Ukumiswa kwenkantolo ePhakeme kumelela omunye wemithwalo yemfanelo ebaluleke kakhulu ephathiswe uMongameli neSigele sase-United States. Lokhu kumisa kuguqula indawo engokomthetho amashumi eminyaka ezayo, njengoba amajaji ebekwa ukuba aphile, enza inkathi ngayinye ibe i-metadrazics ebaluleke kakhulu ekubuseni kweMelika. Ukuqonda izigigaba zalenqubo kunika izakhamuzi amandla okwenza umsebenzi obalulekile wesimiso sethu sentando yeningi.

Isizathu Sokuba Inkantolo Ephakeme Ichase Indaba Yokuhloba Kwamagama

Ukumiswa kweJaji leNkantolo Ephakeme kuyisenzakalo esibaluleke kakhulu kwezombangazwe zaseMelika, njengoba ukumiswa ngakunye kuwumphumela wenqubo enkulu yokwahlulela iNkantolo Ephakeme isebenza njengenkantolo ephakeme kakhulu enkantolo yejaji kahulumeni. Izinqumo zeNkantolo zithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika, kusukela enkululekoni yomuntu ngamunye naselungelweni lokuvota ukuya kwesimiso sempilo nemithetho yendawo ezungezile.

INkantolo Ephakeme ikhonza njengenkantolo ephakeme kakhulu ezweni, futhi lapho kwenziwa izinqumo zezinkantolo eziphansi, abantu abahilelekile kulawomacala bangakhetha ukudlulisa isinqumo eNkantolo Ephakeme, esho okokugcina, ukwenza lenqubo yokudlulisa izikhalo kusho ukuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme iyindlela yokugcina yokukhokha labo abafuna ubulungisa ngaphansi komthetho. Lesisikhundla esiyingqayizivele esimisweni sokwahlulela saseMelika senza ukuba iNkantolo ihlelwe ngendlela ebaluleke kakhulu.

INkantolo ihloselwe ukuvikela amalungelo ethu omphakathi nenkululeko ngokushaya imithetho ephula uMthetho - sisekelo, futhi lapho amacala ezinkantolo eziphansi ngokuvamile ezama ukuphendula ukuthi umthetho uye walandelwa yini, amacala eNkantolo Ephakeme ngokuvamile anquma ukuthi umthetho uyavunyelwa yini ngaphansi koMthetho - sisekelo wethu, esebenza njengenhlolo - vo emagatsheni emithetho nezikhulu nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu emphakathini wethu azinakuyishaya imithetho ephula amalungelo abantu abambalwa.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Senqubo Yokukhipha Isiqu

Inqubo yokumisa uMahluleli eNkantolo Ephakeme inikezwa eMthethweni woMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ngamagama ambalwa, njengoba "Izimemezelo zika Claus" kuMthetho-sisekelo (Aticle II, Ingxenye 2, isigaba 2) isho ukuthi uMongameli "uzakuthatha imvume, futhi ngeSiluleko seSigele, uzomisa abaHluleli beNkanto ePhakemente," futhi ngesikhathi inqubo yokumisa amaJaji ithathe ushintsho oluthile emakhulwini amabili eminyaka, isici sayo esibaluleke kakhulu, ukuhlanganyela kwegunya phakathi kukaMongameli neSigelethi − hasekushintshile.

UMthetho-sisekelo awuzimiseli noma yiziphi izimfanelo zomsebenzi njengobulungisa, ngakho umongameli anganquma noma ubani ukuba akhonze eNkantolo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi azikho izimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo ngokuphathelene nobudala, isikhathi sokuba nezakhamuzi, ukuqeqeshwa okungokomthetho, noma okuhlangenwe nakho kokwahlulela kwangaphambi komthetho. Nokho, emkhubeni wanamuhla, abanyunyana bangabahluleli abangomakad’ebona noma izazi ezingokomthetho ezinezizinda ezibanzi zomthetho-mthetho.

Ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo, amaJaji eNkantolo Ephakeme aphethe ihhovisi "ebonisa ukuziphatha okuhle," eqinisweni athola ukumiswa kwenkantolo, futhi ake aqinisekiswa, amaJaji angathatha isikhundla isikhathi eside uma besaphila noma kuze kube yilapho behlehla ngokuzithandela, benokhuseleko olunjalo lomsebenzi kuhulumeni kahulumeni ohloselwe abahluleli kuphela futhi, ngokwesimiso somthetho-mthetho, behlose ukukhulula uhulumeni ophethe inkantolo yezomthetho ephethe kuMongameli noMkhandlu.

Lapho Izindawo Ezingadingeki

Inqubo yokutyulwa kwecala leNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. iqala lapho kuvela isikhala eNkantolweni, ngenxa yokuthatha umhlala-phansi, ukuyeka umsebenzi, noma ukufa komthetho wokuphatha. Omongameli abayishumi bokugcina, ngokwesilinganiso, ngamunye ukhiphe amajaji amathathu eNkantolo Ephakeme, nakuba inombolo yangempela ihluka kakhulu kuye ngokuthi ikuphi lapho imvume ivela khona phakathi nesikhathi sikamongameli.

