Isingeniso: Isizathu Sokuba UMthetho - − Uhluke Ezindabeni

Nsuku zonke, izakhamuzi zibhekana nemiphumela yokwenza izinqumo zikahulumeni ngokuphuma emoyeni ziphefumula ngokuphepha kokudla ezikudlayo kanye nenzalo emalini ezindlini zazo. Nokho bambalwa abanqumayo bacabangele amathuluzi amabili ahlukene kodwa azimele angenza lezi zinsika zibe nokwenzeka: umthetho nemithetho. Umthetho ubeka izinhloso ezinkulu ngemithetho edluliselwa ngabameleli abakhethiwe; imithetho igcwala imininingwane yobuchwepheshe ngemithetho ekhishwa yizinhlangano zezobuqondisi. Ukuqonda ukuthi la mandla amabili asebenza kanjani akuwona nje umsebenzi wemfundo yemfundo. Lulwazi olubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuthonya imithetho yomphakathi, agcine uhulumeni enecala, noma aqonde indlela amalungelo awo kanye nezibo.

Lesi sihloko siveza ukuhlanganiswa kwemithetho nemithetho, sichaza izinqubo ezakha ngayinye, futhi sinikeza isiqondiso esisebenzayo ngendlela izakhamuzi ezingahlanganyela ngayo nakho kokubili. Ekupheleni, uyoba nombono ocacile wendlela imithetho eyenziwa ngayo (() nendlela ongaba nezwi ngayo kuleyo nqubo.

Ukuchaza Umthetho Nokumiswa

Kuyini Umthetho?

Umthetho ubhekisela emithethweni emiswa yindikimba yemithetho, njenge-United States Congress, isishaya-mthetho sombuso, noma umkhandlu wedolobha. Lemikhandlu yakhiwa izikhulu ezikhethiwe eziphikisanayo futhi zivote ezikweletini ezihlongozwayo. Ngesinye isikhathi yadlula ngawo womabili amakamu (emizileni ye-bimeral) futhi yasayinwa umphathi (umphathi, umbusi, noma umphathi-mthetho), umthetho olotshiwe (hhayi umthetho) obhalwe ngegunya likazwe.

Imithetho ibanzi kakhulu. Imisa izimiso, ikhe izinhlelo, igunyaze ukuyisebenzisa, futhi iphathise izinhlangano zikahulumeni igunya. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Celean Air Act ayidwebi isilinganiso esivumelekile sanoma iluphi uhlobo lwesitshuli; kunalokho, imemezela ukuthi umoya kufanele uphephe ukuze ube nempilo yomphakathi futhi i-EPA Protection (Epa) ukuze ithuthukise izindinganiso ezithile.

Ukubekwa kwemithetho kungahlukaniswa kube imithetho yomphakathi (igunyaza zonke izakhamuzi) nemithetho yomuntu siqu (inikeza izinzuzo noma usizo kubantu abathile noma izinhlangano). Imithetho eminingi ethinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke(isivikelo samalungelo ezakhamuzi, imithetho yentela, izindinganiso zendawo ezungezile.)

Kuyini Ukuvuselelwa?

Ngokuphambene, ukumiswa kwemithetho nezimfuneko ezikhishwa yizinhlangano eziphethe amagatsha ukuze zisebenzise imithetho edluliswa yisishaya-mthetho. Lezi zikhungo − njenge-EPA, i-FDA, i-Securitive and Exchange Administration (FDA), i-Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

Nakuba umthetho umisa lokho “” kanye no-“kungani” kwezenzo zikahulumeni, iziqondiso zinikeza“ kanjani” izinhloso zenkambiso ezibanzi zibekwe ezindinganisweni eziqondile, eziphoqelelwe. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Ceather Air Act inika i-EPA amandla e-National Ambient Air Selity Standard Standard (NAAQS). I-EPA ikhipha imithetho eningiliziwe enikeza iziqondiso ezivumela ukufakwa kwezinto ezingcolile njenge-ozone, kanye nezindlela zokuhlola, imingcele ye-atruption, kanye nezijeziso zokujeza.

