I-jadiary kahulumeni we-United States ingenye yezimiso zenkantolo ezinamandla kakhulu emhlabeni, kodwa imisebenzi yayo yansuku zonke iseyimfihlakalo ezakhamuzini eziningi. Imiswe ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso III soMthetho-sisekelo, isebenza njengommeli wokugcina womthetho kahulumeni nesisekelo senkululeko yomthetho-sisekelo. Ngokungafani nezinkantolo zikahulumeni, ezisingatha izimpikiswano zezwe nemithetho kahulumeni, ezisingatha izindaba ezithinta izwe lonke, kodwa zikhuluma ngezindaba ezithinta izwe lonke (ukusukela ekuvikelweni okungokomthetho kwemithetho yezikhulu ekwamulweni kwelungelo lokuvota kanye nokugcinwa kwemithetho yezephula umthetho kahulumeni. Lesiqondiso sinikeza ukucubukiswa okubanzi, okulula kwemithetho engokomthetho, indlela ezihlelwa ngayo, nendlela okuhlelwa ngayo, futhi kungani umsebenzi wazo ubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwe-Melika. Kungakhathiseki ukuthi ungumfundi, umgcini wezwe, noma isakhamuzi, uyakwazi ukuqonda leli gatsha elinolwazi lwezezwe ngokwalo ukubusa i-United States.

INhlangano Yomthetho - sisekelo Yegunya LeNkantolo KaFederal

Amandla asetshenziswa izinkantolo zikahulumeni awazuzwa njengefa; agunyazwa ngokukhethekile yi-United States Constitution. Abalawuli boMthetho-sisekelo, abadwebela kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo ngaphansi kokubusa kwaseBrithani, baqaphela isidingo sokuba ijaji elizimele libe yi-inquisio emagatsheni omthetho nomphathi. Bafaka lenkululeko eSiphakami III, bakha igatsha elilingana neSishaya-Mpathilo noBusi. Lengxenye ihlola izimpande zomthetho-mthetho zejajini le-jadicadiary nesimiso sesisekelo sesisekelo sokwahlulela esinikeza izinkantolo igunya lazo.

ISiphakamiso III Nokwakhiwa Kwegatsha Lokwahlulela

ISiphakamiso III soMthetho-sisekelo sifushane ngokuphawulekayo ekumiseni igatsha likahulumeni. Sifaka "Umbuso womthetho we-United States" e "eNkantolweni eyodwa ephakeme, nasemaNkabeni aphansi njengaleyo Congress ingamisa futhi imise. Lomusho olulula wadala iNkantolo ePhakade kakhulu futhi wagunyaza i-Constantive ukuze kwakhiwe izakhiwo zenkantolo. Abahleli bagcina ngamabomu i-judicaria ngokuzimela ukucindezelwa kwezombangazwe ngokunikeza abahluleli bezwe ukuba bamise (ngokuhlola ukuthi "ukuziphatha okuhle") futhi banqabela ukuncishiswa kweholo yabo ngesikhathi besese. Lokhu kuhloselwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abahluleli bezomthetho kanye nakubusa umthetho, ngaphandle kokuvikela uhulumeni, ngaphandle kokwesaba uMongameli noma uhulumeni we-Aleastrustrust Cong [0] [ultrestling] [197], u-Foctivedt , njengoba kungumthetho odumile, futhi engawona onamandla, futhi engathi igatsha elinguwongakhulu, futhi bengawayi

Isimiso Esiwuphawu Sokubukeza Kokwahlulela

UMthetho-sisekelo awuwaniki ngokuqondile izinkantolo amandla okumemezela imithetho engekho ngokwesivumelwano. Nokho, leligunya elibaluleke kakhulu lamiswa yiNkantolo Ephakeme ngokwayo ecaleni eliyingqophamlando [FLT][FLT]] [[FLT]] [185]. Kulesi sinqumo, uMahluleli uJohn Marshall wagomela ukuthi "kugcizelela isifunda nesikhungo sokwahlulela ukuthi uyini umthetho." isinqumo samisa isimiso [[FLT][FLT:][[FLT][FLT] [[FLD] [[FLT:] [1] [i] [i] [i] [iikhulu] [18] [18], [iiizenzo ze-deculcess, noma imibuso evumela ukuba ingasebenzi ye-Congresssion, noma i-ographictiveltives (iase) ukuba ishose ahlulelwe umthetho owe yi-mthetho omthetho oqinile.