I-Administration akudingeki ukuba kulinde kuze kube yilapho iNkantolo ithola ithuba lokuqala ukuhlola izizinda zabangase bathathe isikhundla, njengangemva nje kokuba uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush efungwe ukuba angene esikhundleni ngo-2001, izisebenzi zakhe zaqala ukuhlanganisa uhlu lwababengase bahlolwe futhi ziqhube ukucwaninga ngesizinda esikhulu kuzo. Lokhu kulungiselela kwenza ukuba amongameli bathathe isinyathelo ngokushesha kakhulu uma kwenzeka.

Kuye kwaba nokwehlukahluka phakathi kwesikhathi lapho saziwa ukuthi sikhona noma kuyoba khona isikhala eNkantolo lapho uMongameli ememezela obala inhloso yakhe yokukhipha umuntu othile ukuba athole indawo, njengalapho uMahluleli ehla eNkantolo noma efa esehhovisi, abaMongameli ngezinye izikhathi bahamba ngokushesha, bekhetha umkhwenyana wabo phakathi nesonto lokwaziswa, kuneziNkantolo zikamongameli uReagan noGeorge H. W.

Inqubo yokukhetha yomongameli

Lesi sinyathelo sokuqala esibalulekile yigunya likaMongameli, eligunyazwe ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso II, isiqephu sesibili soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., esigunyaza uMongameli ukuba ahlulele amajaji "ngeSiluleko nangemvume yeSigele," futhi uma isikhala sesingokomthetho noma silindelwe, uMongameli uthintana kakhulu nabaqondisi, kuhlanganise nochwepheshe bezomthetho, izinxulumani zezombangazwe ezithenjwa, futhi ngokuvamile, ukuze athole abafanelekayo.

Amalungu amhlophe endlu avame ukuphatha ukuvinjelwa nokutusa ama-moneat eNkantolo Ephakeme, futhi asebenzise umsebenzi wokuhlola isizinda nokulungisa izindaba zabangase bahlolwe iNkantolo ePhakeme ziphakathi kwezinto zokuqala ezathathwa izisebenzi zikamongameli ozayo, izikhala noma cha. Le nqubo yokuziphindisela isiza ekuboneni izimpikiswano ezingase zivele ngaphambi kokuba ukukhishwa kwempoqo kumenyezwe obala.

UMongameli ngokuvamile uyothintana nabaqondisi ngaphambi kokumemezela ukumiswa kwezinombolo. Lokhu kuhlola kufeza izinjongo eziningi: kusiza ukuba kubonwe ukusekela noma ukuphikiswa, kuvumela abasekeli ukuba banikeze ukwaziswa kwabazohlolwa, futhi kungathambisa indlela ukuze baqinise ngokukhuluma ngezinkinga ekuqaleni kwenqubo.

Lapho nje iNkantolo Ephakeme isivulile, umongameli uxoxa ngabazobhapathizwa nabameleli, abaholi beSigele namalungu eKomiti YeSigele Yokubusa, njengendaba yenhlonipho yeSigele, ngaphambi kokukhetha ummemezeli, futhi ngokwenza kanjalo, izinkinga ezingase zibhekane nomminyane angase abhekane nazo phakathi nokuqinisekiswa zingaxoxwa kusengaphambili.

Ukumemezela Isimemezelo

Ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso II, iSiqendu 2, soMthetho-sisekelo, inqubo yeNkantolo Ephakeme iqala ngokukhethwa kweNkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu nguMongameli, futhi uMongameli uyobe esezisa ngokomthetho iSigele ngokunyuselwa kwegama (ngokuvamile ngenkulumo ebhaliwe). Ngokwenqubo yanamuhla, lesaziso sihambisana nomkhosi wesimemezelo wasobala lapho umongameli ethula khona umnyunyana kubantu baseMelika.

Indima ebucayi yeKomiti yeSigele

Nakuba ingashiwo kuMthetho - sisekelo, indima ebalulekile idlalwa phakathi nalenqubo (ngemva kokuba uMongameli ekhetha, kodwa ngaphambi kokuba iSigele sicabangele) iKomiti Yesigele Yomkhandlu, ethatha umthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wokuhlola isizinda nezimfanelo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ngayinye.

Kulokhu, ukumiswa kwezinduna kweNkantolo Ephakeme kubhekiselwa okokuqala eKomitini Yesigele Yomkhandlu ngaphambi kokuba ihlolwe iSigele esigcwele. IKomiti Yesigele Yomkhandlu ifeza indima eyinhloko enqubweni yokuqinisekisa, cishe njengaleyo yonke iNkantolo Ephakeme eye yamiswa kusukela ngo - 1868 ngaphambi kokuba ibukezwe.

Iziteshi Ezintathu Zokucabangela Kwekomiti

Kusukela ekupheleni kwawo-1960, ukucatshangelwa kweKomiti yoMbuso yeNkantolo Ephakeme cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi bekunezigaba ezintathu ezihlukile − (1) isigaba esihlolayo esithatha ukuhlolwa, silandelwe (2) ukuqulwa kwamacala omphakathi, futhi siphetha (3) ngesinqumo sekomiti sokutusa iSigele esigcwele.