Imithetho inesilinganiso esingokomthetho esifanayo nemithetho, uma ikhishwa phakathi kwegunya lenhlangano eligunyazweyo. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile zihoxa ezinguqulweni zezimiso ezingaqondakali ngaphansi kwemfundiso ye- shevron (isimiso esiqanjwe ngegama lecala leNkantolo Ephakeme U.S.A. Inc. ne-Natural Resources Defense Council[]), nakuba lemfundiso inqanyuliwe eminyakeni yamuva.

Inqubo Yomthetho Yokujula

Indlela Ibhili Eliba Ngayo Umthetho

Umfanekiso wesiteshi esiphambili we- “indlela umlomo oba ngayo umthetho” umane uncike ngayo. Empeleni, uhambo luyinkimbinkimbi, aluqondakali futhi lubunjwe ukuvumelana kwezombangazwe. Izinyathelo ezingokomthetho zinje:

  1. I-Introduction: Ilungu lesiKhongolose lixhasa umthetho futhi liwungenisa eNdlu yabameleli noma eNdluneni yeSigele. (Imali yecala yentambo kumelwe ivele eNdlu.)
  2. Committee Referral: Icala libhekiswe ekomitini ehlobene ne-(______Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho wokunakekela impilo ubhekiswe eKomitini yezeMwezi nezentengiselwano noma eKomitini yezempilo, yezemfundo, yezemisebenzi, yezisebenzi, neyamaPlanthi. Ikomiti ibamba amacala, izinkulumo-mpikiswano, futhi ingathi “iphawule” isikweleti.
  3. [[NTL:0] Ingxoxo yeze-Floor ne Vote: Uma ikomiti ivumela imvume yecala, iqhubekela egumbini eligcwele. Imithetho ibusa inkulumo-mpikiswano (njengemingcele yesikhathi nemithetho enqatshelwayo) imiswa yi-House Readsting Committee noma ngemvume evumelanayo eSigeqeni. I-amningi iyadingeka ukuze kudluliswe izintambo ezimweni eziningi.
  4. Isenzo kwenye i-: Umthetho uhamba ngenqubo efanayo egumbini elimelene nelinye. Uma igumbi lesibili lidlula inguquko ehlukile, ikomiti yengqungquthela yamalungu asemagumbini womabili ixoxa ngokuhlehla.
  5. IPassal: Zombili izitena kumelwe zivumele umbhalo ofanayo. Imali iyabhaliswa bese ithunyelwa kumongameli.
  6. IPresidile Action: Umongameli angasayina isaziso emthetho, ewuvumela, noma ayivumele ukuba ibe umthetho ngaphandle kokusayinwa ngemva kwezinsuku eziyishumi (amaSonto adlule) kuyilapho uMkhandlu useqenjini. Uma u-Veto, uMkhandlu ungadlula ngevoti eyisithathu kulawo makamu.

Ukuqonda imifantu yamabhodlela − ikakhulukazi isigaba sekomiti neSigele se-monilbuster (izakhamuzi) zingahlasela imizamo yazo yokuzilawula ngokuphumelelayo.

Abadlali Abayinhloko Nethonya

Ngaphandle kwezikhulu ezikhethiwe, umthetho ulolongwa abadlali abaningi:

  • Izisebenzi zeCommittee: ulimi lwedraft, ukusebenzelana, kanye nokweluleka amalungu.
  • [i-Lobbysts: amaqembu enzalo amelela isithakazelo (izinhlanga, izinyunyana, izinzuzo) asunduzela noma amelene namalungiselelo.
  • [ Izinhlangano eziphetheyo: Nikeza ubuchwepheshe futhi ngezinye izikhathi uhlongoza ulimi lwezishayamthetho.
  • Constuents: Umvoti ngamunye othintana nabameleli babo angathonya amavoti, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni ezisendaweni noma eziphezulu.

Izakhamuzi ezifuna ukuthonya umthetho kufanele zigxile ekwakheni ubuhlobo namahhovisi abameleli bazo, ikakhulukazi izisebenzi ezisingatha isimiso esifanelekile.

Inqubo Yokuqondisa: Indlela Imithetho Enziwa Ngayo

UMthetho We - Administrate Procedure Act (APA)

Imithetho ayisungulwanga ebhokisini elimnyama. Act yombuso we-1946 ibusa inqubo yokubekwa kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni, iqinisekisa ukuba sobala, ukuhlanganyela komphakathi, nokubukezwa kokwahlulela. Izinhlangano zoMbuso zisebenza ngezimiso ezifanayo zokuqondisa ezisesilinganisweni sombuso. I-APA imisa izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zokushaya umthetho: ngokwethukela (ama-i-intshi-ne-comment) kanye nezimiso ezisemthethweni (indlela yokulalela yohlelo). Izimiso eziningi zikhishwa ngenqubo yokubusa yesikhashana.

