeningi nokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso. Uma izinkantolo zilalela izahlulelo zemithetho nezikhulu, zivumela amagatsha ezombangazwe ukuba asebenze ngendlela ehloselwe. Lendlela iyaqaphela futhi ukuthi abahluleli bangase bangabi nobuchwepheshe ezimisweni eziyinkimbinkimbi nokuthi ukuqapha kwentando yeningi ngokuvamile kuveza imiphumela engcono kunesinqumo sokwahlulela.

Ukunqanda ukwahlulela akusho ukuba izinkantolo zingayishayi imithetho noma izenzo zikahulumeni. Kunalokho, kusho ukuthi zikwenza kuphela lapho ukwephulwa komthetho-mthetho kucacile futhi lapho kungekho ncazelo enengqondo evumela isinyathelo esibekelwe inselele ukuba sime. Abahluleli ababambelwe umthetho ngokuvamile basebenzisa iziphakamiso ezivumelana nomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, bedinga ubufakazi obuqinile ngaphambi kokungagunyazi imithetho emiswe ngedemokhrasi.

Ukuqonda Ukuthatha Icala Ekwahluleleni

Izenzo zokwahlulela zichaza indima eqinile yezinkantolo ekubukezeni izenzo zikahulumeni nasekuvikeleni amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo. Abahluleli abasekela umthetho bazimisele ngokwengeziwe ukushaya imithetho nezenzo zikahulumeni abakholelwa ukuthi baphula izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo, ngisho nalapho ukuphulwa okunjalo kungase kungabi sobala noma lapho ukwenza kanjalo kudinga izinkantolo ukuba zenze izahlulelo eziyisisekelo.

Igama elithi "isenzo somthetho sokulwa" livame ukusetshenziswa ngokungemthetho, kodwa lingachaza imisebenzi yokwahlulela engokomthetho. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ngezinye izikhathi kumelwe benze ngokuwujuqu ukuze kuvikelwe amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo, ikakhulukazi amaqembu amancane angase antula amandla ezombangazwe ukuze azivikele ngenqubo yentando yeningi. Baphikisa ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ubeka imingcele yangempela emandleni kahulumeni, futhi izinkantolo ziyahluleka emsebenzini wabo uma zidebeselela ezenzweni zokungahloniphi ngokomthetho ngenxa nje yokuthi zibekwe ngedemokrasi.

Izenzo zokwahlulela zingabonakala ezindaweni ezihlukene zemibono. Amajaji akhululekile nanamasu aye abekwa icala lokuthatha isinyathelo lapho eshaya imithetho noma emisa izimfundiso ezintsha zomthetho-sisekelo. Okubalulekile ngokuthi "izenzo" ngokuvamile kuxhomeke embonweni womuntu," iziphebezi ezibonakala ziwumthetho ngokomthetho ofanele kwabanye zibonakala ziwukuphamba abanye.

Isigaba se-produkstism-trammentationsms udiffant kodwa ihlukile ezindleleni zokuchaza njengesiqalo sobukhoma kanye nomthetho-sisekelo ophilayo. Umahluleli wokuqala angathatha inyathelo ngokushaya imithetho ephikisana nencazelo yokuqala yomthetho-sisekelo, kuyilapho umsunguli womthetho-sisekelo ophilayo engase asebenzise ukuzibamba ngokubhekisa ezahlulelweni zentando yeningi zamanje. Ubuhlobo phakathi kwefilosofi echazayo nendima yokwahlulela buyinkimbinkimbi futhi abunakuchazwa njalo.

Izici Ezithonya Ukwenziwa Kwesinqumo Sokwahlulela

Nakuba izindlela zokuchaza izindlela zinikeza izisekelo zokwenza izinqumo zomthetho - sisekelo, ezinye izici eziningi zithonya indlela amajaji anquma ngayo amacala. Ukuqonda la mathonya kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zilindele izinto ezingokoqobo ngokuziphatha kokwahlulela nangemiphumela.

Ifilosofi Yasemthethweni Nesizinda

Ijaji ngalinye liletha ifilosofi engokomthetho ehlukile eklanywe ngemfundo, ulwazi, nezibopho zobuchwepheshe. Abanye abahluleli baqeqeshelwa ezikoleni ezichazayo, kuyilapho abanye besungula izindlela zokudweba ezisekelwe ezindleleni eziningi. Isizinda somahluleli (hhayi-"esthreamript, ummeli, ummeli wenkampani, noma ulwazi lwezezomthetho) sithonya indlela ababheka ngayo imibuzo yomthetho-mfunda-mthetho kanye nokucabangela abakubheka njengokunethonya kakhulu.

Ifilosofi yokwahlulela ivame ukuvumelana kodwa ayifani nemibono yezombangazwe. Nakuba abahluleli abamiswe ngomongameli baseRepublic bethambekele ekubeni abathatha imingcele futhi labo abamiswe ngomongameli weDemocratic bathambekele ekubeni abakhululeki kakhulu, abahluleli ngabanye ngokuvamile abafuni ukuhlukanisa kalula. Ukucabanga kwabo okungokomthetho kungase kubaholele eziphethweni ezingahambisani kahle nemibono yezombangazwe.

