Table of Contents

Amasesha nama-screen amelela esinye sezimiso eziyisisekelo kakhulu ekubusweni kwentando yeningi, esisebenza njengetshe eliyinhloko lentando yeningi yaseMelika futhi sivikela amalungelo ezakhamuzi zonke. Lesimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi siqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha likahulumeni elinamandla kakhulu, kwakha ukuhleleka okuntekenteke okuvikela amavoti akho, kuqinisa izwi lakho, futhi kugcine ubuqotho bukahulumeni omelele. Ukuqonda ukuthi umsebenzi uhlolwa kanjani futhi ulinganiswa kanjani, nokuthi kungani kubalulekile kuwena kuwena muntu siqu, futhi kusintu ngasinye esakhankami esifuna ukuthatha iqhaza ngokunenjongo enqubwebweni yethu yentando yeningi.

Isisekelo Sezinhlayiya Nokulinganisela Kuhulumeni WaseMelika Obusa Ngentando Yeningi

Imfundiso yokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso ihlukanisa uhulumeni ube ngamagatsha amathathu, isikhulu, neyahlulelo, − kanti isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela kuvumela elinye igatsha ukuba lihlole amandla awabelwe elinye. Loluhlelo alwakhelwanga ngokuthanda; ukwahlukanisa imibuso ibe iminyango kahulumeni ehlukile kwakuwumqondo ojwayelekile kumaFramers, kanye nomphathi wezombangazwe uCharles de Montesquieu ebhale ngokuhlukana kwemibono yegunya eminyakeni ecishe ibe yikhulu ngaphambili.

Abasunguli besimiso sezombangazwe saseMelika, beqaphela izingozi zokugxilisa amandla ezombangazwe ezandleni zomholi oyedwa noma iqembu elincane elingasakwazi ukuphendula ababuswayo, badala amagatsha amathathu azimele kahulumeni futhi banikeza igatsha ngalinye imibuso ekhethekile, kuhlanganise negunya lokuvimbela ukugxiliswa kwamandla amakhulu kunoma yiliphi elinye igatsha. Lomklamo ubonisa ukuqonda okujulile kwemvelo yomuntu namandla ezombangazwe.

UJames Madison wakuyiFederalist Paper No. 51 waphikisa ngokuthi kubalulekile ukwenza uhulumeni akwazi ukulawula kokubili ababuswayo nabo ngokwabo, futhi ahlole izifiso ezikholelwa kwezazi zezombangazwe, abasunguli banquma ukuthi idemokrasi isebenza kangcono ngokudala amagatsha azimele alinganisela amandla omunye nomunye. Lesisekelo sefilosofi siyaqhubeka sihlela indlela uhulumeni waseMelika asebenza ngayo namuhla.

Amagatsha Amathathu: Ukuhlukana Ngamandla Nemithwalo Yemfanelo

Igatsha Elingokomthetho: Ukwenza Imithetho

ISiphakamiso 1 soMthetho-sisekelo we-United States simisa i-Legislative Bank, ehlanganisa i-Congress futhi enomthwalo wemfanelo wokwakha imithetho. ISishaya-mthetho sihlanganisa izindlu ezimbili: iSigele nendlu yabameleli, futhi singayisusa i-Mongameli i-veto ngokuvota 2/3 kuzo zombili izindlu. Lesi sakhiwo se-bimeral ngokwaso simelela i-cheke yangaphakathi phakathi kwegatsha lemithetho, siqinisekisa ukuthi womabili amagumbi kumelwe avumelane ngaphambi kokuba umthetho ube umthetho.

Igatsha lemithetho liphethe amagunya amaningana agxekayo athinta ngokuqondile amalungelo akho njengesakhamuzi. ISishaya-Mkhandlu kuphela esingaba nemali efanelekile, futhi indlu ngayinye isebenza njengendlela yokuhlola ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla noma isenzo esingahlakaniphile.

Ngaphandle kokwenza umthetho nokuqamba umthetho, amandla omthetho anika uMkhandlu igunya lokususa ukonakala nokusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla kwamanye amagatsha amabili. Lendlela yomthetho-sisekelo iqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nezikhulu eziphakeme zihlala zinesibopho kubameleli babantu.

Igatsha Eliphethe: Lishaya Imithetho

Igatsha eliphethe liholwa umphathi omkhulu njengombusi noma umongameli wase-U.S. futhi unomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa imithetho edluliswa yigatsha lomthetho. Indima kamongameli ingaphezulu kakhulu kokumiswa komthetho okulula, okuhlanganisa imithetho yangaphandle, ukubuswa kwezempi, nokumiswa kwezikhulu zikahulumeni.