Izinyathelo Ekwenzeni Ukubusa Ngokwethukela

  1. [[QUT:0] Igunya lomfundisi : Inhlangano kumele ibe negunya elicacile kusuka kumthetho ukukhipha imithetho ngesihloko.
  2. Iphepha lomthetho ogunyaziwe (NPRM): Inhlangano ikhipha umthetho ohlongozwayo ku Faceral Register[ (umagazini wansuku zonke ongokomthetho kahulumeni wase-U.S.). Lesaziso sihlanganisa umbhalo wemithetho ehlongozwayo, igunya lomthetho, nesicelo sokuphawula obala.
  3. Inkathi yokuphendula : Izinsuku ezingu-30 kuya ku-60, nakuba inwetshwe ngemithetho emikhulu. Noma ubani (ingidividi, amabhizinisi, amaqembu okufunda, uhulumeni nezindawo) kumelwe abhale izinkulumo. Izimo kumelwe zifunde futhi zicabangele zonke “izaziso”.
  4. View and Reformation: Ngemva kwenkathi yokuphawula ikhawula, inxusa lihlola ukubuya kwezwi, lingase libukeze umthetho, futhi lilungise inguquko yokugcina.
  5. Ukubusa okungalawuleki: Ibhalwe ku Faceral Register [ ngenkulumo yesisekelo nenjongo echaza indlela isikhungo esasabela ngayo empendulweni. Umthetho uhlanganisa usuku oluphumelelayo (ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingu-30 kamuva).
  6. Jodicial Review[: Izikhulu ezithakazelayo zingabekela umthetho wokugcina enkantolo inselele, ziphikisa ngokuthi udlula igunya lenhlangano, ushiywe ngokomthetho, noma uphule umthetho.

Le nqubo inikeza izakhamuzi ezivamile ithuluzi elinamandla: ikhono lokunikeza izinkulumo ezingathonya izigidi zabantu. Izinhlangano kumelwe ziphendule emazwini ashiwoyo, futhi ukwehluleka ukwenza kanjalo kungaba isisekelo sokuba inkantolo igumbuqele umthetho.

Indima yeRegister kaFederal nemithetho.gov

Imithombo emibili yemithombo yesisekelo yenza inqubo yokuqondisa ibe sobala:

  • I-Federal Register [i-fester comment.gov]: Incwadi yansuku zonke lapho kuhlongozwa khona imithetho kanye nemithetho yokugcina, kanye namaphepha kamongameli, iyavela. Iyaseshwa nge-iqual, usuku, nesihloko.
  • Imithetho.gov: Isikhungo esiyinhloko sokuphawula komphakathi mayelana nokwenza uhulumeni. Izakhamuzi zingafuna imithetho ehlongozwayo, zifunde amabhukwana asekelayo, futhi zithumele iziphetho nge-electron.

Lamaplatfomu akhululekile futhi avulekelwe umphakathi. Imithetho.gov iyithuluzi elibaluleke kakhulu kunoma ubani ofuna ukuthonya imithetho.

Ukuhlangana Phakathi Komthetho Nokumiswa Kwawo

Ukumiswa Kwegunya

Isisekelo sobuhlobo bomthetho nomthetho singu ugunyazo. Ingqungquthela (noma isishaya-mthetho) idlulisa umthetho wokuthi izihambeli zinikeza igunya lokubusa enxusani. Umthetho ubeka imingcele: inxusa lingakhipha kuphela imithetho “ehlobene nengqondo” nezinjongo zomthetho. Le nthumi ivumela ochwepheshe, kunokuba isebenzise imithetho yezobuchwepheshe, ivumela imithetho yezobuchwepheshe ehlelwa ngemininingwane. Ingenza futhi ivumela ukuvumelana nemithetho ehleliwe.