Izici Eziphawulekayo

Amaqiniso aqondile nezimpikiswano ezingokomthetho ezinikezwa ecaleni ngalinye zithonya kakhulu izinqumo zokwahlulela. Imibuzo yomthetho-mthetho ayivamile ukuvela ngendlela engaqondakali; ivela ezimweni ezithile ezingokoqobo ezihilela abantu abangokoqobo nezimo ezingokoqobo. Indlela indaba ehlelwa ngayo, ukuthi buyini ubufakazi obunikezwayo, nokuthi yiziphi izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho ezenza wonke umphumela.

Izinga lezindaba zomthetho ezigunyazwe kahle kakhulu. Izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho eziqiniswe kahle ezisekelwe ngokucwaninga okucophelelayo zinganxenxa amajaji, kuyilapho amacala angacacisi kahle angahluleka ngisho nalapho ephakamisa izikhalo ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho. Ukubekwa kwesimiso somthetho waseMelika kusho ukuthi amajaji anquma ngokuyisisekelo ngokusekelwe ezimpikiswaneni nasebufakazini obukhona, hhayi ekucwaningeni ngokuzimele kuyo yonke inkolelo engokomthetho engenzeka.

Ukucatshangelwa Kwezinhlangano

Izinkantolo zisebenza phakathi kwezithiyo ezithinta ukwenza kwabo izinqumo. Abahluleli kumelwe bacabangele ukuthi izinqumo zabo zingakwenziwa ngokuphumelelayo yini, ukuthi ziyothinta kanjani ukwethenjwa kwenkantolo nomphakathi, nokuthi zisebenzelana kanjani nezinqumo ezithathwa amanye amagatsha kahulumeni. Lokhu kucabangela okusebenzayo ngezinye izikhathi kuthonya ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo.

INkantolo Ephakeme, ikakhulukazi, kumelwe icabangele indima yayo esimisweni sikahulumeni esibanzi. INkantolo ayinawo amandla okuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho, kuxhomeke ekubambisana kwegatsha eliphethe ukuze kufezekiswe izinqumo zayo futhi kwamukelwe umphakathi ukuba ulondoloze igunya layo. Leliqiniso lingathonya indlela iNkantolo ehlola ngayo ngokunamandla futhi ivumela ngayo izincazelo zayo zomthetho - sisekelo.

Isimo Sezenhlalo Nesezombangazwe

Nakuba abahluleli belwela ukungakhethi, abasebenzi ezinhlanganweni zezenhlalo, izimpikiswano zezombangazwe, nezinguquko zempucuko zingathonya ukuchazwa komthetho - sisekelo, ngezinye izikhathi ngokuqaphela nangendlela engabonakali. Izinguquko ezinkulu ezisemithethweni yemfundiso ngokuvamile zihambisana nezinguquko ezinkulu zezenhlalo, nakuba ubuhlobo bomphakathi buyinkimbinkimbi.

Umbono womphakathi awuzilawuli ngokuqondile izinqumo zokwahlulela, futhi amajaji avikelekile ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe ngenxa yokuphila kanye nesivikelo seholo. Nokho, abahluleli bangamalungu omphakathi afunda amaphephandaba, asebenzelana nemiphakathi yawo, futhi ayazi izimpikiswano ezinkulu zezenhlalo. Lokhu kungazithonya indlela eziqonda ngayo izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo kanye nokusebenza kwazo ezimweni zanamuhla.

Indlela Ukuchaza Umthetho - sisekelo Okuwathinta Ngayo Amalungelo Ezakhamuzi

Indlela izinkantolo ezichaza ngayo uMthetho - sisekelo ezinquma ngayo izinga lesivikelo sokukhuluma, imingcele yokuhlola nokuquleka kukahulumeni, izimfuneko zokuqulwa kwezigebengu ngokungakhethi nezinye izici eziningi zokuphila kwansuku zonke.

Inkululeko Yokuchithwa Kokuqala

Izinkantolo kumelwe zinqume ukuthi yini ebaluleke njengenkulumo evikelekile, lapho uhulumeni engabeka khona imingcele, nokuthi angalinganisela kanjani ukuveza izinkulumo ngokukhululekile kwezinye izinto ezibalulekile njengokulondeka kwesizwe noma ukuvimbela ukulimala.

Izindlela zokuchaza ezihlukene zingaholela emiphumeleni ehlukene. Umsunguli wezokuqala angabuza ukuthi isizukulwane esisungulile sasiyiqonda kanjani "inkululeko yokukhuluma" nokuthi iziqondiso ezithile zesimanje zazingabhekwa njengezivumelekile ngo-1791. Umsunguli womthetho-mthetho ophilayo angacabangela indlela izimiso zokukhuluma ezikhululekile okufanele zisebenze ngayo kubuchwepheshe obufana ne-Internet obungakholi lapho iSichibiyelo Sokuqala sigunyazwa. Lezi zinqubo ezihlukene zingaveza izimpendulo ezihlukene ngemikhankaso yezezimali, inkulumo ye-inthanethi, noma imingcele emelene nokusetshenziswa kwenkulumo egxekayo.