Isicathulo Sokuqala: Ukucwaninga Kwangaphambi Kokuzwa

Phakathi nesigaba sokuhlola sangaphambi kokuhlola, umculi uphendula imibuzo eminingi yeKomiti yoMqulu, unikeze ikomiti ukwaziswa okuphathelene nezindaba zomphakathi, umsebenzi, nezezimali. Lencwadi yemibuzo inkulu futhi idinga abaqondisi ukuba bachaze ukwaziswa okuningiliziwe ngomlando wabo wekhono, imibhalo, izinkulumo, nezingxabano ezingase zithakazelelwe.

Ngaphezu kokuhlola kwekomiti ngokwayo i-monee, i-FBI ihlola futhi i-professie futhi inikeza ikomiti imibiko eyimfihlo ehlobene nophenyo lwayo. Lokhu kuhlola kwesizinda kuphelele futhi kuhlola umlando womuntu siqu nochwepheshe kunoma yiziphi izimpikiswano ezingase zithinte ukufaneleka kweNkantolo.

Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, i-American Bar Association ihlola futhi izimfanelo zobuchwepheshe zomnyuziyali, ilinganise umnyunekazi njengogcunyekile, ofanelekayo, noma ongenele. Nakuba isilinganiso sika-ABA singabopheki, sinesisindo esiphawulekayo njengokuhlolwa okuzimele kwezimfanelo zomnumnee.

Phakathi nesiteji esiqanjiwe, umnyunyana, ngokuvumelana nesiko elidala, uvakashela uCapitol Hill ukuze akhokhe "izimemo zesihlengo" kumaSimemezeli ngamanye emahhovisi abo, nakuSenator hhayi eKomitini Yomculi, lokho kungaba yithuba kuphela lokuxoxa nomuntu ngentshebe ngaphambi kokuvota enkantolo yakhe.

Kulomkhuba owaqalwa ngo-1992, iKomiti yoMdindiswa iphethe isiqephu esivalelwe ngaphakathi ngeNkantolo ngayinye, iphoqelele ukuphendula noma yimiphi imibuzo ngesizinda sika-minee ukuthi ukuhlola okuyimfihlo kwakungase kulethwe ekomitini, isikhulumi sekomiti ngalesosikhathi sichaza ukuthi ukuqulwa okunjalo kuzakuqhutshwa "kuwo wonke amacala, ngisho nalapho kungekho mpikiswano enkulu yokuphenya okungaxazululwa ukuze kungabi khona ukuqulwa okunjalo okungaboniswa ukubonisa ukuthi ikomiti ithole ukwaziswa okungathandekiyo mayelana nomthetho oyimfihlo."

Izitebhisi Zesibili: Ukuqulwa Kwamacala Omphakathi

Lapho iKomiti yoMjudisi iqeda ukuhlola kwayo i-minee, ifakaza ngokuqulwa phambi kwekomiti, futhi ngokwesilinganiso, ngenxa yeNkantolo Ephakeme eye yathola ukuqulwa kwecala kusukela ngo-1975 kuya kwamanje, ukuqulwa kokuqala kwecala le-minee kwenzeka ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu - 40 ngemva kokuba uMongameli egunyaziwe ngokusemthethweni uMphathi.

Icala lomphakathi limelela ingxenye ebonakala kakhulu yenqubo yokuqinisekisa. Lokhu kuqulwa kwamacala ngokuvamile kuvezwa ngethelevishini futhi kusakazwa kabanzi yimithombo yezindaba, kuyenze ibe isikhathi esiyinhloko sokuhlola umphakathi. Phakathi nalokhu kuqulwa kwamacala, umphakathi waseMelika uthola futhi ulalele ngokuqondile kumuntu ongase akhonze enkantolo ephakeme kakhulu yezwe amashumi amaningi eminyaka.

Ukubuza ngomnyunyana osuhlolwa yizimemezelo zezikhulu kuye kwahilela, ngokwendaba, izimfanelo zomthetho zommeli, isizinda sobuntu, nanoma yiziphi izenzo zangaphambili njengezikhulu zomphakathi, kuyilapho eminye imibuzo iye yagxila ezindabeni zomphakathi nezezombangazwe, uMthetho-sisekelo, izinqumo ezithile zenkantolo, izimpikiswano zamanje ezingokomthetho-mthetho, nefilosofi yokwahlulela.

Kubezomthetho bamuva kakhulu eNkantolo, ukuqulwa kwamacala kuye kwathatha izinsuku ezine noma ezinhlanu (nakuba iSigele singanquma ukuba necala elithé xaxa uma ukumiswa kwegama kubhekwa njengokuphikisanayo), njengoba kwakunjalo ngo-Robert Bork's nonomoto ngo- 1987, owayenezinsuku ezingu-11 zokuqulwa). Abayisithupha abaquliswa amacala abavela phambi kwekomiti kusukela ngo-2005 bachitha amahora aphakathi kwe 17 no-32 befakaza.

Phakathi namacala, ofakazi, kokubili abasekelayo nabaphikisayo, baveza imibono yabo. Ikomiti izwa nobufakazi kofakazi abahlukahlukene bangaphandle, kokubili ukusekela nokuphikisa ukumiswa kwelungelo. Labofakazi bangahlanganisa izazi ezingokomthetho, amaqembu okuphatha, abantu ababesebenza nabo, nabanye abakwazi ukukhuluma nezimfanelo zobumina kanye nefilosofi yokwahlulela.