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi abameleli abeqisayo baphula isimiso somthetho-mthetho sokuhlukanisa amagunya, kodwa izinkantolo ngokuvamile ziye zasekela amanxusa amakhulu uma nje uMkhandlu unikeza “isimiso esingachazeki” sokuqondisa inhlangano. U.S. isikhulu sikahulumeni sokuphatha [[ sichaza lezithunywa ngokomongo wokwakhiwa komthetho jikelele.

Indlela Imithetho Evala Ngayo Amagebe

Imithetho ivame ukuba namagebe, amaphutha, noma amagama adinge ukuchazwa. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Occiation Safety and Health Act ifuna abaqashi ukuba banikeze indawo yomsebenzi “engenazo izingozi eziqashelwayo.” Kodwa yini ngempela ebangela ingozi eqashelweyo? I-Occupational Safety and Administration (OSHA) ikhipha imithetho echaza imingcele evunyelwe ukudalulwa kwamakhemikhali, idinga imishini yokuvikela, nezimfuneko zokugcina amarekhodi. Ngaphandle kwaleyo mithetho, umthetho ubungeke usebenzele.

Ngokufanayo, iDodd-Frank Wall Street Reformation and Consumer Protection Act ka-2010 yayala izinhlangano eziningi (kuhlanganise i-SEC ne-Consumer Financial Protection Bureau) ukuba zibhale amakhulu emithetho esebenzisa amalungiselelo ayo. Umthetho ngokwawo wawungamakhasi angaphezu kuka-300, kodwa imithetho eyasungulwa yiyo yafinyelela ezinkulungwaneni ezengeziwe.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela

I-interlive ayiyona indlela eyodwa. Nakuba imithetho isebenzisa umthetho, ingaphansi kokuhlola kokubili amagatsha omthetho nokwahlulela. Umkhandlu ungawudlulisa umthetho ngokumisa umthetho omusha (nakuba lokhu kudinga isithiyo esiphezulu njenganoma imuphi umthetho). Ingasebenzisa futhi i-Congressional Review Act (CRA) ukuze inqabe umthetho odluliselwa ngesinqumo esilula, kodwa leli thuluzi lilinganiselwe kwifasitela elimfushane ngemva kokuba umthetho ubekwe eKhondlu. Izinkantolo zingashaya imithetho eqinile, ephambeneyo, noma ngalé kwegunya le-ocement.

Ukuhlolwa Kwecala: Isivikelo Sendawo Ezungezile Ngaphansi Komthetho Womoya Ohlanzekile

Isisekelo Sesimiso Semithetho

I-Ceac Air Act (CAA) eyadlula ngo-1963 futhi yalungiswa kakhulu ngo-1970 nango-1990, iyingxenye ephawulekayo yomthetho wendawo ezungezile. Imemezela ukuthi umgomo “ukuvikela nokuthuthukisa izinga lemithombo ye-asemoyeni yesizwe ukuze ithuthukise impilo nenhlalakahle yomphakathi.” I-Act imisa imithetho nezindinganiso ezibanzi kodwa ishiyela imininingwane eminingi yobuchwepheshe e-EPA.

Amalungiselelo ayinhloko e - CAA ahlanganisa:

  • Icela i-EPA ukuba ibeke i-National Ambentient Sight Sight (NAAQS) i-“crite” eyisithupha engcolisayo (umz., i-ozone, i-pancute eyisici, i-carbon monoxide).
  • Ukulawula ukukhishwa kwegesi engcolisa umoya (ama - HAP) anjenge - benzene ne - mercury.
  • Ukumisa uhlelo lwemvume lwemithombo emikhulu yezimboni.
  • Izifundazwe ezinama - mandating ukuze zithuthukise amasu okuhlangabezana nombuso (ama - SIP) okuhlangabezana ne - NAAQS.

Ukusabela Okunesiqondiso

I-EPA ikhiphe amakhulu emithetho ngaphansi kwe-CAA. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho wento ehambayo (PM2.5) ubeka indinganiso yama-microgram angu-12 nge-kyubikhi mitha ngonyaka. I-EPA inquma ukuthi imithombo kumelwe igade kanjani izinga lomoya, ukuthi yimiphi imithombo okumelwe ifake ubuchwepheshe bokulawula ukungcola, nokuthi izindinganiso zihlolwa kangakanani. I-'i-metacity' ibuye imise imithetho yezethutho zemoto, i-mercury directory's, kanye ne-tectionrast-meter.

