ISichibiyelo sesine soMthetho-sisekelo we-United States singesona nje isisekelo esingokomthetho esiyisisekelo senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nesomuntu siqu. Sibekwe kuyiBill of Rights, lokhu kulungisa imingcele ecacile emandla kahulumeni, sinqanda ukuphenya okungenangqondo nokuquleka nokufuna ukugcinwa komthetho ukuze kubonakale ukuthi kubangelwa ngokunokwenzeka izindaba zangasese zezakhamuzi. Enkathini yokuhlola izibalo, ukuqoqa ukwaziswa, nokususa imithetho esemthethweni, ukuqonda iSichibiyelo sesine kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuvikela amalungelo akhe. Lokhu kuhlola okubanzi okuphathelene nemisuka emizini engokomlando, izimiso zomthetho, izincazelo zanamuhla, izinselele ezingokomthetho wanamuhla, izinselele eziwusizo zalesivikelo somthetho womthetho.

Isizinda Esingokomlando Sesichibiyelo Sesine

ISichibiyelo sesine savela ngokuqondile kokuhlangenwe nakho okubuhlungu kwabathathi-zincwadi ngegunya laseBrithani elingalawulwa. Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kweNguquko yaseMelika, umthetho ovamile waseNgilandi wawubuqaphele ubungcwele bekhaya lomuntu. Icala le-18-century Entick v. Carrington [1765] yamisa ukuthi izikhulu zikajenene (i-geomends) zivumela izikhulu ukuba zifune ngaphandle kokuchaza indawo noma izinto. Nokho, emakoloneni aseMelika, iziphathimandla zaseBrithani zazivame ukungazinaki lezi zimiso, zisebenzisa izinsimbi ezibizwa ngokuthi iwrits zosizo ukuze zihlolwe ngokuhluza kwezindlu, izimpahla, nemikhumbi eshushu ukukhwazwa ngaphandle kokusolwa.

Ukumelana Nemibuso Yamazwe Angaphansi Kwezwe NoGenesise WeSichibiyelo

Ama-colonian afuna usizo ayeyimvume evulekile yokufuna engaphothulwanga futhi engathunyelwa kumphathi ngamunye. Bavumela izikhulu zamasiko ukuba ziwince iminyango, zifune amaphepha azimele, futhi zithathe impahla ngesikhathi sokuthanda. Abaholi bamakoloni abanjengoJames Otis Jr. ngokudume ngokumelene nale migqomo ngo 1761, babezibiza ngokuthi "ithuluzi elibi kakhulu lokulawula." lesi sifuthende esijulile sabangela isidingo sesivikelo somthetho esikhethekile ekuphenyeni kweningi. Lapho abaholi bebuthene ukuze benze i-Bill of Rights, James Madison wasikisela ulimi olukhuluma ngokuqondile ngalokhu kungafanele. Umphumela wawuwukukwesihlanu, wagunyazwa ngoDecember 15, 1791.

Izimiso Zesimiso Sesichibiyelo Sesine

Umbhalo weSichibiyelo sesine ufingqa kodwa unemiphumela enzima. Ufundeka kanje: " ilungelo labantu lokulondeka kubantu babo, ezindlini, emaphepheni, nasemiphumeleni, ngokuphenya okungacabangeleki nokuquleka, ngeke onikwe, futhi alukho ulimi oluzovela, kodwa uma kungenzeka, lusekelwa yi-Oath noma isiqinisekiso, futhi ikakhulukazi ukuchaza indawo okumelwe ihlolwe, nabantu noma izinto ezimelwe zithathwe. Lolu limi luveza izimiso eziningana ezihlangene.

