Isisekelo Sesivikelo Sokukhuluma

Inkululeko yokukhuluma iyisisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi, okwenza ukushintshana kwemibono, ukulandisa kwezombangazwe, nokuphishekela iqiniso. Nakuba imithetho-sisekelo namathuluzi amalungelo abantu embulunga yonke kuyivikela lenkululeko, asikho isimiso somthetho esiyiphatha njengengenakwenqabela. Ohulumeni banomthwalo wemfanelo wokuvikela ukuveza komuntu ngamunye kuyilapho futhi bevikela ukulondeka kwesizwe, ukuhleleka komphakathi, namalungelo abanye. Ukuqonda imingcele eqondile yamandla ombuso kulendawo kudinga ukuhlolwa kwemingcele evunyelweyo nezenzo ezivinjelwe.

Imisebenzi Yesakhelo Esingokomthetho

Izimiso zomthetho ezihlukene zithatha inkululeko yokukhuluma ngokwehlukile. I-United States incike eSichibiyelweni sokuqala, esinikeza isivikelo esiqinile ekucinezelweni okusekelwe ekuqukethe. I-European Convention on Human Rights (i-Althicle 10) ivumela imingcele ebanzi lapho "zibekwa ngumthetho" futhi"zidingeka emphakathini wentando yeningi" ukuze zihloselwe izinhloso ezingokomthetho. Umthetho wezizwe zonke zamalungelo abantu, ikakhulukazi iSiphakamiso 19 seNhlangano yezizwe zonke yamalungelo omphakathi (ICCPR), uvumela ukulinganiselwa okuthile kodwa ufuna ukuba banikezwe yimithetho futhi banikezwe inhlonipho engokomthetho noma idumela abanye, noma ukulondeka komphakathi, ukuhleleka okungokomthetho, noma ukuhleleka komphakathi, noma ukuziphatha.

Lokho Ohulumeni Abangakwenza: Imingcele Evumelekile

Ohulumeni banegunya lokulinganisela inkulumo ngezigaba ezichazwe kahle ezibangela ukulimala okubonakalayo noma ukululaza izithakazelo zikahulumeni eziphoqelelayo. Lemingcele kumelwe ibe icacile, ilinganiselwe, futhi ilinganise. Okulandelayo yizindawo eziyinhloko lapho ukuqondisa kubhekwa khona njengokungokomthetho.

Ukushukunyiselwa Ubudlova Nosongo Lwangempela

Inkulumo ekhuthaza ngokuqondile isenzo sokungabi namthetho esisondelayo ayivikelekile. Inkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. eBrandenburg v.Ohio [1969] yasungula ukuhlolwa okuyingxenye emibili: isikhulumi kumelwe sihlose ukukhuthaza umsebenzi ongekho emthethweni, futhi inkulumo kumelwe ishukunyiswe cishe ishukumise isenzo esinjalo ngokushesha. Ngokufanayo, "izinsongozelo" — amazwi asho ukuxhumana ngokungathi sína ngenhloso engathi sína yokwenza ubudlova obungavunyelwe ngokomthetho kumuntu noma iqembu — ihluleka ukuvikela umuntu noma iqembu lenkululeko yokukhuluma. Ohulumeni bangamangalela abantu abakhuluma kanjalo, uma imithetho ikhanyiswe ngokungenangqondo futhi ingatholi ihaba noma inkulumo yezombangazwe.

Ukuvukela Nezithonsi Zomuntu Siqu

Izinkulumo ezingamanga zeqiniso zokuthi indumiso yomuntu ingaba yisikweleti. E-United States, izibalo zomphakathi kumelwe zibonise inzondo yangempela — ulwazi lokuqamba amanga noma ukungalinaki iqiniso — ukuze kubuyiselwe umonakalo. Kwezinye izindawo eziningi, imithetho yokuhlambalaza ayiqinile kodwa ifuna ukuba izinkulumo zibe yinkohliso kakhulu. Ohulumeni bangamisa imithetho evimbela ukuvezwa kwamaqiniso angasese angenandaba nomphakathi, nakuba umugqa ophakathi kwenkulumo evikelekile nempatho engekho emthethweni uhlala uphikiswa.