Ukuziphendukela Okungokomlando Kwezindaba Eziqinisekisayo

Umkhuba wokuqulwa kwamacala enkantolo ePhakeme ungowamuva kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika. Engxenyeni enkulu yeNkantolo, iSigele savota abameleli ngaphandle kokuzwa noma ukuhalalisa nganoma iluphi uhlobo, siqinisekisa uEdward Douglass White njengobulungisa obuhlangene futhi kamuva njengobulungisa obukhulu, nabenzi bomthetho bemithetho bemqinisekisa ngosuku olufanayo lokuthola kwakhe ubufanda, futhi zombili izikhathi ngokuvota ngezwi.

Isenzakalo sokuqala esilotshiwe lapho ukuqulwa kwamacala okungokomthetho kwaziwayo ukuthi kwabekwa khona eNkantolo Ephakeme yikomiti yeSigele sabekwa iKomiti Yomkhandlu ngoDecember 1873, ngokumiswa kukaGeorge Henry Williams ukuba abe ukwahlulela okuyinhloko, ngezinsuku ezimbili zokuqulwa kwamacala okungokomthetho okwakugcinwe ukuze kubukezwe izincwadi futhi kuzwe ubufakazi obuvela kofakazi ngempikiswano eyayivele ngonomondo, ngemva kwalokho ukuphikiswa kukaWilliams kwaqina, futhi umongameli wasusa ukuqulwa kwecala ngoJanuary 1874.

Umkhuba wanamuhla wekomiti ebuza ohulumeni ngemibono yayo yokwahlulela waqala ngoJohn Marshall Harlan II ngo-1955; ukumiswa kwemifano kwaqala ngokushesha ngemva kokuba iNkantolo Ephakeme inikeze isinqumo sayo seBrown v. Ibhodi yezemfundo, futhi izigele zaseningizimu eziningana zasongela ukuvimbela ukuqinisekiswa kukaHarlan, yingakho isinqumo sokufakaza. Cishe bonke abakhwenyana kusukela eHarlan bavela phambi kweKomiti yeSigqi.

Isiteji Sesithathu: ISikhamiso Sekomiti Nokutusa

Ngemva kwesiphetho sokuqulwa kwamacala kahulumeni amaningi, iKomiti Yesigele Yomkhandlu iyaqhubeka ithatha isinyathelo esibucayi enqubweni ePhakeme: ukuvota ukuthi ummeya uzotuswa yini eSigeqeni esigcwele ukuze aqiniswe, nalevoti ngokuvamile ithatha cishe isonto ngemva kokuba ukuqulwa kwecala sekuphelile, inikeza abasizi isikhathi esisekelwe ngamabomu ebufakazini, ebufakazini, nasendleleni yokusabela komculi phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala.

Khona - ke iKomiti yoMbuso iyavota futhi ithumele ukutusa kwayo (ukuthi kuqinisekiswe, ukuthi yenqatshwa, noma akukho ukutusa) eSigele esigcwele. Ikomiti ingabika ukugconwa okuhle, okungafaneleki, noma ngaphandle kokutusa, nakuba ingakhetha ukungasho lutho ngokufakelwa.

Kumagama angu - 15 abikwa kahle, kwabikwa amaphephandaba aneziqu eziyisithupha ngokusekela okuvumelanayo (futhi kwabikwa okunye ngokusekela okucishe kube okuvumelanayo), ngokusho okusanda kubikwa ngokusekela okuvumelanayo kwekomiti ngo - 1994, futhi akukho kuphawula okungu - 8 kwamuva eNkantolo okwabikwa ngokuvumelana noma cishe ngokuvumelana.

Ukucabangela Ngokugcwele ISigele

Lapho iKomiti Yomjudisi isiwuqedele umsebenzi wayo futhi ibika ukumiswa kwegama eNdlu Yezigele egcwele, lonke ikamelo lithatha imvume yokuqonywa kwenkulumo - mpikiswano kanye nevoti yokugcina.

Impikiswano Ngezigebengu

Le mithetho ivumela ukuba kuqhutshwe impikiswano yamahora angaphansi kuka - 30 angaphansi kwesakhiwo, lapho abasekeli bekhuluma besho ukusekela noma ukuphikiswa.

Imithetho yeSigele esetshenziswa ukuvumela impikiswano engenamkhawulo (umkhuba owaziwa ngokuthi i-filbustering) nokuqeda impikiswano, yayidinga amavoti angu-3/5 eSigele noma ama-senator angu-60 (owaziwa ngokuthi ivoti ye-rature), kodwa ngo-April 2017, iSigele sashintsha lomthetho futhi sanciphisa amavoti adingekayo ukuze kuqedwe ukuphikisana kwabangu-5 eNkantolo Ephakeme (lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi "isinqumo senuzi"). Lokhu kushintshe kakhulu ukuqinisekiswa kwezisekelo zeNkantolo Ephakeme, okwenza kube lula kakhulu ukuba iqembu elikhulu livume ukuthi ama-mine ngaphandle kokusekela i-bitalisan.