Ukuqonda Icala Lenkantolo Yomphakathi

Icala likaJuristion liyigama elingokomthetho elisho igunya lenkantolo ukuzwa nokunquma icala. Inkantolo yezwe ayinakuzwa noma yiliphi icala elilethwa phambi kwayo; kumelwe ibe negunya elingaphansi kulempikiswano. Umthetho-sisekelo nemithetho elawulayo imingcele eqondile yaleligunya. Ukuqonda isigaba siyisinyathelo sokuqala ekunqumeni ukuthi icala lisenkantolo kahulumeni noma enkantolo. I-United States isebenzisa isimiso senkantolo senkantolo , okusho izinkantolo zezwe nezinkantolo zezwe zikhona-eceleni, kanye nezindawo zayo siqu. Ngokuvamile, izinkantolo zisingatha imithetho yezomthetho yezwe, kuyilapho i-mthetho ye-ganise, nemithetho ehlanganisa imithetho ehlangene, nemithetho ehlangene, nemithetho ehlangene.

Isinqumo Semibuzo KaFederal

Indlela eqondile kakhulu enkantolo kahulumeni ingeyombuzo owenziwe ngemithetho, noma izivumelwano ze-United States. Ngaphansi U.S.C. ^ 1331], izinkantolo zesifunda zinegunya lokuqala kuzo zonke izenzo zomphakathi ezivela ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo, imithetho, noma izivumelwano ze-United States. Uma isaziso somfashini sisekelwe ephulweni somthetho kahulumeni (njengemithetho yemithetho yesizwe, iziqondiso zezemvelo, noma imithetho yendawo ezungezile) noma ilungiselelo elithile lomthetho womthetho womthetho-mthetho (njengesiHlalelo lokuqala noma lwesiHlanu), icala lingabekwa enkantolo yombuso. Ngokwesibonelo, ukumangalela wonke amaphoyisa aphule imvume emelene nokuncintisana komphakathi nokuncishwa kwemithetho yecala, noma imibandela yecala engokomthetho yenkantolo engokomthetho.

Ukulahlwa Okuhlukahlukene

Izinkantolo zeFoct:1 zingazwa futhi amacala asekelwe kuphela [[FLT:] umehluko wezindawo ezihilelekile. Ngaphansi 28 U.S.C. 1332], ukubusa okuhlukahlukene kuba khona lapho izimo ezimbili zihlangane: (1) izakhamuzi zamazwe ahlukene (noma i-U.S. isakhamuzi nezwe langaphandle), (2) isilinganiso sempikiswano singaphezu kuka-R35 000 [R1,50 000]. Injongo yokulawula kombuso ngokwehlukana inikeza uhulumeni wezentengiselwano ngaphandle kwezwe ezingase zibhekane nobandlululo enkantolo ebusa umphakathi wendawo. Ngokwesimo, uma umshayeli egawungene emo emotweni engcono kakhulu emotweni e-Orenie, angakhetha u-R1200,000, futhi akhethele ukukhetha inkantolo yecala enkantolo yendawo engcono kakhulu.

Ukulahlwa Okuphelele

Kwezinye izindawo ezikhethekile zomthetho, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zine- mvume ephelele, okusho ukuthi izinkantolo zikahulumeni kuphela ezikwazi ukuzwa lezi zinhlobo zamacala. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni azinagunya kulezizindaba. Izindawo eziyinhloko zegunya elikhethekile lombuso zihlanganisa:

  • Bhankruptic: Zonke izikhalo zokwehla kwamaphepha zisingathwa izinkantolo ezikhethekile eziboleleke imali eziyizingxenye zezinkantolo zesifunda zikahulumeni.
  • Admiralty ne Maritime: Icala elihilela izingozi, izivumelwano, noma ukulimala emanzini ancibilikayo (ama-ocean, imifula emikhulu, namaChibi amakhulu) liwa kuphela ngaphansi kwegunya likahulumeni.
  • .patent, Copyright, ne Trademark: Lezindawo zomthetho wempahla wezezihlakani zilawulwa ngezimiso zikahulumeni, futhi kanjalo izinkantolo zikahulumeni kuphela ezingazwa icala elihlobene.
  • Cases A Dest the United States: Uhulumeni wezwe ngeke abekwe icala enkantolo kahulumeni ngaphandle kwemvume yakhe. Amasudi amaningi amelene nohulumeni kahulumeni noma izinhlangano zakhe kumelwe alethwe enkantolo kahulumeni.
  • [ Izenzo zobugebengu zobuphekula:[ Lapho izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha ukumangalelwa okuningi kobugebengu, amacala aphula imithetho kahulumeni (njengokuphanga ebhange, ukushushumbisa izidakamizwa ezindaweni ezithile, nokukhwabanisa ngeposi) kubekwa icala kuphela enkantolo kahulumeni.