Ubulungisa Bobugebengu Buvikela

ISichibiyelo sesine esinqabela "ukuphenya okungenangqondo nokuquleka," isivikelo seSichibiyelo sesihlanu ekuzixabaniseni, nesiqinisekiso seseluleko seSihlanu konke kudinga ukuchazwa kwendlela esebenzayo yokusebenza. Izinkantolo kumelwe zinqume uma amaphoyisa edinga imvume, ukuthi iziphi izindlela zokuphenya ezivunyelwe, nokuthi yikuphi ukunikeza usizo oluphumelelayo lweseluleko.

Lezi zincazelo zithinta ngokuqondile indlela umthetho osebenza ngayo nokuthi abantu bavikela kanjani lapho bemangalelwa ngobugebengu. Ukuchazwa ngokuxosha ngenqubo yobugebengu kunikeza izikhuselo ezinkulu kuhulumeni ezivikelayo eziphambanayo kodwa kungase kwenze ukugcinwa komthetho kube nzima ngokwengeziwe. Izincazelo ezilula zinikeza amaphoyisa ukuvumelana nezimo kodwa zinikeza isivikelo esincane kakhulu ukuze umuntu athole inkululeko.

Isivikelo Esilinganayo Namalungelo Omphakathi

Isiqinisekiso seSichibiyelo seshumi nane se- "isivikelo esilinganayo semithetho" siye sachazwa njengokwenqabela izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zobandlululo futhi sifuna ukuba uhulumeni aphathe abantu abasendaweni efanayo. Indlela izinkantolo ezichaza ngayo leli lungiselelo enquma ukuthi iziphi izahlulo ezingasetshenziswa uhulumeni, ukuthi iziphi iziqinisekiso ezidingekayo ekulashweni ngokwezindlela ezihlukene, futhi yiziphi izikhambi ezikhona zokucwasa.

Incazelo yomthetho-mthetho kulendawo iye yaqala kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Izincazelo zokuqala zavumela ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga; izincazelo zamuva zakwenqabela. Izinkantolo ziye zalwa nendlela isivikelo esilingana ngayo ekukhetheni ubulili, ubandlululo olusekelwe ekufuneni ubulili, nezinye izigaba. Lokhu kukhetha okuchazwayo kunemiphumela ejulile emalungelweni omphakathi nasemphakathini.

Uhulumeni Nombuso Kahulumeni

Incazelo yomthetho - sisekelo inquma futhi ukulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni nemingcele yegunya likahulumeni ngokuvamile. Izinkantolo zichaza amalungiselelo anikeza amandla phakathi kwamazinga ahlukene kahulumeni, zichaza ububanzi begunya likahulumeni, futhi zivikela ubukhosi bombuso.

Lezi zincazelo zithinta izinga likahulumeni elingalawula imisebenzi ehlukahlukene, kusukela ekunakekeleni impilo kuya ekuvikeleni indawo ezungezile kuya emthethweni wobugebengu. Zinquma ukuthi amakhambi esizwe noma ukuhlukahluka kwezwe ngokwesifundazwe kuzobusa izindawo ezithile zezimiso. Ukulinganisa phakathi kwamandla kahulumeni nombuso kuye kwaphikiswa kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, ngezindlela ezihlukene zokuchaza ukusekela izakhiwo zegunya ezihlukene.

Inqubo yesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme

Ukuqonda indlela iNkantolo Ephakeme enquma ngayo amacala kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele ukusebenza okusebenzayo kwezindlela zokuchaza. Inqubo yeNkantolo ihilela izigaba eziningana ezihlukene, ngayinye ethonya umphumela wokugcina.

Ukukhetha Icala

INkantolo Ephakeme ithola izinkulungwane zezicelo unyaka ngamunye kodwa izwa izimpikiswano zomlomo ezicatshangelweni ezingaphansi kwekhulu.

Le nqubo yokukhetha ngokwayo ihilela izinqumo ezichazayo. Amajaji kumelwe anqume ukuthi yimiphi imibuzo yomthetho-sisekelo ebaluleke ngokwanele ukuba ivumela iNkantolo iqapheleke futhi iziphi ezingashiyelwa ezinkantolo eziphansi. Amacala iNkantolo ikhetha ukuzwa umthetho olawula umthetho-sisekelo ngokunquma ukuthi yiziphi izimpikiswano ezithola isinqumo esinegunya.

Ukufingqa Impikiswano Nezinkulumo Eziningi

Uma iNkantolo isivuma ukuzwa icala, amaqembu afaka izikhangiso ezibhaliwe eziveza izimpikiswano zawo zomthetho-mthetho. Lezi zifushaniso zivame ukuxoxa ngombhalo womthetho-mthetho, izenzakalo ezihlobene, ubufakazi obungokomlando, kanye nezimiso. Amaqembu athakazelayo angewona ama-aligigitus angabhala i-meciculee ("umngane wenkantolo") anikeza imibono eyengeziwe.