Le mithetho ivame ukuphikisana. Amaqembu ezobuchwepheshe angawabekela inselele njengebiza kakhulu, kuyilapho amaqembu endawo engase aphikise ukuthi abuthakathaka kakhulu. I-EPA kumelwe iphendule lapho kubhekiswa enqubweni yokushaya umthetho, futhi izinkantolo zibukeze imithetho ephikiswayo. Ukufakwa kwemithetho (umoya ohlanzekile) kanye nemithetho ecacile (imingcele engokomthetho) kubonisa indlela isimiso esizivumelanisa ngayo isikhathi njengoba isayensi nobuchwepheshe ziguquka.

Ukuhlolwa Kwezifo: Ukunakekelwa Kwempilo Nomthetho Wokunakekela Ongadunyiswa

I-Affordble Care Act ka-2010 inikeza esinye isibonelo esicebile. Umthetho ngokwawo mkhulu, kodwa uthumela igunya elikhulu lokubusa kuMnyango Wezempilo NamaNkonzo Obuntu (HHS), i-International Revenue Service (IRS), nohulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, i-ACA inqabela abafaki bemali ukuba bangakhokhi ukukhokhelwa ngenxa yezimo ezikhona ngaphambili. Kodwa yini ebaluleke kakhulu njengesimo sangaphambi kokuba kube khona? Ibhukwana eliyibhucungwayo liba i-ibhuloho? Iyiphi inzuzo yalethwa ngamacebo kamkhulu?

Omunye umthetho ophawulekayo ngaphansi kwe-ACA wachaza izinzuzo ezisemgangathweni zempilo ezidingekayo okumelwe wonke amasu azo namaqembu amancane ahlale. I-HHS yakhipha umthetho ochaza izigaba eziyishumi (kuhlanganise ukufakwa esibhedlela, imithi kadokotela, ukunakekelwa kwezingane, nezinkonzo zezempilo zengqondo) futhi yavumela amazwe ukuba akhethe uhlelo lwe-beckman plag. Lomthetho wanikeza incazelo eqinisekile yesiqinisekiso somthetho “isigungu".

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-ACA kwakungenamthungo. Ukumangalelwa okuningi kwabekela inselele izikhulu zenhlangano, ezidume kakhulu ukudlula King v. Burwell (2015]), lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela khona izikweleti zentela ezikhokhelwa uhulumeni ezisekelwe kumthetho we-IRS. Icala libonisa indlela izinkantolo ezichaza ngayo imithetho nezimiso ndawonye.

Okwenza Izakhamuzi Ziqaphele Ukuhlangana Kwemidlalo

Kokubili Kuchaza Amalungelo Nezibopho

Izakhamuzi eziningi zicabanga ‘ ngomthetho” njengomthetho odluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho noma isishaya-mthetho sombuso. Eqinisweni, imithetho inemiphumela efanayo engokomthetho. Uma uphula indinganiso ye-EPA, umthetho wokuphepha we-OSHA, noma imfuneko yokuvuma, ubhekene nenkokhelo, izijeziso, noma ngisho namacala obugebengu, ngisho noma ungawufundi umthetho ogunyaza leyo mithetho.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iziqondiso zinganikeza amalungelo. AmaMelika anemithetho yokukhubazeka ayiziqondiso; kodwa iziqondiso zokutholakala ezinemininingwane zezakhiwo namawebhusayithi zivela ezimisweni ezikhishwe uMnyango Wobulungisa. Lezo zimiso zisho ngokuqondile ukuthi umnyango ubanzi kangakanani, ukuthi i-gasp owenziwe nge-website efinyelelekayo ingaba yisiphi isilinganiso.

Amathuba Okuhlanganyela Ebuthweni Lentando Yeningi

Ukubopha akugcini ekuvoteni umongameli noma uKhongolozeli. Inqubo yokuqondisa inikeza izakhamuzi indlela eqondile yokuhlela isimiso somphakathi. Phakathi nenkathi yokuphendula komphakathi, ukukhulumela okuqondiswe kahle komuntu ophendulwe ubufakazi [1] ukuthonya isinqumo senxusa. Izinhlangano kudingeka zicabangele zonke izinkulumo ezibalulekile. Lokhu kunamandla ikakhulukazi ezindabeni zendawo, njengomthetho wefektri othinta umphakathi othile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhamuzi zingaya enkantolo yomphakathi, zifake izicelo zokubusa, futhi ngisho nezinhlangano zifake icala ukuze ziphoqelele ukuthatha isinyathelo (isimo, lapho inhlangano ilahlekelwa isikhathi sokugcinwa kwemithetho). Lamathuluzi abalulekile ekubekeni uhulumeni icala phakathi nokhetho.