  • Ukhuseleko ekuHlolweni kokuHlolwa okuNgaqondiyo noSeizures: Akuwona wonke uphengululo owenqatshelwe ($____kuphela lawo angenangqondo. Indinganiso enengqondo inhlolo eyinhloko esetshenziswa izinkantolo.
  • ISifungo esivumelekile: ngokufanelekile, ukugcinwa komthetho kumelwe kuthole isiqinisekiso ngaphambi kokuhlola. Isiqinisekiso kumelwe sisekelwe endongeni engenzeka, okusho ukuthi kumelwe kube namaqiniso anele okuholela umuntu onengqondo ekukholelweni ukuthi ubufakazi bobugebengu buyotholakala.
  • Isigaba: Abathathi-msitho kumelwe bayichaze ngokuqondile indawo okuzoseshwa kuyo futhi abantu noma izinto ezizothathwa. Lokhu kuvimbela uphengululo, ukuhlola okunengwa abasunguli.
  • ath noma Ukufushaniswa: Isikhulu esicela imvume kumelwe sifunge ngaphansi kokufunga emaqinisweni anikezwayo. Lokhu kudala ukulandisa okungokomthetho futhi kunqanda izicelo ezingathí thsu.

Ukulindela Ukuba Wedwa Okunengqondo

Ukuqondwa kwanamuhla kweSichibiyelo sesine kuxhomeke emqondweni "wokulindela ngokunengqondo ukuba wedwa," ocaciswe kuqala yiNkantolo Ephakeme Katz v. iUnited States (1967]). Ngaphansi kwalendinganisweni, ukuhlola kwenzeka lapho uhulumeni ephula imfihlo yomuntu engokoqobo, ulindele ukuba umphakathi uqaphele ukuthi unengqondo.

Incazelo Yokwahlulela: Amacala ENkantolo Ephakeme Aphawula Izwe

Phakathi namakhulu amabili eminyaka adlule, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yalungisa futhi yandisa iSichibiyelo Sesine ngochungechunge lwezinqumo ezingezona ezivamile.

UMthetho Wokuqeda: Amasonto Nebalazwe

Ku-Weeks v. United States (1914), iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi ubufakazi obatholakala ngokuhlola okungekho emthethweni kwezikhulu zikahulumeni babungasetshenziswa enkantolo kahulumeni. Lokhu kwaveza umthetho wokuhlukanisa (isithiyo esinamandla sokuvimbela ukuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa. Nokho, umthetho ekuqaleni wasebenza kuphela ezinqubeni zombuso. Owashintsha nge [[FLT:]] ama-map v. Ohio[FT:3] [1961], lapho iNkantolo ifaka umthetho wesine ngokumelene nemithetho e-Created Reformation ephethe i-Createdments of the Intelligements of Idemist Idelete, wenza umthetho osebenza kuwo wonke umthetho wendawo nomthetho wendawo. [FLD:]

Ukwandisa Isilinganiso: UKatz noTerry

Njengoba kuphawuliwe, Katz v. United States (1967) yasusa ukugxila kumthetho wempahla yangasese. INkantolo yanquma ukuthi ukuthumba kukahulumeni okungenamibandela yocingo lomphakathi kwaphula iSichibiyelo sesine ngoba uKatz wayelindele ukuba ingxoxo yakhe ibe yangasese. Lelicala laphumelela ukulawula indlela endala yokuthatha indawo esekelwe ku Olmstead v. United States [1928]

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, Terry v.Oo (1968) yakha ukukhipha okuncane: amaphoyisa angamisa futhi afake umuntu i-frast uma enokungabaza okunengqondo kokuthi umuntu uhlomile futhi uyingozi. Lokhu "UTerry umisiwe" ukufuna izikhali okulinganiselwe, hhayi ubufakazi, futhi akudingi sizathu noma isiqinisekiso. Inkantolo yaqaphela ukuthi ukuphepha kwesikhulu ngezinye izikhathi kuvumelana nokufuna imfishane.

Imfihlo Yamanani: URiley Nombazi

Inkathi yezibalo iye yaphoqelela iNkantolo ukuba isebenzise izimiso zeSichibiyelo sesine ngokuphelele ezinhlotsheni ezintsha zokwaziswa. Riley v. California (2014, iNkantolo ihlangene yathi amaphoyisa adinga imvume yokuhlola ucingo olubanjwa phakathi nokuboshwa. INkantolo yaqaphela ukuthi omakhalekhukhwini banamuhla banemininingwane eminingi yomuntu siqu, imiyalezo, umlando, amarekhodi ezokwelapha, futhi ngaphezu kwanoma yini engokoqobo. Ngakho, ukuphenya ucingo akusona isenzakalo nje sokufuna ukuboshwa; ludinga isiqinisekiso esisekelwe entweni engenzeka.