Izimpikiswano ezidluliselwa ngemilomo zinikeza ithuba lokuba abameli babuze abameli futhi bahlole izindaba eziphakanyiswe ngokufushana. Lezimpikiswano zingaba nethonya, ikakhulukazi lapho zembula ubuthakathaka esimweni sombango noma zisiza abahluleli ukuba baqonde izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi. Nokho, izincazelo ezibhalweyo zibaluleke kakhulu kunezintshumayelo ezimfushane zomlomo.

Ukubhala Ingqungquthela Nombono

Ngemva kwempikiswano edluliselwa ngomlomo, amajaji ahlangana engqungqutheleni yangasese ukuze axoxe ngecala futhi athathe ivoti yokuqala. Ijaji elikhulu elabaningi linikeza umsebenzi wokubhala umbono weNkantolo, kungaba kubo noma kwenye inkantolo enkulu. Lombono uchaza incazelo yeNkantolo futhi ube yisici esinegunya somthetho-mthetho ngokomthetho kulendaba.

Ukubhala imibono kuvumelana nenqubo evumelanayo. Ukwahlulela okubekiwe kusakaza imibono evumelana nabanye abahluleli, abangase basikisele izinguquko, babhale imibono evumelanayo evumelanayo nomphumela kodwa banikeze imibono engafani, noma babhale imibono ephikisanayo ephikisanayo neningi. Le nqubo ingathatha izinyanga eziningi, futhi abahluleli ngezinye izikhathi bashintshe amavoti abo ngenxa yokuthonya kwemibono yokufuna ukuvota.

Umbono wokugcina awubonisi nje imibono eyodwa yobulungisa kodwa ukuhlehla phakathi kwamajaji amaningi. Lokhu kungaphumela emibonweni elinganiselwe noma ebanzi kunanoma yimuphi ukwahlulela komuntu, njengoba umlobi wombono efuna ukugcina izinhlangano eziningi. Ukuqonda lokhu okunamandla kunikeza insiza echaza ukuthi kungani imibono yeNkantolo Ephakeme ngezinye izikhathi ibonakala igwema ukusingatha izindaba ezithile noma ukuxazulula amacala ngezizathu ezilinganiselwe.

Imibono Evamile Enganembile Ngencazelo Yomthetho - sisekelo

Ukungaqondi okuningi okungandile mayelana nokuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo kungaphazamisa ukuqonda kwezakhamuzi ukwenza izahlulelo. Ukuxoxa ngalemibono eyiphutha kuthuthukisa ukuqonda okunembe kakhudlwana ukuthi izinkantolo zisebenza kanjani ngempela.

Umbono Oyiphutha: Incazelo Yomthetho - sisekelo Ihlale Icacile

Abantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo anezincazelo ezisobala ukuthi noma yimuphi umuntu onengqondo angaziqaphela. Eqinisweni, uMthetho-sisekelo uvame ukusebenzisa ulimi olubanzi oludinga incazelo. Amagama anjenge "inqubo yokuhamba," "ukwaziswa," "ongenangqondo" awanakho ukusebenza okusobala kuzo zonke izimo. Abantu abacabangelayo bangaphikisana ngokuthi lamagama asho ukuthini nokuthi asebenza kanjani ezimweni ezithile.

Lokhu kudida akulona iphutha kuMthetho-sisekelo kodwa ngokuvamile isici sangamabomu. Abadwebi basebenzisa ulimi olubanzi ukuze bakhe izimiso ezingakhuthazelela izimo ezishintshayo. Lobububanzi budinga ukuchazwa, okusho ukuthi kudala izimpikiswano nokungavumelani okuphawula umthetho womthetho-sisekelo.

Umbono Oyiphutha: AbaHluleli Bamane Basebenzise Intando Yabo Yezombangazwe

Nakuba izinqumo zokwahlulela ngezinye izikhathi zivumelana nemibono yezombangazwe, abahluleli abamane nje bavote okuthandwa yizimiso zabo.

Ukucabanga okungokomthetho kuhilela imingcele evimbela ukunquma kokwahlulela. Abahluleli kumelwe basebenzise umbhalo womthetho - sisekelo, bahloniphe isibonelo, banikeze izincazelo ezicatshangelwe kahle zezinqumo zabo, futhi baphendule ezimpikiswaneni ezinikezwa amaqembu. Lemigoqo ayikuqedi ngokuphelele ukuqondisa, kodwa ivimbela amajaji ukuba amane abeke imibono yawo siqu ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa ngokomthetho.

Umbono Oyiphutha: Enye Indlela Yokuhumusha Ilungile Ngokunenjongo

Abasekeli bezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza bavame ukuphikisa ngokuthi indlela yabo iwukuphela kwendlela engokomthetho yokuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo. Eqinisweni, inqubo ngayinye inamandla nobuthakathaka, futhi abantu abanengqondo bangaphikisana ngokuthi iyiphi indlela engcono kakhulu. UMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo awuchazi ukuthi kufanele uchazwe kanjani, futhi isizukulwane esisungulile sahlanganisa abantu abanemibono ehlukile ngencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo.