Izwi Lokuqinisekisa

UMongameli umisa othile esikhundleni esithile eNkantolo nangamavoti eNkantolo ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi itshe elibi, elidinga iningi elivamile. Kudingeka iningi lamaSenea akhona nokuvota ukuze ikomiti yokwahlulela iqiniseke.

Uma kukhona isibopho, uMongameli oyisekela owengamela futhi iSigele uvota.

Kusukela ngo-1967, ivoti ngayinye yeSigele sokuqinisekisa inkantolo ePhakeme ibiyivoti yokuvota — okusho ukuthi ukuvota kwe-senete ngayinye kubhalwe ngokomthetho, futhi ngokomlando, ukuvota okuningi kokugunyazwa kuye kwaphumela ekuthandeni okukhulu kakhulu. Lokhu kubonakala kuqinisekisa ukuthi abameleli bamacala abo obala bayalandisa ngemivoti yabo eNkantolo Ephakeme.

Ukwanda Kwezingxenye Eziqinisekisayo

Ukuqinisekisa amavoti ancipha kakhulu cishe ezindaweni zedili, futhi ubulungisa bokugcina obungaqinisekiswa yivoti ehlangene ethi uAnthony Kennedy, 97-0, ngo- 1988, owokugcina ukwamukela iningi elingamashumi amathathu amabili nantathu nguSonia Sotomayor, 68-31, ngo-2009, futhi ukuvota kweSigele ukuze kuqinisekiswe uBrett Kavanaugh ngo-2018 ngensingo ephukile phakathi kwemigqa yeqembu.

Lokhu kubonisa ukuhlukana okukhulu kwezombangazwe nokuqaphela ukuthi ukumiswa kweNkantolo Ephakeme kungashintsha ukulinganisela kwemibono yeNkantolo izizukulwane ngezizukulwane. Ngokwesiko, iSigele siye sathambekela ekungabini nesizotha kuMongameli ekukhetheni kwakhe amaJaji eNkantolo Ephakeme kunalapho emisa abantu ezikhundleni eziphakeme zegatsha, nendinganiso enzima kakhulu evame ukusetshenziswa eNkantolo Ephakeme ebonisa ukubaluleka okukhethekile kweNkantolo.

Uhlelo lwesikhathi lwenqubo yokuqinisekisa

Ngokuvamile, yonke lenqubo ithatha izinyanga eziningana, kodwa kungenzeka, futhi ngezinye izikhathi, iye yaqedwa ngokushesha ngokwengeziwe, ngesilinganiso sesikhathi esisukela ekuhlolweni kwegama kuya ekuvoteni kokugcina kweSigele kusukela phakathi nawo - 1950 kucishe kube izinsuku ezingu - 55.

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, iNkantolo Ephakeme evamile ikhipha imishado nenqubo yokuqinisekisa iye yathatha izinyanga ezimbili kuya kwezintathu, inqubo yokuqomisa nokuqinisekisa uMahluleli uBrett Kavanaugh yathatha isikhathi esingaphansi kwezinyanga ezintathu, kuyilapho inqubo efanayo kuMahluleli uNeil Gordow yathatha izinyanga ezingaphezudlwana kwezimbili.

Nokho, isikhathi singahluka kakhulu esisekelwe ezimweni zezombangazwe. Okunye ukuqinisekisa kuye kwaqedwa ngezikhathi ezimfushane ngokuphawulekayo, kuyilapho okunye kuye kwaqhubeka izinyanga eziningi noma akuzange kuqedwe nhlobo. ukucabangela kwezombangazwe, ikakhulukazi ukusondela kokhetho futhi okulawulwa yinhlangano yeSigele, kungalithinta kakhulu ijubane lenqubo yokuqinisekisa.

Ngemva Kokuqinisekiswa Kwezigele

Lapho nje iSigele sivota ukuze siqinisekise ukuthi ukhona ozomthatha, kusele izinyathelo eziningana ezingokomthetho ngaphambi kokuba lokwahlulela okusha kuqale imisebenzi yaso eNkantolo.

Ngemva kokwamukela isinqumo sokuqinisekiswa, umongameli angase abe esesayina futhi adlulisele ngokusemthethweni ukumiswa kwenkosi eNkantolo, futhi lowo omisiwe kumelwe athathe izifungo ezimbili ngaphambi kokufeza imisebenzi yehhovisi: isifungo somthetho - sisekelo, esisetshenziselwa bonke abaphethe uhulumeni nohulumeni ngaphansi kukamongameli, nesifungo sokwahlulela esisetshenziswa kubo bonke abahluleli bakahulumeni.

UMahluleli oqinisekisiwe uhlanganyela emikhosini emibili yokufunga inhlamba, kanye nesenzakalo esihilela uMahluleli okhipha isifungo sokwahlulela nomunye umkhosi ohilela isifungo somthetho - sisekelo, noMahluleli weNkantolo Ephakeme manje okhipha izifungo zombili, nesifungo somthetho - sisekelo esinikezwa emkhosini wasobala owawukhona kuMongameli.

Umkhuba ovamile emashumini eminyaka amuva ubuwukwenza umkhosi wesifungo eMzini omhlophe noma eSikhungweni Senkantolo Esiphakeme, futhi umuntu usethathe lesi qophelo “izinyathelo ezidingekile zokuba yilungu leNkantolo".