Igatsha eliphethe lisebenzisa amandla amakhulu, kodwa leligunya licindezelwa amanye amagatsha ngokucophelela. Igatsha lemithetho lenza imithetho, kodwa uMongameli egatsheni eliphethe angayigunyaza leyomithetho ngoMongameli we-Vito. Lobububukhoma buvumela umongameli ukuba enqabe umthetho obhekwa njengoyingozi noma ongekho emthethweni, nakuba iSishaya-mthetho singawususa ngokusekela okwanele lomthetho.

Igatsha eliphethe lingamemezela iMiyalo Ephethe, efana nezimemezelo eziphethe umthetho, kodwa igatsha lokwahlulela lingamemezela lezozenzo ngokungemthetho. Lokhu kulinganisela kuqinisekisa ukuthi izenzo zokuphatha zihlala zingaphakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho futhi azikwazi ukuyivimbela ngokuphelele inqubo yemithetho.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela: Ukuchaza Imithetho

Igatsha lokwahlulela linomthwalo wemfanelo wokuchaza imithetho ebhalwe igatsha lomthetho, kuhlanganise nokuxazulula izingxabano phakathi kwabantu ababili abangavumelani ngaphansi komthetho, kanye nokwengamela ukuqulwa kwecala lobugebengu. Isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni, esifinyelela umvuthwandaba eNkantolo Ephakeme, sisebenza njengomsizi wokugcina wemibuzo engokomthetho - sisekelo.

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela − amandla ezinkantolo okuhlola izenzo zezikhali zikahulumeni ezilawulayo neziphetheyo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ziwumthetho-sisekelo − waba yingxenye ebalulekile kahulumeni e-United States. Lombuso, osungulwe ecaleni elivelele uMarbury v. Madison, uvumela izinkantolo ukuba zishaye imithetho nezenzo zezikhulu eziphula uMthetho-sisekelo.

Nokho, igatsha lokwahlulela aligonyiwe ekuhlolweni amanye amagatsha. UMongameli umisa amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, inkantolo yabahluleli, nabahluleli benkantolo yezikhalo, kuyilapho iSigebe segatsha lomthetho uqinisekisa ukugunyaza kukaMongameli izikhundla zokwahlulela, futhi uMkhandlu ungavimbela noma yimuphi walabo bahluleli futhi ubakhiphe esikhundleni. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ijaji lihlala linesibopho naphezu kokumiswa kwalesikhathi sokuphila.

Indlela Osebenza Ngayo Nokulinganisela

Ngaphansi kwalesisimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela, kukhona ukusetshenziswa kwamandla phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu, igatsha ngalinye linegunya lalo kodwa futhi kuxhomeke egunyeni lamanye amagatsha ukuze asebenze. Lokhu kubambisana kwakha isimiso esishukumisayo lapho kokubili ukubambisana nokuxabana kufeza khona izindima ezibalulekile.

Ukuhlolwa Kwemithetho Egunyani Eliphethe

UKhongolo-khampathi lusebenzisa imishini eminingi ngegunya lomongameli. ISishaya-mthetho singadlula ama-vetoes aphethe ngokuvota umthetho futhi nokuwudlulisa ngenani elingu-2/3. Lemfuneko enkulu iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho osekelwa kakhulu kuphela unganqoba ukuphikiswa komongameli.

Inqubo yokuqinisekisa iSigele seSigele iye yabaluleka kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva, lapho ukumiswa kokwahlulela ngokuvamile kuba izisekelo zenkulumo - mpikiswano yezombangazwe nesibopho somphakathi.

ISigele kumelwe futhi sivume izivumelwano, siqinisekise ukuthi izivumelwano zomhlaba wonke azibonisi nje kuphela izintando eziphezulu kodwa futhi nemvume yokushaya umthetho.

Isikhulu Esiphethe Sihlola Amandla Okulawula

Igunya likamongameli limele ukuhlola okuqondile kwesikhulu esingokomthetho. Umbusi noma uMongameli wase-U.S. unamandla okufaka noma yimiphi imithetho emiswa igatsha lemithetho. Le mithetho iphoqelela ukuba i-Congress yakhe imifelandawonye ebanzi futhi icabangele izinkathazo zezikhulu lapho kwenziwa umthetho.

Ngaphandle kwe-veto, igatsha eliphethe lithonya umthetho ngokuhlela iziphakamiso zezinhlelo kanye nezimiso. Amasheke nezilinganiso ezavela emihlanganweni yesiko nomthetho-sisekelo zihlanganisa isimiso samakomiti enhlangano kanye nemibuso yophengululo, indima yezinhlangano zezombangazwe, nethonya lomongameli ekusunguleni umthetho. Abaholi bavame ukuveza izinto eziza kuqala zemithetho futhi basebenze namanxusa ahlangene ukuze bathuthukise imigomo yabo yezimiso.