Kunokuba kube indlela eyodwa yokulunga ngokungenaphutha, izindlela ezihlukene zibonisa izindinganiso ezihlukene nezinto eziza kuqala. I-Darism ibeka kuqala ukwethembeka encazelweni engokomlando nasekukhetheni kwentando yeningi. Ukuphila ngomthetho-sisekelo kuhlela ukuvumelana nemisebenzi yamanje. Indlela ngayinye yenza ukuqondisisa nokunqandeka. Indlela ngayinye yenza ukuhweba kungabi khona, futhi ukukhetha phakathi kwazo kuhilela izahlulelo ezivamile ngokuphathelene nalokho esikufunayo ekuchazeni komthetho-sisekelo.

Umbono Oyiphutha: UMthetho Womthetho - sisekelo Awushintshi

Abanye abantu bakholelwa ukuthi umthetho womthetho-sisekelo awuguquguquki. Eqinisweni, ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo kuyashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngisho noma kungalungiswanga. Izinkantolo zicwenga izimfundiso, ibhuqula izenzakalo, futhi zivumelanisa izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo nezimo ezintsha. Lo kuziphendukela kwemvelo kwenzeka ngazo zonke izindlela zokuchaza, hhayi nje umthetho - sisekelo ophilayo.

Ngisho nabaqondisi bokuqala bayaqaphela ukuthi ukusebenzisa incazelo yokuqala ezimweni ezintsha kungaveza ukususwa komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo. Incazelo yokuqala "ukuphenya okungenangqondo" kumele isetshenziswe kwezobuchwepheshe obufana ne-metagram ne-GPS engekho ngo-1791. Le nqubo idinga ukwahlulela futhi ingaholela ekuthuthukiseni imfundiso ngisho naphakathi kwesisekelo se-istrist.

Isizathu Sokuba Izakhamuzi Zikhathalele Ukuchazwa Komthetho - sisekelo

Ukuqonda incazelo yomthetho - sisekelo akuyona nje indlela yokufunda, kodwa kubalulekile ukuze umuntu abe isakhamuzi.

Ukuhlanganyela Kwezombangazwe Nokufundiswa

Ukumiswa kokwahlulela kuye kwaba izindaba ezinkulu zezombangazwe ngoba izakhamuzi ziyaqaphela ukuthi amafilosofi abahluleli achazayo athinta imiphumela engokomthetho-mthetho. Ukuqonda izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza kusiza abavoti ukuba bahlole okwahlulela kanye nomongameli kanye nabaququzeleli abamisa futhi babaqinisekise. Lapho abafuna ukuxoxa ngefilosofi yokwahlulela, izakhamuzi ezifundile zingahlola ukuthi lawo mafilosofi asho ukuthini ekusebenzeni.

Ukwazi incazelo yomthetho - sisekelo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele ezimpikiswaneni ezinkulu zezombangazwe. Izimpikiswano eziningi zihilela imibuzo engokomthetho - sisekelo, kusukela ekushintsheni kwezempilo kuya ekubekeni umthetho wokuthunyelwa kwezihambi kuya ekuqondiseni izibhamu. Ukuqonda indlela izinkantolo ezingachaza ngayo amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo ahlobene nalezi zindaba kwenza ukuba kuqondwe ukubambisana okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezombangazwe.

Ukuqonda Izimiphumela Engokomthetho

Lapho izinkantolo zikhipha izinqumo eziphikisanayo, ukusabela komphakathi ngokuvamile kubonisa ukungaqondi kahle ukucabanga kokwahlulela. Izakhamuzi eziqonda izindlela zokuchaza zingaqonda kangcono ukuthi kungani izinkantolo zifinyelela iziphetho ezithile, ngisho noma zingavumelani nemiphumela.

Uma ziqaphela ukuthi amajaji abhekana nezinselele ezingokoqobo, kodwa angamane afake izinkulumo - mpikiswano ezakhayo ngomthetho - sisekelo. Kunokuba zibheke zonke izinqumo ezingalungile njengezingafanelekile, izakhamuzi ezinolwazi zingahlanganyela ekucabangeni okungokomthetho okungokoqobo futhi ziphikise ngokuchaza okuhlukile ezimisweni ezingokomthetho.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Amalungelo omthetho-mthetho asho okuncane uma izakhamuzi zingawaqondi. Ulwazi ngendlela izinkantolo ezichaza ngayo amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo lusiza abantu ukuba baqaphele ukuthi amalungelo abo angase ephulwe nini nokuthi yiziphi isivikelo esingokomthetho abangasicela. Lolu lwazi lubaluleke kakhulu kubantu abasengozini abangase baphathwe uhulumeni.