Ukuphikisana Okuphawulekayo Nokuphikisanayo

Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, izimpikiswano ezithile zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zabangela impikiswano ethile noma zabeka izibonelo ezibalulekile zalenqubo yokuqinisekisa.

U-Robert Bork ka- 1987 walahlwa ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala leSigele esisakazwe kakhulu elisekelwe kuyifilosofi yakhe yokwahlulela. U-Bork nomination waba isikhathi esipholile, wangenisa igama elithi "borking" esihlaziyweni sezombangazwe ukuze achaze ukuphikisa okukhulu komnyunyana osekelwe embonweni nasefilosofini yabo yokwahlulela.

U-Clarence Thomas wango 1991 waqinisekisa ukuthi kwakuhileleke ukucubungula okukhulu nempikiswano yesizwe, kuhlanganise nobufakazi obuyingqophamlando buka-Anita Hill ngokuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili. Izindlebe zikaThomas zaletha ukukhandlwa emsebenzini futhi zabonisa indlela ukumangalelwa kokuziphethe kabi komuntu siqu okungagxila ngayo kule nqubo yokuqinisekisa.

Imibiko yamuva nje enjengoBrett Kavanaugh ngo - 2018 no - Amy Coney Barrett ngo - 2020 nayo yaqokomisa ukuhlaziywa kwezombangazwe nokuthathwa kweSigele okusheshayo, kuhlanganise nokuqinisekiswa uBarrett ngokushesha ngaphambi kokhetho lukamongameli, futhi lamacala abonisa ukuxazulula ukuhlobana okunamandla, indima yemithombo yezindaba, kanye nokuthembisa umphakathi kulenqubo.

Ukufakwa kwendikima

Akuzona zonke iziphakamiso zeNkantolo Ephakeme eziphumela ekuqinisekisweni. Cishe ikota elilodwa leNkantolo Ephakeme aliqinisekiswanga ekugcineni. Ukuphoqelelwa kungahluleka ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokulahlwa kweSigele, ukuhoxa kukamongameli, noma ukwenqaba kweSigele ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuthatha isinyathelo sokuthola i-gamma.

Esinye sezibonelo zamuva eziphawuleka kakhulu zokumiswa kwezitho zomthetho ngo-2016 senzeka lapho uMongameli Obama evala uMerrick Garland ukuze agcwalise izikhala ezadalwa ukufa kukaMahluleli uAntonin Scalia. Uma ukumiswa kukaMerrick Garland kungavotelwanga yiSigele ngo-2016, ukumiswa kwakhe ngenkani kwabuyiselwa kuMongameli omusha ngoJanuary 3, 2017. UMphathi-sigele uMphathi uMit McConnell wenqaba ukuvala icala noma ukuvota, ephikisa ngokuthi imvume kufanele igcwaliswe ngumongameli olandelayo.

Izici Izinhlayiya Ezizicabangelayo

Lapho inquma ukuthi ingavotela noma imelane neNkantolo Ephakeme, izinyunyana zicabangela izici eziningi ngaphandle nje kwezimfanelo zomthetho zomuntu.

Izimemezelo zabo bobabili laba bahlukene ziye zasekela, okungenani ngokwengxenye, ukuphikisa kwabo iNkantolo Ephakeme ethile ngenkolelo yokuthi isimo semibono noma imibono yemibono yelungu elithile ezindabeni ezithile isuka ngaphandle kwemibono ebanzi engokomthetho noma ewumbono womphakathi. Lokhu kucabangela kubonisa iqiniso lokuthi amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme enza izinqumo ezithinta kakhulu umthetho nenhlangano yaseMelika.

Esinye isici yithonya lontanga eSigele (ikakhulukazi, mhlawumbe, lapho ukumiswa kwezinduna kubhekwa njengempikiswano), abaneziqu ezinethonya ngokukhethekile yilabo abalwela ukubusa noma abahola ukuphikiswa, noma abadlala indima evelele ekuqulweni kwezindaba kweKomiti Yomjudia, kuyilapho okunye ukucatshangelwa kwabaHluleli kuyoba imibono yabazodwa, ikakhulukazi uma abavoti abaningi basekhaya becatshangelwa ukuba bazizwe ngokunamandla ngokungezwani.

Umphumela Wesikhathi Eside Wokumiswa Kwenkantolo Ephakeme

Ukubaluleka kokumiswa kweNkantolo ePhakeme kudlulela ngalé komzuzu wezombangazwe oseduze. Ngenxa yokuthi amajaji amisa izinhlelo zokuphila konke, ukubekwa ngakunye kubumba inqubo yeNkantolo kanye nemithetho yayo amashumi eminyaka.

KuMongameli, ukumiswa koMahluleli weNkantolo Ephakeme kungaba isilinganiso esiphawulekayo umlando oyokwahlulela ngaso ubumongameli bakhe. Ngokuvamile abameli babheka ukumiswa kwabo eNkantolo Ephakeme njengokuphakathi kwemibuso yabo ehlala njalo, njengoba lamajaji eyoqhubeka ethonya umthetho waseMelika esikhathini eside ngemva kokuba umongameli ephumile.