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Zombili Izigatsha

Igatsha lemithetho lenza imithetho, kodwa igatsha lokwahlulela lingayimemezela leyomithetho ngokungekhona okungokomthetho.

Igatsha lokwahlulela lingamemezela izenzo zikaMongameli ezingavumelani nomthetho, eziwasusayo emthethweni.

Nokho, ngokuqalisa ukulungisa komthetho - sisekelo, lokhu kuhlola kokugcina emandleni okwahlulela kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinkantolo azikwazi ukubhuntshisa intando yabantu ngokukhetha kwabameleli nezishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni.

Isibonelo Sezwe Esingokoqobo: IStolen Vallor Act

IGistilative Branch yadlulisa iStolen Vallor Act ka-2005, ijezisa labo abathi batholwe kakhulu ngokobuso; iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ngo-2012 ukuthi lo mthetho wawungagunyaziwe ngoba wawuphulwa nelungelo lokukhuluma ngenkululeko yeSichibiyelo Sokuqala; futhi iSebe Eliphethe lathatha isinyathelo phakathi nenyanga yesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme esamiswa uhulumeni wokuthola imendlela yokuthola indida ukuze ikwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuhlonishwa kwebutho lezempi. Lesi sibonelo sibonisa indlela amagatsha amathathu asebenza ngayo ekuxazululeni izinselele zesimiso kuyilapho ehlonipha ukulinganiselwa komthetho.

Ukuhlobana Okubucayi Phakathi Kokuhlola Nokulinganisela Namalungelo Akho Okusekela Imali

Uma amagatsha ehlolana ngokuphumelelayo, asiza ekuvikeleni nasekuthuthukiseni amalungelo okuvota. Uma lesi simiso siwohloka, amalungelo okuvota avame ukuncitshiswa.

Ukuvikelwa Kokwahlulela Kwamalungelo Okuphana

Izinkantolo ngokomlando ziye zafeza indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni amalungelo okuvota ekungeneni kwemithetho nezikhulu. I-Oumeal Protection Claus idinga izikhulu ezilinganayo kakhulu kuzo zonke izakhamuzi ezweni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zihlalaphi. Lesi simiso, esimiswe kuReynolds v. Sims, siqinisekisa ukuthi ivoti yakho inesisindo esilinganayo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhlalaphi.

Umbuso uphula i - Encial Protection Claus of the 14th Refection noma nini lapho yenza ukuceba kovoti noma ukukhokhwa kwenkokhelo yendinganiso yokhetho, njengoba izimfanelo zovoti zingenakuhlobana nengcebo noma ukukhokha noma ukukhokha intela. Lesivikelo siqinisekisa ukuthi isikhundla sezomnotho asinakusetshenziselwa ukuphika noma ukululaza amalungelo okuvota.

INkantolo ePhakeme yamisa ukubukezwa kokwahlulela ukuze kuhlolwe ukufaneleka kwemithetho engokomthetho, futhi muva nje, izinkantolo ziye zahlola imithetho yokuvota ukuze zihlole ukuthi lemithetho iphula yini amalungelo abavoti noma ibeka umthwalo. Lokhu kuhlola kokwahlulela okuqhubekayo kusiza ukuba kugcinwe ubuqotho benqubo yokukhetha futhi kuvikele inqubo yokukhetha.

Ukuthatha Amalungelo Nokulinganisela

ISishaya - mthetho singasebenzisa noma isiphi isizathu sokukhipha icebo lokuvimbela umthetho-sisekelo ukucwaswa kobandlululo lokuvota, njengoba iSichibiyelo seshumi elinesihlanu siwukuziqeda nokuthatha isikhundla esiphikisanayo namandla kahulumeni, futhi ukugcinwa kwaso akugcini ngokulahla imithetho yombuso ehlukanisa uhlanga. Lobubuhlanga bumelela ukuhlola okugxekayo ngezenzo zikahulumeni ezingase zivimbele amalungelo okuvota.

Ingxenye 2 yeVRA inqabela noma yiliphi ikhambi lokuvota noma imfuneko yokuvota, noma inqubo noma umkhuba ophumela ekunqatshweni noma ekuncishisweni kwelungelo lokuvota ngenxa yohlanga, futhi njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme yagadla iSigaxa 5 seVRA ngo - 2013, iSiqeshana sesibili siwukuphela kwekhambi eliphumelelayo leVRA elisele ukuze livimbele ukucwa kohlanga. Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kokuvikela amalungelo okuvota kubonisa indlela ukuhlolwa nokulinganisela okusebenza ngayo phakathi kwesikhathi, amagatsha ahlukahlukene athatha umholi ngezikhathi ezihlukahlukene.