Izakhiwo Ezingahleliwe ZeNkantolo Yesizwe

Isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni sihlelwe esikhiweni esicacile, esineziqu ezintathu. Lomklamo onjenge-piramid uqinisekisa ukuthi amacala athathwa ngokucophelela emazingeni amaningi, iNkantolo Ephakeme imi esiqongweni njengegunya lokugcina emthethweni kahulumeni.

Izinkantolo Zesigodi ZaseU.S.: Izinga Lokuqulwa Kwecala

Isisekelo se-piramid kahulumeni sinezikhombi zesifunda 9. Lezi izinkantolo zesifunda ezimisiweyo zesimiso sikahulumeni. Zonke izinkantolo zesifunda ziqala ukuqulwa kwecala elilodwa lesifunda, futhi izifunda ezinkulu njenge California, iNew York, neTexas zinezingxenye ezine. Inkantolo yesifunda ngayinye inendlu emisiwe, futhi inezahluleli eziningi. Izinkantolo zesifunda zilapho kuqalwa khona amacala kahulumeni. Ziyizinkantolo zesifunda lapho kubekwa khona amacala enkantolo enkantolo. Ziyizindikimba zeqiniso lapho amajaji akhethiwe khona, ofakazi bafakaza ngaphansi kwesifungo, futhi ubufakazi obungokoqobo bunikezwa. Uma kubekwa khona imvume yesifunda esisodwa, kuqinisekiswa ukuthi ukuqulwa kwecala kulandelwa i-Federal Revincestion/City. Kuzomthetho wobugebengu (kuhlulwa amajaji) kunikezwa futhi kunikezwa imvume yokukhokhwazwana kwemishi yecala.

Izinkantolo Zokudlulisa Amacala Zase - United States: Izinga Lokuqala Lokudlulisa Amacala

Izinga lesibili lesimiso sikahulumeni lihlanganisa inkantolo yesifunda [[FLT]] iNkantolo Yezikhalo yase-U.S. , eyaziwa futhi ngokuthi iziNkantolo Zokuhlola Izigodlo. Iqembu elilahlekelwa icala elikhulu enkantolo yesifunda ngokuvamile linelungelo lokudlulisa isinqumo enkantolo yeSikhathi seNkantolo yezezikhalo lapho inkantolo yesifunda ihlala khona. Inkantolo yesifunda ayiqhubeli icala elisha. Inkantolo ingabukeli izibalo ezintathu ezilotshiwe [FFO:] iphinde ihlole inkantolo egciniwe yecala, ubufakazi, nemibandela engokomthetho engaphandle kwezindawo zesifunda. [[5] inquluyase, futhi inqumo engaphandle] inqubweni engaphandle, futhi inquluya. [inqulu yangaphandle kwezindawo ezihlukene] [Fosenyukayonke, iqoqo lezifunda zesifunda sesifunda] [F] [F], futhi iqoqo], inquluqu], izifunda sesifunda sesifunda sesifunda sesifunda sesifunda sesifunda sesifunda sesifunda se

INkantolo Ephakeme Yase - United States: UMphathi Wokugcina

Eqophelweni lejaji likahulumeni liphethe iNkantolo yase-United States ephethe iNkantolo ePhakathi ye-Ountain , ebekwe eWashington, D.C. Ihlanganisa iJaji eliyisishiyagalo: iJaji elilodwa neMithetho engu 8 ehlangene. Ngokungafani neNkantolo Yezingcingo, iNkantolo ePhakathi eMkhulu inezi, inezinqumo ezicathulo ezicatshayeni, ikhetha ukuthi yimaphi amacala okuzwa. Unyaka ngamunye, iNkantolo yamukela izicelo ezicishe zibe 7 000 kuya ku-80 000 kuya ku-80 000 kuya kunezingatshalo ezibhalwe yi-100 kuphela. [FLT.[FFFFF:] [[FFortariri] ezimweni ezithile ezisemthethweni ezingaphansi kwezimiso ezingokomthetho eziphansi, izibalo zemithetho ehlukene.[inqulution:[Ft:] [FUFal:] [5] [iense] [icense