Ku-Geabe, isinqumo sokuqinisekisa siyinto ehloniphekile futhi, ngoba yiSigele sodwa, ngemisebenzi yaso "Isicelo neSivumelwano" ("Inkonzo"nengxenye) ngaphandle kokuhileleka okungokomthetho kwendlu yabameleli ) esebenza njengesivikelo ekwahlulelweni kukaMongameli.

Izinqumo zeNkantolo ePhakeme zithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika. INkantolo inamandla okushaya imithetho edluliswa yiSishaya - mthetho, ibhuqule izenzakalo ezilandelanayo, futhi ichaze uMthetho-sisekelo ngezindlela ezimisa amalungelo abantu, ukwahlulela kobugebengu, ukunakekelwa kwendawo ezungezile, ukuvikela indawo ezungezile, amalungelo okuvota, nezinye izindaba ezingenakubalwa. Ngezinye izikhathi umahluleli oyedwa angaba yisinqumo emacaleni angokomlando aguqula inkambo yomlando waseMelika.

Ukuhlanganyela Nenqubo Yokukhipha Ikhemikhali

Nakuba izakhamuzi zingavoti ngokuqondile eNkantolo Ephakeme, zingafeza futhi zifeze indima ebalulekile enqubeni yokuqinisekisa. Umbono womphakathi ungathonya amavoti abaphathi be-sene, ikakhulukazi lapho abameleli beveza imibono yabo ngokushayelana, ngezincwadi, nezinye izindlela zokuxhumana nabameleli babo abakhethiwe.

Amaqembu anesithakazelo nezinhlangano zombuso ezinhlangothini zombili zezombangazwe zihlanganisa amalungu azo phakathi nezinhlangano zeNkantolo Ephakeme, zikhankase, zihlela imizamo yotshani, futhi zinikeza ukwaziswa okuzosiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde izigxobo zokuhlobisa. Lokhu kuthembisa komphakathi kubonisa ukuqaphela ukuthi ukumiswa kweNkantolo Ephakeme kunemiphumela ejulile nehlala njalo emphakathini waseMelika.

Imithombo yezindaba inendima ebalulekile ekuziseni umphakathi ngama-minene, amarekhodi, nezindaba ezihilelekile. Ukuzwa kwezincwadi ezigunyaziwe kuvumela izigidi zaseMelika ukuba zibuke izenzakalo futhi zakhe imibono yazo siqu ngabampongi. Lokhu kubonakala, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi kugxekwa ngokuguqula lenqubo ibe inkundla yemidlalo yezombangazwe, kuqinisekisa ukuthi enye yemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu kahulumeni iyenzeka emphakathini wonke.

Ukuqonda Ukulinganisela Kwamandla

Ngalendlela, kokubili i-Adminitive and Legislative Brants kahulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni unezwi ekwakheni kweNkantolo Ephakeme. Lokhu kubonisa umthwalo wemfanelo ohlangene wabenzi bomsunguli wokuhlolwa nokulinganiswa, beqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha likahulumeni elinganqandwanga ukuphatha inkantolo.

Inqubo yokumisa nokuqinisekisa ihlanganisa isimiso semibuso ehlukene esiyisisekelo kuhulumeni womthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Amandla kamongameli okumisa ahlolwa ngamandla eNdlu yeSishayamthetho ukuqinisekisa noma ukunqaba. Lesimiso siklanyelwe ukuveza abahluleli abasekela ngokubanzi futhi abanezimfanelo ezidingekayo ukuze bakhonze enkantolo ephakeme yesizwe.

Izinselele Nezimpikiswano Zesikhathi Esizayo

Inqubo yokuhlobanisa i - Court Ephakeme ibhekene nezinselele eziningana zanamuhla nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngendlela okufanele isebenze ngayo eMelika yanamuhla.

Okunye okukhathazayo ukwanda kokuncintisana kwenqubo yokuqinisekisa. Njengoba ukuhlukaniswa kwezombangazwe kuye kwakhula, ukuqinisekiswa kweNkantolo Ephakeme kuye kwaba nokuphikisana okukhulu nokuhlukana phakathi kwemikhakha. Lokhu kuphakamisa imibuzo yokuthi le nqubo ifeza kahle yini injongo yayo engokomthetho-sisekelo yokuveza abahluleli abafanelekayo, abazimele abanganikeza ithemba emphakathini.

Izindinganiso ezihlukahlukene ziye zasetshenziswa kuye ngokuthi iliphi iqembu elilawula iSigele nomongameli, okuholela ekumangalweni ngobuzenzisi nokukhathalela ukumiswa kweNkantolo.

Abanye abashisekeli bezinguquko baye bahlongoza izinguquko esimisweni seNkantolo Ephakeme ngokwaso, kuhlanganise nemingcele yemithetho engokomthetho noma ukwandisa inani lezihlalo eNkantolo. Abasekeli baphikisa ukuthi lezi zinguquko zinciphisa iziphakamiso zabantu ngabanye futhi zenza iNkantolo ithathe isinyathelo sokushintsha kwentando yeningi. Izinguquko ezinjalo zingase zilulaze ukuzimela kokwahlulela nokuzimela komthetho - sisekelo.