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwamalungelo okuvota nokuhlola nokulinganisela busalokhu bunamandla futhi buphikiswana. Amashumi amabili eminyaka enkathini kaJohn Roberts, ukunganaki kwenkantolo (futhi ngezinye izikhathi, inzondo) umsebenzi wokuqinisekisa ukuvota okufanayo kuwo wonke amaMelika uye waba isihloko esiyinhloko, esingagunyazi nje kuphela ukubunjwa kukahulumeni ngokwawo kodwa amalungelo amaMelika amaningi afuna ukumelelwa nokuthatha indiva kwemithetho elungile.

Indlela Izwi Lakho Elithonya Ngayo Uhulumeni Ngokuhlola Nokulinganisela

Amasesha namabhande awavikeli ilungelo lakho lokuvota nje kuphela. Zikhulisa izwi lakho ezinqumweni zikahulumeni. Lesi simiso sidala amathuba amaningi okuthembisana futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni usaqhubeka esabela ekukhathazweni umphakathi.

Ukuhlanganyela Ngokuqondile Esakhamuzini

Abantu base-United States banemibuso abayinikwe nguMthetho-sisekelo obanika imvume yokuba babe namasheke nezilinganiso zabo siqu emagatsheni kahulumeni weFederal, kuhlanganise nekhono lokuvimbela ukulungiswa koMthetho-sisekelo ngeKhomishane uma isithathu/4 samazwe enqaba ukuqinisa ukuvuselelwa, kanye nekhono lokuvota kubameleli babo njalo eminyakeni emibili nakubaphathi babo njalo eminyakeni eyisithupha.

I-votorate isebenza njengendlela yokuhlola ekugcineni ngamandla okuvota. Izikhulu zokhetho ezikhethwa njalo ukuba zihlale zilandisa kubantu abazobusayo, zakha isisusa esinamandla sokubusa okusabela. Uma izikhulu zihluleka ukumelela izithakazelo zohlanga lwazo, abavoti bangafaka abameleli abasha ababonisa kangcono izindinganiso zazo nezinto eziza kuqala.

Ukubona Kahle Nokulandisa

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela kuthuthukisa ukubonakala kwabadlali abaningi ngokufuna ukuba abadlali abaningi bahlanganyele ezinqumweni ezinkulu. Uma uMkhandlu udlulisa umthetho, umongameli kumele anqume ukuthi uzosayina noma uphothule kuwo, futhi izinkantolo zingahlola ukuthi umthetho - sisekelo wakhona ukhona. Le nqubo yeziteshi eziningi iveza amathuba amaningi okuhlola umphakathi nengxoxo.

Le misebenzi yokuqondisa izinhlangano eziphethe imelela enye indlela ebucayi yokuziphendulela. AmaKomiti ahlola izenzo zezikhulu, ukuqulwa kwecala, nokufunwa kwemininingwane evela ezinhlanganweni eziphethe.

Amacala asenkantolo ngokuvamile embula ukwaziswa ngezenzo zikahulumeni ebezingahlala zifihlekile, futhi imibono yokwahlulela inikeza izincazelo ezinegunya zomthetho eziqondisa ukuziphatha kwawo wonke amagatsha esikhathini esizayo.

Amaphuzu Amaningana Okuthola Izakhamuzi

Uma uMkhandlu wenqaba ukwenza okuthile ngendaba ethile, izakhamuzi zinganxusa igatsha eliphethe ukuba lithathe isinyathelo sokuqondisa noma zifune usizo lokwahlulela ngezinkantolo. Uma umongameli ethatha isinyathelo sokuphikisa izakhamuzi, anganxusa iSishaya - mthetho ukuba simise umthetho ovimbela leso sinyathelo noma usekele izinselele ezingokomthetho enkantolo.

Lokhu kutholakala kwezindawo eziningi kusho ukuthi akukho kunqotshwa kwezombangazwe okungaqeda ingxoxo ezindabeni ezibalulekile. Izakhamuzi namaqembu okuzibusa angaphishekela imigomo yazo ngamagatsha ahlukahlukene nasemazingeni ahlukene kahulumeni, kwandisa amathuba okuba ukukhathazeka okungokomthetho ekugcineni kutholwe futhi kuphenduleke.