Okubaluleke nakakhulu, emacarenti v. United States (2018), iNkantolo Ephakeme yakhuluma ngekhono likahulumeni lokuthola ulwazi olungokomlando lwe-cell-sifiki (CSI) kubathwali bezocingo ngaphandle kwemvume. INkantolo yanquma ukuthi uhulumeni kumelwe athole isiqinisekiso [1] hhayi nje uhlelo lwenkantolo ngaphansi kwe-Ved Countacts Act //nctions (nhlandla ende ka-mkhathi wezinhlangano zomuntu uphula ukulindele okunengqondo kwemfihlo. Lesi sinqumo sasiyigalelo elikhulu kwimfundiso yesithathu yengxenye yemfundiso, ngaphambili eyayiphethe ukuthi ukwaziswa okuhlangabelwe ngokuzithandela neqembu lesithathu (njengenkampani yocingo) ayivikelwanga. [FLP] [FF:]

Izinselele Zanamuhla Enkathini Yokusetshenziswa Kwamanani

Nakuba iSichibiyelo sesine sabhalwa ngekhulu le-18, izimiso zaso kumelwe zilawule indawo yekhulu lama-21 ezimiso zezibalo. Ukuphakama kwefu lokubhala, ukufinya, imithombo yezokuxhumana, kanye nezinhlelo zokuhlola ezigcwele kahulumeni kuye kwabangela imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi engokomthetho.

Imfundiso Yesithathu Engaphansi Kokucindezela

Iminyaka eminingi, imfundiso yesithathu eyingxenye yengxenye, ithathwe ku-United States v. Miller [77] kanye Smith v. Maryland [79]) (ibambe ukuthi abantu abanalo ithemba elinengqondo lokwazi ukuthi baphendukela eqenjini lesithathu ngokuzithandela. Lokhu kuvumele uhulumeni ukuba athole amarekhodi ebhange, izinombolo zocingo zicofeywe, futhi amanye amarekhodi ebhizinisi anezinombolo eziphansi kuphela, hhayi imvume. Nokho, [[FLT] [FLT:] [FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [5]] uphawu lokuthi imfundiso ilinganiselwe lapho imininingwane yembula imininingwane ethinta ukuphila komuntu.

Izinhlelo Zokusakaza Zikahulumeni

Ngemva kokuhlasela okungu-9/11 ngo-2013, i-USA PATRIOTT Act yandisa iziphathimandla zikahulumeni zokuhlola, kuhlanganise nokusetshenziswa kweNational Security Letters ne-Sirtive Surveildance Act (FASA). I-Edward Snowdendaptions ngo-2013 yembula iqoqo lemininingwane yemidatha yezingcingo yocingo ne-Internet. [[FLT:] INKULUVY] USUTES [[FLT]] [2015] Izikhulu ezithile zashintshwa kodwa zashiya ezinye izikhali zingadinwanga. Abameleli baphikisa ukuthi iqoqo lemininingwane emikhulu ngaphandle kokusola iSine seSina, kuyilapho uhulumeni uphikisa ngaphansi kwemfundiso yesithathu yesigaba sengxenye ye-teinformation noma "ekhethekile" idinga i-'i-FPROMETY][3]

Ukubhala kanye "Ukuqala Ubumnyama" Impikiswano

Ukukopisha okungena ekupheleni, okusetshenziswa ngezinhlelo zemiyalezo njenge-Signali ne-AsSApp, kuvimbela ngisho nomphathi wenkonzo ekufundeni imilayezo. Izinhlangano zomthetho ziye zaphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kudala "ukuya phambili" nenkinga, lapho zingenakuthola khona ubufakazi ngisho nangesiqinisekiso esisemthethweni. Uhulumeni uye wacindezela izinkampani zobuchwepheshe ukuba zakhe iziteshi, kodwa abasekeli bemfihlo baxwayisa ngokuthi noma imuphi umnyango unganciphisa ukulondeka kwawo wonke umuntu futhi umemeze ngokuxhashazwa. Izinkantolo ziye zahlukanisa ukuthi i-Apple, ngokwesibonelo, kumelwe zisize i-FBI ukuba ivule i-iphe, i-ixobo. Lokhu kucindezeleka phakathi kokuphepha nasese kuzoba yiSiphaka-Pholi esichazayo seSikhathi seminyaka emine.