Imithombo Yokuhlala Unolwazi

Izakhamuzi ezifuna ukuhlala zinolwazi ngeNkantolo Ephakeme ziyakwazi ukuthola izinto eziningi. Iwebhusayithi yeNkantolo esemthethweni ye- inikeza ukwaziswa ngeNkantolo namalungu ayo. Iwebhusayithi yeKomiti ye-udiaudia inikeza ukufinyelela ekuzweni kwezimiso, iziqephu, nezinye izinto ezihlobene nemithetho.

Izinhlangano zezindaba zinikeza ukudluliswa okukhulu kwemininingwane yeNkantolo Ephakeme, kuhlanganise nokuhlaziywa kwemibhalo yabasekeli kanye nezisekelo zezombangazwe ezihambisana nokuqinisekiswa. Izazi zomthetho nochwepheshe bomthetho-mthetho zinikeza ukukhulumela okungasiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde izindaba ezingokomthetho nezingokomthetho ezihilelekile.

Izinhlangano phakathi kwezombangazwe, kusukela ku- Heritage Foundation kuya ku-[FLT] American Civil Liberties Union[, inikeza ukwaziswa nokuhlaziywa ngokwemibono ehlukene, ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zicabangele imibono eminingi ngo-nominee kanye nenqubo yokuqinisekisa.

Ukubaluleka Kolwazi Oluyikho

Ukuqonda inqubo yokumiswa kweNkantolo Ephakeme kubalulekile ekwakheni izakhamuzi ezinolwazi. Lokhu kuphawula kumelela izikhathi lapho abantu baseMelika, ngabameleli babo abakhethiwe, besiza ekulolongeni ikusasa lencazelo yomthetho - sisekelo nesivikelo samalungelo nenkululeko.

Ngokuqonda indlela lenqubo esebenza ngayo, yiziphi izici eziyithonyayo, futhi kungani ibalulekile, izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela ngokunenjongo ngokwengeziwe kulesici esibalulekile sokubusa kwaseMelika. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokuxhumana nezinkampani zenhlangano, ngokuhlanganyela enkulumweni yeningi, noma ngokumane nje zihlale zinolwazi, izakhamuzi zifeza indima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi inqubo yokuhloba i - notic methom ifeza injongo yazo engokomthetho - sisekelo.

Inqubo yokunquma iNkantolo Ephakeme ibonisa izimiso eziyisisekelo zentando yeningi yaseMelika: ukwahlukana kwemibuso, ukuhlola nokulinganisela, nokubaluleka kokulandisa ngentando yeningi kuhulumeni. Njengoba iNkantolo iqhubeka inquma amacala alolonga ukuphila kwaseMelika, ukuqonda indlela amahluleli akhethwa ngayo kuba baluleke ngokwengeziwe kuzo zonke izakhamuzi ezikhathalela ikusasa likahulumeni womthetho - sisekelo.

Isiphetho

Ukumiswa kwenkantolo ePhakeme kumelela enye yeziphambano ezibaluleke kakhulu zomthetho nezombangazwe kuhulumeni waseMelika. Le nqubo, esekelwe embhalweni womthetho-sisekelo kodwa ehlelwe yinqubo nayinqubo yamakhulu eminyaka, ihilela ukuphikisana ngokucophelela, ukucubungula umphakathi, futhi ekugcineni isinqumo sabameleli abakhethiwe abazokhonza enkantolo ephakeme kakhulu yesizwe.

Kusukela ekukhetheni kokuqala kukamongameli nge-Sigele se-Committee Judicary Committee ukuqulwa kwecala lokugcina ukuqinisekiswa, isigaba ngasinye senqubo sifeza izinjongo ezibalulekile: ukuqinisekisa ukuthi omnini-mney bayafaneleka, ukuvumela ukufakwa nokuhlolwa komphakathi, nokudinga ukuvumelana phakathi kwamagatsha aphethe ne-productal. Nakuba le nqubo iye yaqala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi ibhekene nezinselele zamanje, injongo yayo eyisisekelo ayikaguquki: ukukhetha abahluleli abazowuchaza ngokwethembeka uMthetho-sisekelo nemithetho ye-United States.

Kubantu abahlala ezakhamuzini, ukuqonda le nqubo akuyona nje indlela yokufunda. Lulwazi olubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuhlanganyela ngokunenzuzo embusweni wentando yeningi waseMelika. Amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme enza izinqumo ezithinta wonke umuntu waseMelika, futhi inqubo yokunyuselwa kwegama iyindlela eyinhloko abantu, ngabameleli babo abakhethiwe, abanezwi lokulungisa indlela eyakhiwe ngayo iNkantolo.

Njengoba izimpikiswano ziqhubeka ngekusasa leNkantolo Ephakeme nenqubo yokukhipha iziqu, izakhamuzi ezifundile ziyoba ezihlonyiselwe kangcono ukuhlaziya izihlongozo zenguquko, zigcine iziphathi - mandla zazo zinecala, futhi zihlanganyele ngokunenzuzo ezingxoxweni ngenye yezinhlangano ezibaluleke kakhulu kuhulumeni waseMelika. Izigxobo ziphakeme, imiphumela ihlala njalo, futhi isidingo sokuthembisana nokuqonda izakhamuzi asikaze sibe sikhulu kunanini ngaphambili.