Lapho Kugqashuka Amasheke Nokulinganisela: Kusongela Ukubusa Kwentando Yeningi

Abantu ababhala uMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S. bazama ukuhlukanisa imibuso nokunikeza izinhlolo - mbono nezilinganiso ukuze baqiniseke ukuthi alikho igatsha elike lakwazi ukuthatha wonke uhulumeni, kodwa uma elinye igatsha lihluleka ukwenza umsebenzi walo, noma uma elinye igatsha lingalinaki elinye, singase singene esimweni esibucayi somthetho - sisekelo lapho uhulumeni wethu engeke usasebenza ngendlela umthetho - sisekelo owawuhlosiwe ngayo.

Ukufinyelela Isikhundla Esingaphezu Kwesibindi

Uma uMongameli waseU.S. eqhubeka ephoqelela umthetho owenqatshelwe izinkantolo owephula umthetho, ozothatha amandla egatsheni lokwahlulela futhi uwagxilise egatsheni eliphethe.

Abaqondisi abaphethe bangaphamba ngezindlela eziningi, kusukela ekusebenziseni ngokweqile iziyalezo zezikhulu ukuze bagweme iSishaya - mthetho, ukwenqaba ukuvumelana nama - communionpoena, ukungazinaki izinqumo zokwahlulela. Isenzakalo ngasinye sobuqili, uma singaqashelwa, singamisa izehlakalo ezibangela ukuba umthetho - sisekelo ungabi namandla aphakeme.

Ukuphazanyiswa Kwemithetho

Ngezinye izikhathi usongo lokuhlola nokulinganisela aluveli kwelinye igatsha elithatha amandla amaningi kakhulu, kodwa kwelinye igatsha lihluleka ukusebenzisa imithwalo yalo yemfanelo engokomthetho - sisekelo. Lapho uMkhandlu uhluleka ukuphatha igatsha eliphethe, noma lapho uthumela igunya elingaphezu kwamandla ezikhungweni eziphethe ngaphandle kokuvikelwa ngokwanele, isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela siyawohloka.

Ukubekwa kwezindawo ezihlukene kungabhebhethekisa ukumiswa kwemithetho, njengoba amalungu eSishaya-mthetho engase afake kuqala ukwethembeka kweqembu phezu komthwalo wemfanelo wenhlangano. Uma iqembu lomongameli lilawula iKhongolo, abamisi-mthetho bangase babe madolonzima ukuhlola ukuphamba kwezikhulu. Lokhu kululaza ukuthemba kwabasekeli ukuthi izithakazelo zenhlangano ziyoshukumisela igatsha ngalinye ukuba livikele amagunya alo ekungeneleni.

Ukuthatha Icala Nokuzithiba

Igatsha lokwahlulela libhekene nezinselele zalo ekulondolozeni iziphetho ezifanele nezilinganiselayo. Izinkantolo kumelwe zilinganisele indima yazo njengabagcini bomthetho-mthetho nengozi yokuphangwa yizocamahluleli ezithathe indawo yokukhetha okungokomthetho ukuze kwenziwe izinqumo zentando yeningi. Izenzo zokwahlulela eziningi zingalulaza ukubusa kwentando yeningi, kuyilapho ukuvimbela okukhulu kungashiya ukuphulwa komthetho-mthetho kungancishisiwe.

Izimpikiswano zamuva ngamalungelo okuvota zibonisa lokhu kucindezeleka. INkantolo Ephakeme nezinkantolo zikahulumeni kulo lonke izwe zihlaselwa ngokuqondile eMthethweni Wamalungelo Abantu, ezinye zibekwe ebhentshini likahulumeni manje zibuza obala ukuthi umthetho usekelwe eMthethweni, futhi izenzakalo ezimisiwe zokuvikela ilungelo lokuvota manje zibhekene nokungabaza okukhulu kunanini kusukela ngo - 1965.

Indima Yezinkolo Zezombangazwe Namaqiniso Ekuhloleni Nokulinganisela

Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo umisa ukuhlola nokulinganisela okungokomthetho phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu, amaqembu ezombangazwe namaqembu akha ezinye izici ezingaqinisa noma zinciphise lezizimiso zomthetho-sisekelo. AmaFramers ayengakulindele ukuthuthuka kwamaqembu anamuhla ezombangazwe, kodwa amaqembu aye aba yisisekelo sendlela ukuhlolwa nokulinganisela okusebenza ngayo.