Indlela Yecala Ngesimiso Somphakathi

Ukuqonda indlela ethatha icala ngesimiso sikahulumeni kuyasiza ekucaciseni indima ehlukile yenkantolo ngayinye. Icala elivamile liqala eNkantolo Yesigodi yase-U.S. lapho amaqiniso enqulwini enqunywe khona ngokuqulwa kwecala noma ukunyakaza ngokuphazima kweso (njengokuhamba kwesahlulelo okungacacisi). Uma lo mphathi ekholelwa ukuthi iphutha elingokomthetho lenzekile, angafaka isaziso sokudlulisa icala. Icala lidluliselwa enkantolo efanelekile. [FLT:] inkantolo ibukeza izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho nesinqumo. Uma iqembu elilahlekileyo lifisa ukubekela inselele isinqumo, bangafaka isicelo seNkantolo ephakeme yecala ye-wiply Court ye-wilt [Foct:0] [FALT].[FT], kodwa, iNkathi kakhulu, uma inqulukulu inqulu yecala libukele izinkantolo ezinkulu, ngakho, inqulumu enkulu yecala lokugcina icala. Inkantolo ingasethi i-Casethi.

Izinhlobo Eziyinhloko Zecala Elaqulwa ENkantolo Yesizwe

Izinga lebhizinisi lenkantolo kahulumeni ligcwele kakhulu, lithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika. Izinkantolo ze-Federal zisingatha izindaba zokubaluleka kwezwe, imithetho eyinkimbinkimbi, namalungelo omthetho-sisekelo ayisisekelo.

Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo Nenkululeko Yombango

Izinkantolo ze-Federal ziyindawo eyinhloko yokumisa amalungelo aqinisekisiwe yiSiphakamiso samalungelo kanye neSichibiyelo seshumi nane. Icala elihilela iSichibiyelo Sokuqala (inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, imishini, nokuhlangana), iSichibiyelo sesine (ukuvikelwa ekuphenyeni nokuquleka okungacabangeli), iSichibiyelo seSihla (esimelene nokuzilahla komuntu siqu nenqubo efanele), neSimemezelo Sesi - 8 (ukuvikelwa kwesijeziso esinonya nesijeziso esingavamile) siyingxenye eyisisekelo yenkantolo yesikhulu yomphakathi. ISici secala esingumthetho esingumthetho singesiningi samacala abekwa ngaphansi kwe U.C.[FLT. [4] [31], umthetho wesizwe ovumela abantu ukuba bangene futhi bagqediswe amalungelo abo embusweni. Le sisekelo esingokomthetho somthetho esingokomthetho sawomthetho, ukuboshwa, ukuvinjwa kwezemthetho, izikole zezeze emajele noma emajele.[Fltho.[Fl.C

Icala Lezigebengu Ezizimele

Nakuba kuqulwa izigebengu eziningi enkantolo yombuso, uhulumeni uqulisa amacala aphula imithetho kahulumeni.

  • Ubugebengu obabusezindaweni zikahulumeni (izakhiwo zempi, amapaki esizwe, izakhiwo zikahulumeni)
  • Ubugebengu obudlula imigqa kahulumeni (ukuthumba, ukweba phakathi kwesifundazwe, ukwesaba ababalekela ubhadane)
  • Ubugebengu obuhleliwe, ukuphambana ngempoqo (RICO), nokushushumbisa izidakamizwa ngesilinganiso esikhulu
  • Ubugebengu, ukwebiwa kwemininingwane, nokukhwabanisa ngama - computer
  • Ukukhwabanisa kwamadolobha, ukukhwabanisa emabhange, nenkohlakalo yomphakathi
  • Amacala okufuduka ahlobene
  • Ubuphekula nobugebengu bokulondeka kwesizwe

Lamacala aphenywa izinhlangano zikahulumeni eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho njenge - FBI, i - DEA, i - ATF, neHomeland Security, futhi aqulwa amacala ama - Attorney ase - United States, amiswa uMongameli futhi aqinisekiswa iSigele sesifunda ngasinye somthetho kahulumeni.

Izingxabano Zomphakathi Ngaphansi Komthetho Ozimele

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha amacala amaningi ayinkimbinkimbi omphakathi ahilela ukuchazwa nokusetshenziswa kwemithetho nezimiso zikahulumeni.

  • [ UMthetho wobuKhosi: I-Secturaties ne-Exchange Commission (SEC) ifaka amasudi omphakathi ekukhwabaniseni ngaphakathi nasekungeniseni izimali. Abanikazi bamafasi bamafayela futhi bamangalela izigaba zesigaba sezesigaba ngokuphula imithetho yezezimali.
  • [[[NT:0] Umthetho ongokwezimo: Icala elibekela igunya le-EPA inselele ukulawula umoya ohlanzekile namanzi, noma amacala ayimfihlo abangcolisi abangaphansi kwemithetho njenge-Cean Water Act, azwakala enkantolo kahulumeni.
  • [ Umthetho wobuKhosi: Umnyango wobulungisa noma amaqembu angamangalela izinkampani ngezenzo zokulawula noma ukuhlanganisa okungekho emthethweni ngaphansi kweSherman neClayton Acts.
  • Impahla engekho emthethweni: Ukuphambanisa ukumangalela nokungagunyazi komgunyathi kuyingxenye eyinhloko yethekisi lesizwe likahulumeni, ikakhulukazi kwezobuchwepheshe nasezimbonini zokuzijabulisa.