Ukonakala Kwezingane Nezinto Ezisetshenziswa Kabi Ngokobulili

Izinto ezithathelwanayo, njengoba zichazwa imiller v. California ukuhlolwa (izici ezithathelwanayo, zibonisa ukuziphatha kobulili ngendlela ephambene, futhi azinawo amaphuzu angathi sína, ezobuciko, ezezombangazwe, noma ezingokwesayensi), kungalahlwa. Bonke ohulumeni baphambanisa izinto ezixhaphazayo ezisetshenziswa kabi ngokobulili izingane, ezihilela ukuziphatha okungekho emthethweni futhi ezingakhi izingxoxo ezisemthethweni. Lemingcele isekelwa kakhulu njengokudingekile ekuvikeleni izingane nezindinganiso zomphakathi.

Ukulondeka Kwesizwe Nokwaziswa Okuyizinhlobo

Ohulumeni bangavimbela ukukhishwa kwezimfihlo zikahulumeni noma ukwaziswa okusheshayo okungabangela umonakalo omkhulu ekulondekeni kwesizwe. Nokho, ibhande liphakeme: ngaphambi kokuba livinjelwe — ukumiswa kwezincwadi ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke — akuvunyelwe ngaphandle kokuba umonakalo uvele ngokushesha futhi ungalungiseki. Indaba yePentagon Papers eUnited States ibonisa ukuthi ngisho noma ukulondeka kwesizwe kusengozini, ngaphambi kokuba ukuzithiba akunakwa. Noma kunjalo, ukumangalelwa ngemva komphakathi ngenxa yokukhipha ukwaziswa okuhlukanisayo kuvamile futhi ngokuvamile kuxhaswe uma ukwaziswa kutholakele ngokungekho emthethweni noma lapho kukhululwa kwayo kuveza ingozi esobala.

Ukulwa Namazwi Nenzondo

Umqondo "wokulwa namagama" — ukuthukwa ubuso nobuso — ungalawulwa. Nokho, leli qembu lincane kakhulu futhi alisetshenziswanga kakhulu. Imithetho yezondelo iyahlukahluka ngokuphawulekayo ngegunya. I-United States ngokuvamile ivikela inkulumo yenzondo ngaphandle kokuba idlulele ekuvuseleleni noma ekusongeleni kweqiniso. Ngokungafani, amazwe amaningi aseYurophu nase Canada anqabela ukusho izinkulumo ezikhuthaza inzondo ngokumelene namaqembu angaziwa, ngisho noma ingagqugquzeli ngokuqondile ubudlova. Inkantolo yaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu iye yayisekela imithetho enjalo ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 17 se-ECHR, ukuthola ukuthi izinhlobo ezithile zobandlululo noma u-Nazi ziyisivikelo senkululeko yokukhuluma.

Imingcele Yesikhathi, Indawo, Neyomuntu

Ohulumeni bangamisa imithetho egcwele engathathi-hlangothi esikhathini, indawo, nendlela yokukhuluma, uma nje befeza isithakazelo sikahulumeni esibalulekile, belungiselwe kancane, futhi beshiya eminye imikhondo yokuxhumana evulekile. Izibonelo zihlanganisa imingcele emibhoshongweni ezindaweni zokuhlala, ukuvumela izimfuneko zokubhikisha okukhulu komphakathi, kanye nokunqabela izimpawu zomkhankaso eziboniswa umphakathi ngokomthetho. Lemiyalo akumelwe isekelwe esigijimini esidluliselwayo; umthetho owenqabela zonke izimpawu uvumelekile, kodwa owenqabela izimpawu zezombangazwe kuphela.

Inkulumo ngezinhlelo ezikhethekile

Amandla kahulumeni okuvimbela ukukhuluma abaluleke kakhulu ezimisweni eziqondile. Ezikoleni zomphakathi, othisha bangalinganisela inkulumo yabafundi ephazamisa isikole ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo noma ephula amalungelo abanye. Ezikhungweni zokuqondisa izigwegwe, inkulumo yeziboshwa ingancishiswa ngenxa yezizathu zokuphepha. Emsebenzini, abaqashi bakahulumeni bangabeka imingcele enengqondo evimbelayo emazwini omqashwa aphazamisa imisebenzi yasemthethweni noma alimaza umsebenzi womqashi. Ngokufanayo, inkulumo ezimbonini ezilawulwayo — njengeseluleko sochwepheshe, izikhangiso zezentengiselwano, noma ukusakaza izinhlelo zokusakaza — ingabekwa ngaphansi kwemithetho engeke isetshenziswe enkulumweni evamile yezombangazwe noma yezobuciko.