Uhulumeni Ohlukene Phakathi Njengekhambi

Lapho amaqembu ahlukene elawula amagatsha ahlukene kahulumeni, ukuncintisana okuhlukanisayo kungaqinisa ukuhlola nokulinganisa komthetho-sisekelo. Amalungu eqembu eliphikisayo eSishaya - mthetho anezisusa ezinamandla zokuhlola nokubekela umongameli welinye iqembu inselele. Lokhu kuhlola kungadalula ububi nokuphoqelela ukuba umuntu aphendule ngaphezu kokuba kungenzeka ngaphansi kokulawulwa yiqembu elihlangene.

Nokho, uhulumeni ohlukene ungaholela futhi ekuhlelekeni kwezindawo, lapho ukuphikiswa kwabashokobezi kuvimbela ngisho nomthetho ozuzisa kakhulu ukuba ungadluli. Inselele ihlukanisa phakathi kokuhlola okunempilo okuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla kanye nezithiyo ezibhubhisayo ezivimbela uhulumeni ekuxazululeni izinkinga ezicindezelayo.

Uhulumeni Onobunye Nokwethembeka Ezinhlanganweni

Uma elinye iqembu lilawula kokubili amagatsha aphethe nemithetho, isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sibhekene nezingcindezi ezihlukene. Ukwethembeka kweqembu kungadlula ukwethembeka kwenhlangano, kuholele uMkhandlu ukuba ubeke isibopho kumongameli ovela eqenjini elifanayo kunokuba ubonise ukuqondisa okunamandla. Leli thonya lingase linciphise ukuhlolwa nezilinganiso lapho zidingeka khona kakhulu ukuze zivimbele ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla.

Abakhi be-Framers babethemba ukuthi ukuqhosha kwezindawo kwakuzoshukumisela amalungu egatsha ngalinye ukuba avikele amalungelo egatsha lawo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi linezimo eziphiwa abashokobezi. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwanamuhla kusikisela lelithemba lalinethemba elibi kakhulu, njengoba ukuhlukanisa ngokuvamile kuveza izinhlangano zezombangazwe zanamuhla.

Izinhlolo Zesilinganiso Sikahulumeni Nokulinganisela

Nakuba ukunakekela okukhulu kubhekiselwa ekuhloleni nasekulinganiseni kukahulumeni, ohulumeni bombuso basebenzisa izimiso ezifanayo ezithinta ngokuqondile ukuphila kwezakhamuzi zansuku zonke. Uhulumeni we-United States kanye nemibuso engamashumi amane ihlukanisa ohulumeni bayo babe yilamagatsha amathathu. Ukuqonda imishini yombuso nokulinganisa kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba ohulumeni banegunya elikhulu phezu kwamalungelo okuvota, ukwahlulela kobugebengu, imfundo, nezinye izindawo eziningi.

Ukushintshashintsha Kwezimiso ZoMbuso

Isifunda ngasinye sihluka kancane endleleni lamagatsha ahlelwe ngayo. Ezinye izifunda zikhetha izikhulu eziningi zamagatsha ngokuzimele, zidala iziphetho ngaphakathi egatsheni eliphethe. Ezinye zigxilisa amandla okulawula ehhovisi lombusi. Lokhu kuveza izindlela ezihlukene zokulinganisela ukuphumelela nokulandisa.

Umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni uvame ukunikeza isivikelo esiningiliziwe samalungelo athile kunoMthetho-sisekelo kazwelonke. 49 umthetho-mthetho kahulumeni uqinisekisa ngokusobala ilungelo lokuvota, futhi ezinye izinkantolo eziphakeme zikahulumeni ziye zawachaza la malungiselelo okunikeza isivikelo esiqinile kakhulu kunawomthetho-sisekelo wombuso ngokwawo. Lezivikelo zikahulumeni zingasebenza njengezivimbele ezibalulekile uma isivikelo sikahulumeni sibuthakathaka.

Isimo sokuhlola nokulinganiswa

Isimiso sikahulumeni ngokwaso sidala uhlobo lokuhlola nokulinganisela phakathi kohulumeni besizwe nohulumeni. Noma imaphi amagunya angeniswanga nohulumeni wombuso othile awela kohulumeni abangohulumeni ababodwa. Lengxenye yegunya ivimbela ukunqwabelana okukhulu kwamandla ezweni futhi ivumela amazwe ukuba asebenze njengezindawo zokuhlola idemokrati, azame izindlela ezihlukene.

Nokho, ukuhlangana kwezwe nohulumeni kudala futhi ukungezwani. Uma izenzo zikahulumeni zisongela amalungelo omthetho-mthetho, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zingangenela. Uma izenzo zikahulumeni zidlula igunya lomthetho-mthetho, imibuso ingazibekela inselele enkantolo. Lokhu kusebenza okunamandla phakathi kwegunya likahulumeni nombuso kunezela olunye ungqimba lwe-checks kanye nezilinganiso kuhulumeni waseMelika.