Indlela Yokuhileleka: Isiqondiso Esiwusizo

Isinyathelo Sokuqala: Thola Inkinga Nokuhlolwa Okusebenzayo

Uma ukhathalela indawo ethile yenqubo", ukushintsha kwenqubo, ukuvikela abathengi, ukuphepha kokudla − thola ukuthi yiyiphi i-othority noma i-othority elawulayo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-EPA iphatha imithetho eminingi yendawo ezungezile, i-FDA yengamela ukudla nokuphepha kwezidakamizwa, neFFFFel Communications Commission (FCC) ilawula ukuxhumana nge-tem.

Isinyathelo Sesibili: Imithetho Ebekwe Ngemikhondo

Sebenzisa Imithetho.gov ukusesha imikhathi evulekile. Ungazibophela ku-imeyili izixwayiso zezihloko zesithakazelo. Futhi hlola i-FLT Féderal Register[ ukuze uthole izimemezelo zokushaya umthetho ohlongozwayo.

Isinyathelo 3: Yenza Umbono Ophumelelayo

Ukukhulumela komphakathi kubaluleke kakhulu uma kuqondile, kusekelwe ebufakazini, futhi kubhekiselwe egunyeni lenhlangano engokomthetho. Hlela ukukhulumela kwakho ngalendlela:

  • Yisho ngokucacile indawo omi kuyo (ukusekela, ukuphikisa, noma ukusikisela ushintsho).
  • Yenza ukwaziswa, izifundo, noma okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu okuvumelana nomthetho.
  • Yisho ingxenye ethile yomthetho ohlongozwayo okhuluma ngayo.
  • Chaza ukuthi lo mthetho ungakuthinta kanjani wena noma umphakathi wakini.

Izincwadi ezakhiwe emaqenjini okuqasha ziwusizo, kodwa ukukhulumela komuntu ngamunye kushukumisa izisebenzi zezinhlangano.

Isinyathelo 4: Ungazigodli Izinkulumo

Ungafakaza enkantolo yomphakathi (ngokuvamile ebekwe imithetho emikhulu). Ungathintana nabameleli bakho abakhethiwe ukuze bakhuthaze abaphathi becala noma izinguquko zemithetho. Izinhlangano eziningi zinamakomiti okuqondisa ahlanganisa amalungu omphakathi; ungafaka isicelo sokukhonza.

Isinyathelo 5: Hlola Imithetho Yokugcina Nezinselele Ezingokomthetho

Uma umthetho ulimaza izifiso zakho futhi inkampani ingazinaki izinkulumo eziqinile, kungenzeka ukuthi usuke umi phambi kwecala. Izinhlangano ezingatholi nzuzo zivame ukuhola, kodwa abantu ngabanye bangahlanganyela njengezikhulumi.

Isiphetho

Imithetho nemithetho kuyizinhlangothi ezimbili zemali eyodwa. Umthetho unikeza ukugunyaza kwentando yeningi nesiqondiso sesimiso esibanzi; umthetho uhumusha ukuthi iziqondiso zisebenza, ziqikelelwe. Le nqubo ayiphelele (hightioth, ifinyezwe, futhi iphathwe yizithakazelo ezikhethekile) kodwa inikeza amathuba aqotho okuhlanganyela emphakathini.

Ngokuqonda ukuhlangana kwala mandla amabili, izakhamuzi zingaba yizihloko ezingaphezulu nje kobuwula zomthetho. Zingaba abathathi-nxaxheba abanolwazi ababumba imithetho elawula ukuphila kwazo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukhathazekile ngokuhlelwa kwendawo, isimiso sempilo yezwe, noma ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu sembulunga yonke, amathuluzi omthetho nomthetho wemithetho ukhona (uma wazi ukuthi ungayisebenzisa kanjani. Qala namuhla ngokuhlola .gov's iziqondiso zendlela imithetho eyenziwa ngayo [[]] kanye nokuphawula uphawu. [[FLT:]]]