Lokho Ohulumeni Abangenakukwenza: Izenzo Ezigunyaziwe

Nakuba ohulumeni benegunya elingokomthetho lokuqondisa, bayekwe ngokuqinile ukuthatha izinyathelo ezilulaza izindinganiso eziyisisekelo zokukhuluma ngokukhululekile.

Umbono Nokucwaswa Ngokuneliswa

Isimiso esiqinile somthetho wenkululeko yokukhuluma siwukuthi uhulumeni angase angasilinganiseli isici ngoba ayivumelani nemibono evezwayo. Izimiso ezisekelwe ekuqukethe — lezo ezibhekene nendaba ethile noma umbono — azinangqondo ziwumthetho osemthethweni. E-United States, imithetho enjalo ifanele ihlolwe ngokuqinile, ifuna uhulumeni abonise ukuthi ufeza isithakazelo esishukumisayo futhi ziyindlela ezivimbele kakhulu zokwenza kanjalo. Ukuvumela imibono engamukeleki, njengokuvumela kuphela izimpawu zokuzilawula noma ukugxeka komphakathi, akuvunyelwe.

Okungaphambili Okubekelwe Imingcele

Ngaphambi kokuba uvimbele — iziyalezo zokulawula noma zokwahlulela ezivimbela ukukhuluma ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke — ziwuhlobo olunzima kakhulu lokuhlola futhi lungasebenzi ngokunengqondo. INkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. ku Nearbor v. Minnesota [1931]) (1931) ikholelwa ukuthi imingcele enjalo ivunyelwe kuphela ezimweni ezingavamile, njengokusongela ukulondeka kwesizwe (umz., ukusakaza izinhlangano zempi ngesikhathi sempi) noma ukuhlazisa. Ngisho nangalesosikhathi, uhulumeni uphethe umthwalo onzima wokuthethelela imingcele. Imibuso eminingi idinga imvume yokwahlulela nokufaka izimpawu eziqinile.

Ukudla Ngokweqile Nokungakhululeki

Imithetho ebanzi kakhulu noma engacacile ingaba nesibindi sokukhuluma okuvikelwe ngokubangela abantu ukuba bazifake bona ngokwabo ngenxa yokwesaba ukufakwa kwemithetho engacacile. Umthetho umi kakhulu uma uhlasela inkulumo yawo ehlanganisa isivikelo engaphezulu kwenkulumo engekho. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho owenqabela zonke izinkulumo "ezingahloniphi" cishe ungashabalaliswa ngenxa yokuthi zihlanganisa ukugxeka okuvikelekile. Umthetho ufihlwa uma uhluleka ukunikeza isaziso esicacile salokho ukuziphatha okunqatshelwe noma ukukhuthaza ukugcinwa. Izinkantolo zifuna ukuba imithetho evimbela inkulumo ngokunembile ukuze abantu abavamile baqonde futhi bagweme ukucindezelwa okungahlonisiwe.

Inkulumo Ephoqelelayo

Uhulumeni awunakuphoqa abantu ukuba bakhulume isigijimi sikahulumeni noma bavumele izinkolelo ezingabambelele. Lesi simiso sidlulela ekufuneni izinhlangano ezizimele ukuba zisebenzise inkulumo eziyiphikisayo, njengoba kuboniswa eNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. izinqumo eziye zaphoqelela ukuba kukhutshwe izimali zemisebenzi yezombangazwe yabangamalungu kanye nokuboniswa kwesiqu sesiqu sikahulumeni emaqeleni ephepha-mvume. Inkulumo ekhomfa ivikela ilungelo elingahlangani nomyalezo othile. Nokho, uhulumeni ungadinga izimemezelo eziyiqiniso, eziyiqiniso ngenkulumo yezentengiselwano (umz., ukwaziswa okunomdlalo, amashayeyezo wezente (u., umkhankaso wezezimali) uma befeza isithakazelo esikhulu futhi bengekho umthwalo ngokungafanele.