Izinselele Zangesikhathi Esidlule Okumelwe Zivivinywe Futhi Zilinganiswe

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sibhekene nezinselele eziningi ekhulwini lama - 21, kusukela ekushintsheni kwezobuchwepheshe kuya ekushintsheni kwezimiso zezombangazwe kuya ezinhlotsheni ezintsha zezenzo zikahulumeni ezingafanelani kahle nezingavumelaniyo nezigaba ezingokwesiko.

Umbuso Ophethe

Ukwanda kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni ezisebenzisa imisebenzi yemithetho, yezikhulu, neyakwahlulela enhlanganweni eyodwa kubekela inselele ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso okungokwesiko. I-APPRM ibhala imithetho (inqubo yezezishaya-mthetho), iphoqelela lezo zimiso (imisebenzi yokubusa), kanye nokuphikisana okuyimfihlo ngazo (indima yokwahlulela). Lokhu kufakwa kwemibuso ngaphakathi kwezinhlangano kuphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nendlela yokulondoloza iziphetho nezilinganiso eziphumelelayo.

UKhomishane uye wazama ukulondoloza ukuqondisa ngezinqubo ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokulawula ukuqondisa, ukuqinisekiswa kweziphathi zezinhlangano, kanye neziphathi-mthetho (nakuba iNkantolo Ephakeme yabulala i-veto yezemithetho ngo-1934). Izinkantolo zihlola izenzo zezinhlangano zokuvumelana negunya lomthetho nezimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo. Nokho izingqapheli eziningi zikhathazekile ngokuthi lezi ziphetho azinele ukuvimbela ukucupheka kwezinhlangano.

Amandla Aphuthumayo

Izimo eziphuthumayo zesizwe − kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izimpi, izifo eziwumshayabhuqe, noma izinkinga zezomnotho — ukudlondlobala ukucindezela kokugxilisa amandla egatsheni eliphethe ukuze kuthathwe ngokushesha. Nakuba ukugxiliswa kwegunya kungase kudingeke phakathi nezimo eziphuthumayo zangempela, ingozi iwukuthi amandla esimo esiphuthumayo asuke enziwa abe avamile, ashintshele amandla ahlala njalo kumphathi.

Inselele iwukugcina izinhlolo ezinengqondo nezilinganiselayo phakathi nezimo eziphuthumayo ngaphandle kokuvimbela uhulumeni ukuba aphendule ngokuphumelelayo ezinkingeni ezingokoqobo. Lokhu kudinga izimiso ezicacile ezingokomthetho ezichaza amandla aphuthumayo, amalungiselelo okushona kwelanga aphoqelela ukucabangela ngezikhathi ezithile izinyathelo eziphuthumayo, nokuqapha kweSishaya - mthetho nezinkantolo ngisho naphakathi nezikhathi zezinkinga.

Ukushintsha Kwezobuchwepheshe Nombuso Kahulumeni

Ubuchwepheshe obusha budala amathuba amasha okuhlola nokulawula kukahulumeni amaFramers angenakuwacabanga. Ukuxhumana ngemishini, ukwaziswa okuphathelene nolwezi zincwadi, kanye nokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa kunikeza uhulumeni amandla angenakulinganiswa okuqondisa izakhamuzi nokuziphatha okunethonya. Iziphetho nezilinganiso zesiko zingase zingazinqande ngokwanele lezi zinhlobo ezintsha zikahulumeni.

Izinkantolo zilwa ukusebenzisa izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezisungulelwe ubuchwepheshe bekhulu le-18 kumaqiniso aphakathi kwelama-21. IziKhomishane zivame ukungabi nobuchwepheshe bokuqondisa izimiso zezobuchwepheshe eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokuphumelelayo. Lezi zinselele zidinga ukuthuthukisa ukuqonda kwethu amasheke nezilinganiso ukuze sixazulule izinsongo ezintsha zenkululeko nentando yeningi.

Ukuqinisa Amasheke Nokulinganisela: Lokho Izakhamuzi Ezingakwenza

Nakuba uMthetho - sisekelo umisa isimiso esingokomthetho sokuhlola nokulinganisela, izakhamuzi zinendima ebalulekile ekwenzeni lesimiso sisebenze ngokuphumelelayo.

Hlala Uzazi Izenzo Zikahulumeni

Ukwengamela kwezakhamuzi okuphumelelayo kudinga ukuqonda lokho okwenziwa uhulumeni. Landela izindaba ezivela emithonjeni ethembekile, funda izincwadi zikahulumeni, ube khona emihlanganweni yasobala futhi usebenzise inkululeko yokwaziswa ukuze ubhale amarekhodi kahulumeni.