Ukuqonda incazelo yomthetho - sisekelo kusiza nezakhamuzi ukuba ziwasekele ngokuphumelelayo amalungelo azo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni eziyinselele enkantolo, zihlanganyela ezimpikiswaneni ezingokomthetho, noma zimane nje zixhumane nokugcinwa komthetho, ulwazi lwezimiso zomthetho - sisekelo nendlela izinkantolo ezizisebenzisa ngayo kuletha izinzuzo eziwusizo.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukufunda Nokubhala

Incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo isici esiyisisekelo sikahulumeni waseMelika. Izakhamuzi eziqonda indlela izinkantolo ezichaza ngayo uMthetho-sisekelo ziyiqonda ngokujule kakhulu indlela isimiso somthetho ongokomthetho esisebenza ngayo, indlela ukwahlukana kwemibuso, nendlela ukubusa ngentando yeningi okusebenza ngayo. Lokhu kufunda kuqinisa ukuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi kanye nezakhamuzi ezinolwazi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqonda incazelo yomthetho ngokomthetho kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde kokubili amandla nokulinganiselwa kokubukezwa kokwahlulela. Izinkantolo zinendima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni amalungelo omthetho-mthetho nasekulondolozeni umthetho, kodwa zibhekene nokuvinjelwa futhi azikwazi ukuxazulula zonke izinkinga zezenhlalo. Amathemba angokoqobo aphathelene nokuthi iziphi izinkantolo ezingathuthukisa futhi kufanele zithuthukise izinkulumo zomphakathi ezinempilo.

Izinkinga Eziwusizo Ekuphileni Kwansuku Zonke

Incazelo yomthetho-mthetho ithinta ukuphila kwezakhamuzi kwansuku zonke ngezindlela eziningi eziqinile, ngisho nalapho zingahileleki ngokuqondile ekuchazeni. Ukuqonda lokhu kusikisela okusebenzayo kuyasiza ekuboniseni ukuthi kungani lezimpikiswano ezibonakala zingeyonto engokoqobo zibalulekile.

Izindaba Zomuntu Siqu Enkathini Yezinombolo

Indlela izinkantolo ezichaza ngayo isivikelo seSichibiyelo sesine sokuhlola okungenangqondo kunquma amalungelo onawo mayelana nocingo lwakho lwamakhalekhukhwini, i-imeyili, i-Internet uhlola umlando, kanye nokwaziswa kobuchwepheshe. Indlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza zingaholela eziphethweni ezihlukene ukuthi amaphoyisa adinga imvume yokuthola lokhu kwaziswa, ukuthi iziphi izinkampani ezingawenza ngemininingwane yakho, nokuthi izinhlelo zikahulumeni zokuhlola kufanele zisebenze kanjani.

Lezi zincazelo zithinta ukuthi imishini yakho yokuxhumana ngemishini iyimfihlo yini, ukuthi umthetho ongawuthola kanjani umthetho wokwaziswa ngaphandle kolwazi lwakho, nokuthi iziphi izinqubo onazo uma uwephula amathuba akho ezindaba zomuntu siqu. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka bushintsha, izinkantolo kumelwe ziqhubeke zichaza amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo abhalwe esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba ubuchwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe bube khona.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Ezindaweni Ezisobala Nasezingosini Zokuxhumana

Incazelo yesiHlanzo Sokuqala inquma lokho ongakusho ezindaweni zomphakathi, ukuthi imingcele uhulumeni angayibeka ekuvezeni, nendlela izimiso zokukhuluma ngokukhululekile ezisebenza ngayo ezindabeni zomphakathi nakwezinye izindawo ze - Internet. Izinkantolo kumelwe zichaze ukuthi iziqondiso ezithile ziwukungacusumbuli okungavumelekile yini noma ziyindlela evumelekile yokuvimbela isikhathi, indawo, nezindlela.

Lezi zincazelo zithinta ikhono lakho lokuphikisa, ukugxeka izikhulu zikahulumeni, ukuveza imibono ephikisanayo nokuhlanganyela ezimpikiswaneni zomphakathi.

Inkululeko Engokwenkolo Nendawo Yokuhlala

Indlela izinkantolo ezichaza ngayo izimemezelo zenkolo zokuqala zeSichibiyelo senkolo ezithinta ngayo ikhono lakho lokusebenzisa ukholo lwakho, ukuthi uhulumeni unganikeza izindawo zokuhlala ezingokwenkolo, nokuthi yini engekho ngokomthetho ukumiswa kwenkolo. Lezizincazelo zinquma ukuthi izinhlangano zenkolo kumelwe zivumelane yini nemithetho esebenzayo, ukuthi yisiphi isici esingokwenkolo esivunyelwe ezikoleni zomphakathi, nokuthi uhulumeni ungasebenzelana kanjani nezinhlangano zenkolo.

Ukusebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza kungaholela ezicini ezihlukene phakathi kwenkululeko engokwenkolo nezinye izithakazelo ezibalulekile, ezithinta izindaba ezisukela ekucwaseni umsebenzi kuya ekunakekeleni impilo kuya ekuvezeni kwasobala izimpawu ezingokwenkolo.

Ukufuna Amalungelo Nokuhlanganyela Kwezombangazwe

Izinkantolo zichaza amalungiselelo athinta ovota, imingcele emiswayo ezindaweni ezivotayo, indlela ekhishwa ngayo izifunda ezivotayo, nemingcele esebenza ekubhikisheni nokunikela.