Abahlukile Endinganisweni Eqaphile

Nakuba iSichibiyelo sesine sikhetha imvume, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ama-past ama-past [ avumela ukuphenywa okungenasidingo ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Lokhu kulinganiselwe ngokucophelela futhi uhulumeni unomthwalo wokuqinisekisa ukuthi kuyasebenza.

  • Sesha Ithuba lokuboshwa: Ngemva kokuboshwa ngokomthetho, amaphoyisa angase afune umuntu oboshiwe nendawo efinyelelwe ngokushesha ("i-"wingpan") ukuze avikele izikhulu futhi alondoloze ubufakazi. Nokho, izinga licinezelwe `as Liboniswe, ukusesha ucingo ngokuvamile akuweli ngaphansi kwale mpikiswano.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Umbono oPlain: Uma isikhulu sikhona ngokomthetho futhi sibona ubufakazi obungamangali ngombono ocacile, bangasithatha ngaphandle kwemvume.
  • Izimo eziguquguqukayo: Izimo eziphuthumayo, njengokuphishekela ngokuphuthumayo ukusola noma ukubhujiswa okuseduze kobufakazi, kungathethelela ukuseshwa okungenasiqinisekiso.
  • I-Conict:[ Uma umuntu evuma ngokuzithandela ekuhloleni, akukho siqinisekiso esidingekayo. Nokho, imvume kumele inikezwe ngokukhululekile, hhayi iphoqelelwe, futhi ingahoxiswa noma nini.
  • Imoto Ehambayo Ephambanayo: ngoba izimoto zihamba futhi zingaba nobufakazi obunganyakaziswa ngokushesha, amaphoyisa angase aphenye imoto uma kungenzeka ukuthi anesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi inezimpawu zobugebengu. Izinga lalokhu okuhlukile liye lakhula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
  • Ukuhlola: emingceleni yomhlaba wonke nakulokho okusebenzayo, uhulumeni unegunya elikhulu lokuhlola abantu kanye nezinto ngaphandle kwemvume noma izimbangela ezingalindelekile. Lokhu kuphikisana, ikakhulukazi ekuhloleni imishini yogesi.

Indima Yokuphoqelelwa Komthetho Nemikhuba Emihle Kakhulu

Izikhulu eziqapha umthetho zisemqoka ekusebenziseni iSichibiyelo sesine. Ukuqonda kwazo izimfuneko ezingokomthetho nokuzinikela kwazo embusweni wamalungelo kuthinta ukuthemba nokuphepha kwezakhamuzi.

Ukuthola Nokukhipha Izikhali Ngokufanelekile

Amaphoyisa kumelwe afake ama-affidavit asungula imbangela okungenzeka ngamaqiniso aqondile, athembekile. Kumele futhi aqinisekise ukuthi izivumelwano zichaza indawo yokufuna nezinto ngokunembe ngokukhethekile. Ukusebenza kokuhlola, izikhulu kumelwe zinciphise ukuphenya kwazo ezindaweni kanye nezinto ezichazwe edilini, ngaphandle kokuba ezinye zisetshenziswe. Amakhamera omzimba aseyithuluzi elibalulekile lokugunyaza nokuqinisa umphakathi. Iminyango eminingi manje incike iziqondiso zobulungisa ukuze ihlele ukuqeqeshwa kwawo.