Ukuphikisa Abagxeki

Izikhulu zomphakathi azinakujezisa noma zisongele ukujezisa abantu ngokusebenzisa ilungelo labo lokugxeka uhulumeni. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukusebenzisa imithetho yobugebengu ukuze kwesabise izintatheli, ukuchitha amalayisense noma ukuvulela imvume yokuphindisela, noma ukuphoqa ababhudlayo izenzo ezingezinhle zomsebenzi. ISichibiyelo Sokuqala (nesivikelo esiqinile kwamanye amazwe) sivimbela uhulumeni ukuba asebenzise amandla awo ekuthuleni amazwi aphikisanayo. Izinkantolo zisebenzisa ukucubungula okuqinile lapho umholi we-parti ebonisa ukuthi inkulumo evikelekile noma eshukumisayo esinyatheloni esibi sikahulumeni.

Ukulinganiselwa Okuyinhloko Nezindlela Zokuzivikela Ezisetshenziswayo

Lezi zimiso ziqinisekisa ukuthi ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile kuhlala kuyisiphephelo sokumelana nempoqo ewubushiqela kuyilapho kuvunyelwa imithetho enengqondo.

  • Strict ukucubungula imingcele esekelwe ekuqukethe: Noma yimuphi umthetho ohlukanisa phakathi kwemiyalezo esekelwe ekuqukethe ungaphansi kwezinga eliphezulu kakhulu lokubukeza kokwahlulela. Uhulumeni kumelwe abonise isithakazelo esiphoqelelayo futhi abonise ukuthi umthetho uhloselwe ukufinyelela lesosithakazelo.
  • Imfuneko yokulawula ngaphansi komthetho wezwe lonke: Imingcele kumele ilinganiswe nenhloso esemthethweni ephishekelwayo. Ayikwazi ukuba ibanzi kakhulu noma ukubeka izindleko enkulu enkulumweni engokomthetho edlula izinzuzo zomthetho.
  • [ Akukho ukuvimbela okungekhoyo izimo ezikhethekile: Ukuvumela inkulumo inyatheliswe futhi ijeziswe kuphela ngemva kwalokho kukhethwa kunokuyimisa ngaphambili. Okukhishwayo akuvamile futhi kudinga ubufakazi obucacile bomonakalo omkhulu oseduze.
  • Imithetho ecacile yophawu:[ Uma umthetho uvimbela ukukhuluma, kumelwe kucace mayelana nalokho okuvinjelwe. Imithetho ecacile iyashaywa ukuze kuvinjelwe ukugcinwa komthetho okuzenzekelayo.
  • Isivikelo senkulumo engaziwa: Ilungelo lokukhuluma ngokungaziwa livikelwe njengengxenye yokukhuluma ngokukhululekile, ikakhulukazi uma ukungaziqondi kusiza imibono emincane. Ohulumeni abanakufuna ukuba izikhulumi zizibonakalise njengesimo sokuhlanganyela enkulumweni yeningi, nakuba imithetho enengqondo yokudalula iminikelo noma inkulumo yezentengiselwano ingamukeleka.
  • [ Ukubukeza okungokwesiko nezinkantolo ezizimele: Izinqumo zokuvimbela inkulumo kumelwe zibukezwe yizinkantolo ezingakhethi. Akukho mingcele esebenzayo ngaphandle kokuba ingaphikiswa futhi ibhuntshe uma iphula izindinganiso zomthetho-sisekelo noma amalungelo abantu.

Indima Yomthetho Wezizwe Zonke Nemibono Eqhathaniswayo

Isivikelo sokukhuluma asizona izindaba zasekhaya kuphela. Umthetho wamalungelo abantu wezizwe zonke ubeka izindinganiso ezithi imibuso yokusayina kumelwe ihloniphe. I-ICCPR idinga izifundazwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe inkululeko yokukhuluma futhi inikeza ukuthi noma yimiphi imingcele kumelwe inikezwe umthetho futhi idingeke ngezinjongo ezicacisiwe. IKomiti yamalungelo omphakathi ichaze lokhu ngokuqinile, ngokuvamile ithola imithetho ehlanjalazwayo, imithetho yokuhlamba, nemingcele ebanzi yokulondeka yesizwe ukuba kube ukwephulwa.

Izimiso zezifunda zibuye zilolonge isenzo sikahulumeni. INkantolo yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu iye yaveza umthetho ohlukile olinganisela inkululeko yokukhuluma ngokumelene namanye amalungelo, njengedumela, ukuzifihla, nemizwa engokwenkolo. Handyside v. [United Kingdom], iNkantolo yasho ukuthi ilungelo lenkululeko yokukhuluma lidlulela emibonweni yokuthi "ekupheleni, eshaqisayo noma ephazamisayo" noma evumela umbuso ukuba ube nobubanzi bokwazisa ekuqondiseni izinto ezingcolile. Muva nje, iNkantolo isekela ukuvinjelwa kokukhuluma ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 17, isithi amaqembu aphikisayo avikelwayo ukuba avikelwe iSivumeno.