Lezi zincazelo zilithinta ngokuqondile ikhono lakho lokuhlanganyela ekubuseni ngentando yeningi, ukuthi ukuvota kwakho kunethonya elilinganayo yini, nokuthi imali ingaba nethonya elingakanani kwezombangazwe.

Imithombo Yemfundo Ethé Xaxa

Izakhamuzi ezifuna ukujulisa ukuqonda kwazo incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo zinemithombo eminingi ekhona. I-Constitution Annoted, elondolozwe yi-Library of Congress, inikeza ukuhlaziywa okubanzi kwezimiso zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo nendlela izinkantolo ezizichaze ngayo. Le mininingwane yamahhala inikeza izincazelo eziningi ezifinyelelwe abangemthetho-mthetho.

Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni yeNkantolo inikeza ukufinyelela kwemibono, izimpikiswano zomlomo, nezinye izinto ezivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zingene ngokuqondile ekuchazeni umthetho-sisekelo njengoba kwenzeka. Ukufunda imibono yangempela yeNkantolo Ephakeme, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi kuyinselele, kunikeza ukufinyelela okungakhanyisi ekucabangeni kokwahlulela.

Izinhlangano ezisezinhlangothini zemibono zinikeza imithombo yemfundo ngomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo. ISikhungo somthetho-mthetho-mthetho wesizwe inikeza izinto zokufundisa ezingahlanga, kuyilapho izinhlangano ezinjenge American Civil Liberation Union, iNhlangano ye-Federalist, nezinye zinikeza imibono ehlukene.

Izikole eziningi zomthetho zifundisa ngenkululeko kuyi - Internet futhi zinikeza izinkulumo eziphathelene nomthetho - sisekelo, okwenza izakhamuzi ezithakazelayo zikwazi ukuthola imfundo engokomthetho.

Izihluthulelo Zezakhamuzi

Kuvela amaphuzu ambalwa abalulekile kulokhu kuhlola incazelo yomthetho - sisekelo izakhamuzi okufanele ziyiqonde futhi ziyikhumbule.

  • Incazelo ye-Constitugation idingekile futhi ayinakugwenywa. Ulimi olubanzi loMthetho-sisekelo ludinga incazelo efuna ukuchazwa ezimweni ezithile. Lokhu akulona iphutha kodwa isici esivumela izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ukuba zikhuthazele ezimweni ezishintshayo.
  • Izindlela zokuchaza ezisemthethweni zikhona. Uqobo, ukubhalwa kwemibhalo, ukuphila komthetho-sisekelo, nezinye izindlela, ngayinye inikeza uhlelo oluvumelanayo lwencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo. Abantu abacabangelayo bangaphikisana ngokuthi iyiphi indlela engcono kakhulu, futhi abahluleli bavame ukusebenzisa izindlela eziningi.
  • Izehlulelo zifeza indima ebalulekile. Izinkantolo zincike kakhulu ezinqumweni zangaphambili lapho zichaza uMthetho-sisekelo, zinikeza ukuzinza nokubikezela. Nokho, isiqalo asiphelele, futhi izinkantolo zingazigumbuqela izinqumo zangaphambili uma zigunyaziwe.
  • Ukwenza izinqumo kuhilela izici eziningi. Abahluleli bacabangela umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo, ubufakazi obungokomlando, isiqalo, imiphumela esebenzayo, nezinye izici lapho kuhlelwa amacala. Ukuqonda lobunkimbinkimbi kuthuthukisa amathemba angokoqobo ngokuziphatha kokwahlulela.
  • [ Izinqumo ezithathelwe phambili zinemiphumela yangempela yezwe. Indlela izinkantolo ezichaza ngayo uMthetho-sisekelo ezithinta ngayo amalungelo abantu, imibuso kahulumeni, nezici ezingenakubalwa zokuphila kwansuku zonke. Lokhu akuzona nje izimpikiswano zemfundo kodwa izinqumo ezibumba umphakathi.
  • Izindawo zingaba nencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo futhi kufanele zihileleke. Ukuqonda indlela izinkantolo ezichaza ngayo uMthetho-sisekelo ezenza ngayo ukuba kukwazi ukuvota okwengeziwe, ukuthatha iqhaza kwezombangazwe okuyinkimbinkimbi, kanye nokuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye kangcono.
  • Umthetho we-Cunistigal ushintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngisho nangaphandle kokulungisa okungokomthetho, ukuchaza komthetho-sisekelo kukhula ngezinqumo zokwahlulela, uvumelanisa izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo nezimo ezintsha kuyilapho uqhubeka nokunamathela ezindinganisweni eziyisisekelo.
  • Akukho meta ochwepheshe abalawula umthetho-sisekelo. Nakuba izinkantolo zinendima ebalulekile ekuchazeni umthetho-sisekelo, amanye amagatsha kahulumeni, izazi zomthetho, futhi ekugcineni abantu ngokwabo bathonya ukuqonda komthetho ngokomthetho ngezinqubo zezombangazwe, impikiswano yezemfundo, noshintsho lwempucuko.