Ukubukeza Kwe - agency KaFederal

Ngaphansi kwe- Act (APA), abantu ngabanye, amabhizinisi, nezinhlangano ezilinyazwe yisenzo sokugcina noma isinqumo senhlangano kahulumeni zingafuna ukubukezwa kwenkantolo kahulumeni. Lokhu kuvumela umahluleli wezwe ukuba anqume ukuthi i-authority (njenge-EPA, FCC, noma uMnyango Wezempilo nezezinkonzo Zobuntu) isebenza ngaphakathi kwegunya elinikwe yi-Congress futhi ilandele izinqubo ezifanelekile. Lena inqubo ebucayi yokubeka i-paced consivement consivement consivement tractived trativement kumthetho.

Indima Nokumiswa Kwamajaji Abamasizwe

Abahluleli bezwe bamazwe .Kuhlanganise amajaji esifunda, amajaji esifunda, namajaji eNkantolo ephakeme, bamiswa nguMongameli futhi baqinisekiswa yiSigele. Babamba amahhovisi abo phakathi "Ukuziphatha okuhle," okusho ngokuphumelelayo ukuthi bakhonza ukuphila. Lokhu kuphila kuyisici esibucayi esiklanyelwe ukugcina ukuzimela kokwahlulela. Umahluleli ongakhathazeki ngokuzihluza kabusha noma ngokubekwa phansi kwecala ukuba akhululwe ekwenzeni izinqumo ezingathandeki kodwa eziqondile, ikakhulukazi ezicatsha ngezindaba eziphikisanayo noma izithakazelo ezinamandla. Inqubo yokumisa inqubo yezombangazwe ihlelwe kakhulu ezikhathini zanamuhla, njengoba imibono yabahluleli ingenza ukuchazwa kwemithetho namasiko amashumi amaningi. Inkantolo ayikacushwa kakhulu, futhi ayigunyaziwe kakhulu, ikakhulukazi yize yeze izigebethiwe.[2] Izentembe yomthetho ezinkulu.[3]

Okwenza Izinkantolo Zesifunda Zibaluleke Kuzo Zonke Izakhamuzi

Umsebenzi wezinkantolo zikahulumeni unethonya eliqondile nelikhulu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke kwabantu baseMelika. Isinqumo esisodwa esivela eNkantolo Ephakeme singabuyisela isohlalo, izombangazwe, nezwe eliphethe izwe. Isinqumo seNkantolo [[FLT]][5]] Brown v.[FLT] v.[FLT][FLT][2] [2] [3] [3] [3] [3] ngo-195] iphele ngokusemthethweni ezikoleni zomphakathi. Isinqumo seNkantolo [[FLT] [[FLT] [[5]] [[FLT]].[FLT] v.[FLT] [iv] [iv] [inke] [indlela] [indlela] [indlela] [indlela] [indlela] [indlela] [inxa] [indlela] [ye] [ikhulu] [ikhulu] [ikhulu] [ikhulu] [ikhulu] [ikhulu] [i] [i] [ikhulu] [ikhulu]

Isiphetho: Igatsha Elibalulekile LeRepublic

Isimiso senkantolo yezwe siyingxenye eyinkimbinkimbi kodwa ebalulekile yokuzama ukubusa kweMelika. Inikeza inkundla ehlelwe kahle nengakhethi yokuxazulula izimpikiswano ngemithetho yezwe ebaluleke kakhulu, kusukela kuMthetho-sisekelo kuya kuqulu lwemithetho nezimiso. Ngokuqonda igunya, isimo, nomsebenzi walezinkantolo, izakhamuzi zingayiqonda kangcono indima yemidlalo yejaji ekuvikeleni amalungelo azo, ukuhlola amandla amanye amagatsha amabili, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi iUnited States ihlala iyisizwe esilawulwa imithetho. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyicala lendawo enkantolo yesifunda ehilela ubugebengu obuhlangene noma ukubusa iNkantolo Ephakeme ehlela umthetho wesizwe, umsebenzi wezinkantolo zezwe uphonsiwelwe ebalazwe futhi uhlala uhleli esithombeni somphakathi, futhi uhlale ukhomba ingunda ephakathi. [FF] [3] [F] [3]