Ukuhlola okuqhathanisa kwembula ukuthi i-United States ingcono kakhulu ekuvikeleni kwayo okunamandla kwenkulumo yenzondo nokungavumelani kwayo nokungalawuleki ngaphambi kokuba inqatshwe. Imibuso eminingi yentando yeningi eYurophu, kanye nase-Canada nase-Australia, inemithetho emelene nokuhlanjalazwa kwezinkolo (ngokunye okushintshwayo) nenzondo engathandeki ngaphansi kwemfundiso yeSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Nokho, ngisho nakulemibuso, ohulumeni abanakukuvimbela ukugxekwa kwezikhulu noma inqubo ngokuzenzakalela. Ukuhlolwa okungokomthetho kuhlala kukhona ukuthi inhloso engokomthetho futhi ilinganiselwe.

Izinselele Ezihambisanayo: Ukukhuluma Ngezinombolo Nokushintsha Indlela Yokukhuluma

I-Internet isiye yaguqula izimpikiswano zokukhuluma ngokukhululekile. Ohulumeni manje babambana nemibuzo ephathelene nokuhlukunyezwa nge-inthanethi, ukudideka, nendima yezenyuziyamu. Nakuba ohulumeni bengalawula ngokuqondile inkulumo elimazayo (njengezinto zokuxhaphaza izingane ngokobulili, ukugqugquzela ubuphekula, nokuhlukunyezwa kwezingane), amandla abo alinganiselwe uma kuziwa ekufuneni ukuba iqophelweni kweqophelo linciphe izingxoxo ezivikelwe ngokungemthetho. I-U.S. Ukuxhumana kombuso uDeclect (Uthunganyundezi 230) kuvikele izikhungo ezibekwa isibopho sokukhuluma ngenmsebenzisi, kodwa futhi kukhuthaza nokulinganisela kokuzithandela. EYuni yaseYurophu, izinkonzo zezenzwe zeze-Awissictic Act ziphonsa imisebenzi ezinkulu ukuze zikhulume ngokungemthetho nezingozi ezingekho emthethweni, nakuba kudinga ukubonakala nokuvikelwa ngaphandle kwe-'injini.

Ohulumeni abanakuphoqelela amapulatifomu ukuba asuse okuqukethwe ngenxa nje yokuthi kuyagxeka noma akunakwa. Futhi abanakuphathisa abadlali bomuntu siqu ukucusumbula ngaphandle kokunikeza inqubo efanelekile namalungelo okudlulisa. Ukuthambekela ezikhundleni eziningi kudinga iziyalezo zokwahlulela noma izimiso zomthetho ngaphambi kokuba kuthathwe izinqubo zokuhlola kwangasese, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukucusumbula akuthathi indawo yesenzo sombuso. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buguqula, imingcele yomthetho ovunyelweyo uzoqhubeka ivivinywa, kodwa izimiso eziyisisekelo zesidingo, ukulinganisela, futhi okungezona ezokungavumelani zihlala zikhona.

Isiphetho

Inkululeko yokukhuluma inelungelo elihambisana nethuba lokuxhashazwa, futhi ohulumeni kumelwe babe namathuluzi okusingatha lokho ukuxhashazwa lapho belondoloza inkululeko edingekile. Imingcele evunyelwe ilinganiselwe ezigabani zokulimala — ukuphehla imingcele, ukuhlambalaza, ukuhlambalaza, ukuvikela kwesizwe, kanye nemibandela ethile ehlelekile — futhi kumelwe ihlelwe ngokunembe. Izenzo ezingaqondakali — ukucwaswa, imithetho engacacile, nokuphindisela — zinqatshelwe ukuvimbela ukulawula impatho. Ukuqonda lemingcele yenza izakhamuzi, abakhi bomthetho, nabahluleli ukuba bavikele kokubili impikiswano eqinile nobuhle obungokomthetho bomphakathi. [[10], ukubheka ngokujulile i-juqua i-justrude, cabangela ingcebo [FOL:] [0] [5] [indlela eqhubekayo yokuxhumana ne-Genethiwe-EX] ukuze ivumelane.[FFUT]