Impikiswano Eqhubekayo Nokubaluleka Kwayo

Impikiswano ngencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ayiyona nje engokomlando noma ecatshangelwayo − ihlala inamandla futhi ibalulekile namuhla. Njengoba umphakathi ubhekene nezinselele ezintsha nobuchwepheshe, izinkantolo kumelwe ziqhubeke zichaza amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo ukuze zilungise izimo abakhiqizi be-flames abangeke bazicabange. Ukusuka ekuhlakanipheni okungeyokwenziwa kuya ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu kuya ekuqondeni okuhlanganisayo, ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo kuyoqhubeka kulungisa indlela iMelika esingatha ngayo izimpikiswano zayo ezibaluleke kakhulu.

Izindlela zokuchaza ezihlukene zizoqhubeka zincintisana nethonya, abasekeli bendlela ngayinye yokuhlola impikiswano yombono womthetho-sisekelo. Lempikiswano eqhubekayo ilungile ngentando yeningi, iphoqelela ukuba kuhlolwe imibuzo eyisisekelo ngomthetho, amalungelo, namandla kahulumeni. Kunokuba ibheke lempikiswano njengenenkinga, izakhamuzi kufanele ziyiqaphele njengobufakazi besiko eliphilayo eliwuthatha ngokungathi sína kokubili uMthetho-sisekelo olotshiwe nenselele yokuyisebenzisa ezimweni zanamuhla.

Ikusasa lokuchazwa komthetho - sisekelo liyololongwa ukumiswa kwekomiti yokwahlulela, imfundo, izimpikiswano zezombangazwe, nezinguquko zempucuko. Izakhamuzi eziqonda lezizinguquko zingahlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ekulolongeni ikusasa, kungaba ngokuvota, ukuqamba, noma ngenkulumo yasobala. Ukuchazwa komthetho - sisekelo kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba kushiyelwe kubameli nabahluleli kuphela, kudinga ukuthenjiswa ngolwazi yizo zonke izakhamuzi ezikhathalela amalungelo, inkululeko, kanye nomthetho.

Isiphetho

Incazelo yomthetho-mthetho igxile enkabeni yomthetho nohulumeni waseMelika. Indlela izinkantolo ezichaza ngayo uMthetho-sisekelo ezinquma izinga lamalungelo abantu ngabanye, imingcele yamandla kahulumeni, kanye nokulinganisela phakathi kwezindinganiso ezincintisanayo embusweni wentando yeningi ohlukene. Nakuba imininingwane yobuchwepheshe yezindlela zokuchaza ingaba yinkimbinkimbi, izimiso eziyisisekelo zitholakala kunoma isiphi isakhamuzi esizimisele ukuhlanganyela nazo.

Ukuqonda ukuthi izinkantolo zisebenzisa izindlela zokuchaza ezihlukene − kusukela ekuchazeni ukusungula komlando kugxile ekusebenziseni incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ekuzivumelani ne-"izakhamuzi ziqonda izinqumo zokwahlulela futhi zihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo ezimisweni zentando yeningi. Ukuqaphela indima yezehlakalo, ithonya lezici ezihlukahlukene ekusunguleni izahlulelo, nemiphumela yangempela yokuchaza imiphumela eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu yokuzibandakanya nomthetho wezomthetho-sisekelo.

Okubaluleke kakhulu, izakhamuzi kufanele ziqonde ukuthi ukuchaza umthetho-sisekelo akuyona inqubo ezenzekelayo nemiphumela enqunyiweyo. Kuhilela ukwahlulela, ukucabanga, nokukhetha phakathi kwezindinganiso ezincintisanayo nezindlela zokukhetha. Lokhu kuthinta izici eziyisisekelo zokuphila kwaseMelika, kusukela ekungabini namuntu siqu nasekukhulumeni ngenkululeko kuya esimweni sikahulumeni esilinganayo. Ngokuqonda indlela izinkantolo ezichaza uMthetho-sisekelo, izakhamuzi ezingawavikela ngayo amalungelo azo, zihlole izimemezelo, zihlanganyele ezimpikiswaneni zezombangazwe, futhi zisekele umsebenzi oqhubekayo wentando yeningi.

UMthetho-sisekelo ungowabo bonke abantu baseMelika, hhayi abameli namajaji kuphela. Nakuba izinkantolo zinendima ekhethekile ekuchazeni umthetho-sisekelo, izakhamuzi zinelungelo nomthwalo wokuqonda ukuthi leyo ncazelo isebenza kanjani futhi zihileleke emibuzweni eyisisekelo ephakamayo. Isazi sezakhamuzi esiqonda incazelo yomthetho ngokomthetho siqinisa idemokrasi, sivikele inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi izimiso zomthetho ngokomthetho ziyaqhubeka zifeza umsebenzi wazo obalulekile wokulinganisela amandla kahulumeni kuyilapho zenza ukubusa okuphumelelayo.