Ukwethenjwa Nomlando Womphakathi

Inhlonipho ngeSichibiyelo sesine ihambisana nemiphumela yomphakathi. Uma izakhamuzi zikholelwa ukuthi izikhulu azinakwenza ukuphenya okuzenzisa noma ukuhlasela, zithambekele kakhulu ekuvumelaneni nophengululo futhi zifaka umbiko wobugebengu. Izinhlangano ezigcizelela ukubonakala, ukukhishwa kwecala, nomthetho- sisekelo zibona imiphumela engcono. Ngokuphambene, ukunqanda ukuma nokwehlisa isimilo okunonya okuncikelwe ekusondweni okunengqondo kuphela kuye kwabekelwa inselele ngenxa yokuhlasela imiphakathi emiphakathini emincane ngokuyihlasela futhi kuholele ekunciphiseni ukululama okungalawuleki. Izikhulu zomthetho kumelwe ziqinisekise ukuthi izikhulu ziqonde iSichibiyelo sesine njengesithiyo kodwa njengesithiyo esivikela inkululeko zona kanye ezifunwe ukuvikela.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Akho ESichibiyelo Sesine: Iseluleko Esiwusizo

Ukwazi amalungelo akho kuyindlela yokuqala yokuzivikela ekuphathweni.

  • Hlala ufunyanisiwe: Uqonda ukuthi unelungelo lokuthula nelungelo lokwenqaba ukuvuma ukuseshwa. Ungaphenduli imibuzo ngaphandle kokunikeza igama lakho nokwaziwa uma kufunwa ngokomthetho (umz., ngesikhathi sokuma kwezimoto).
  • [[IFLT:0] Buza uma Ukhululekile Ukuhamba: Ekuhlanganeni namaphoyisa, uma ungaboshiwe, ungabuza ukuthi: Ngiyakhululeka ukuba ngihambe na? Uma isikhulu sithi yebo, ungahamba ngenhlonipho. Uma uvalelwe, awukhululekile ukuba uhambe, kodwa usenalo ilungelo lokuthula.
  • Awuvumi ukuphenya: Ngisho noma ungenalutho lokufihla, kufanele usho ngokucacile ukuthi "angivumi ukusesha" Uma amaphoyisa enegunya elisemthethweni, ayofuna noma kunjalo, kodwa ngokungavumi ulondoloze amalungelo akho angokomthetho futhi angavimbela ukusetshenziswa kobufakazi uma ukuphenya kuvele kungekho emthethweni.
  • Ikhasi lokuhlangana: Uma unocingo (futhi kuphephile ukwenza kanjalo), qopha ukuxhumana. Izimo eziningi zivumela ukuqoshwa kwamaphoyisa emphakathini. Qaphela amagama amaphoyisa nezinombolo zamabheji.
  • Phendula i-'FLT' Imfihlo yakho yamanani: Sebenzisa ukukhomba okunamandla kwezokuxhumana, nikeza ukuqinisekisa okubili, futhi uqaphele lokho okugcina efwini. Zihlole njalo izinhlelo zobumfihlo kwizokuxhumana nezinye izinkonzo ze-inthanethi.
  • Funa Iseluleko somthetho: Uma ukholelwa ukuthi amalungelo akho eSichibiyelo sesine asephulwe, thintana nommeli othole umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo. Umthetho wokuzihlukanisa ungaholela ekucinezeleni ubufakazi ngisho nasekuxoshweni kwamacala.

Isiphetho: ISichibiyelo Sesine Ezweni Elishintshayo

ISichibiyelo sesine sisalokhu siyisivikelo esinamandla nesibalulekile ekuphileni kwaseMelika. Izimiso zaso ezisekelwe ekulweni kwamakoloni nokunye okugunyazwayo . ziyaqhubeka ziqondisa izinkantolo njengoba zibhekana nobuchwepheshe obusha nemibuso kahulumeni elawulayo. Kusukela ekubekeni umthetho wezemishini yezobuchwepheshe, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yahlela ukumiswa kokuqinisekisa ukuthi "ilungelo labantu lokulondeka kubantu babo, izindlu, amaphepha, nemiphumela" akusona isithembiso esiyize. Nokho, umthwalo uwela ezakhamuzini ukwazi futhi uqinisekise amalungelo azo, futhi uqhubekele ekubekeni umthetho ukuze uphathe imisebenzi yabo ngenhlonipho ngemingcele yomthetho. Njengoba amathuluzi okuhlola amanani aphezulu nawabantu abazimele, ukuncishintshwa kwezindawo zomphakathi nezokuxhumana, ukuncishiswa kwenkululeko nokuzinye imithombo yesine kuhlala isikhulu sempikiswano eqhubekayo.