Qaphela wonke amagatsha amathathu, hhayi nje abantu ababonakala kakhulu bezombangazwe. Ukuqulwa kwamacala e-Congregational, izinqumo zenkantolo, kanye nezinhlangano zonke zithinta amalungelo akho nezithakazelo. Ukuqonda indlela izingxenye ezihlukene zikahulumeni ezisebenzelana ngayo kukusiza ukuba ubone ukuthi amasheke nezilinganiso zisebenza nini futhi zingasebenzi nini.

Ukuhlanganyela Kuzo Zonke Izinga

Ukuqamba kumelela ukuhlola kwakho okuqondile kakhulu ngamandla kahulumeni. Izikhulu zeSishaya-mthetho, izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni, ababusi, nezikhulu zendawo konke okubalulekile ukuze ulondoloze iziphetho nezilinganiso eziphumelelayo. Ungavoti nje kuphela kukhetho lukamongameli . /participate eprincial, phakathi, phakathi, kanye nokhetho lwendawo lapho ukhetho lwakho lunethonya elikhulu khona.

Lapho uhlola abazohlolwa, cabangela hhayi nje ukuma kwabo okungokomthetho kodwa ukuzinikela kwabo ekubusweni komthetho - sisekelo nasezimisweni zezinhlangano.

Xhumana Nabameleli Bakho

Izikhulu eziqashelwe zisabela ekucindezeleni okuhlangene. Xhumana nabameleli bakho eKhongolo nasezindlini zombuso ukuze uchaze imibono yakho ezindabeni ezibalulekile. Bakhuthaze ukuba babonise ukuma kwekhono lokuqondisa igatsha eliphethe kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kucatshangelwa abashokobezi.

Ungalinganiseli ukufaneleka kwakho ezindabeni ofuna uhulumeni athathe kuzo isinyathelo. Futhi khuluma lapho ukholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni uzama ukufinyelela igunya lakhe noma lapho elinye igatsha lihluleka ukuhlola elinye. Ukuvikela ilungelo lezinhlangano nemingcele yomthetho-sisekelo kubaluleke njengokuthuthukisa imigomo ethile yesimiso.

Izikhungo Zokusekela

Nakuba zingeyona ingxenye yesimiso sikahulumeni esingokomthetho, izinhlangano ezizimele njengemithombo yezindaba, izinhlangano zomphakathi, kanye nezikole zifeza indima ebalulekile ekulondolozeni iziphetho nezilinganiso. Iphephandaba elikhululekile lihlola izenzo zikahulumeni futhi lazise umphakathi. Izinhlangano zomphakathi zisekela amalungelo futhi zibheka uhulumeni njengonecala. Izinhlangano zomphakathi zinikeza ubuchwepheshe nokuhlaziywa.

Isimiso sokubusa esinempilo sidinga isimiso esiqinile sezinto ezizimele ezingahlola uhulumeni futhi zivunyela umbono womphakathi.

Ukuqonda Nokuvikela Imithetho - sisekelo

Izinhlokwana eziningi azixhomekile nje kuphela emithethweni engokomthetho kodwa nasemithethweni engokomthetho ehleliwe nakulokho okulindelwe mayelana nendlela izikhulu okufanele zikwenze ngayo.

Uma izikhulu zephula lemithetho, khuluma. Bhala izincwadi kumhleli, faka amaposi ezokuxhumana, hamba emahholo edolobha, futhi cacisa ukuthi ulindele izikhulu ukuba zihloniphe imithetho engokomthetho nentando yeningi. Umbono womphakathi uphathelene nezindaba zomphakathi ezibhekene nokujeziswa komthetho olandelwayo cishe ziyoshintsha indlela.

Umongo Wembulunga Yonke: Uyakwazi Ukulinganisela Nokulinganisela Emhlabeni Wonke

Nakuba lesi sihloko sigxila ekuhloleni nasekulinganiseni kwaseMelika, kufanelekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ezinye idemokrasi zisebenzisa izimiso ezihlukene ukuze zilinganise amandla kahulumeni. Amaphenya nezilinganiso, eziguqula ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, zingasebenza ngaphansi kwezimiso zephalamende ngokusebenzisa ilungelo lephalamende lokungamukeli ukhetho oluzimele kuhulumeni; uhulumeni, noma ikhathekramente, ngokuvamile lingancibilikisa ipalamende.

Izimiso zePhalamende zidala izinto ezinamandla ezingafani nezimiso zobumongameli. Ezimisweni zephalamende, umphathi uphuma futhi uncike kusishaya-mthetho, abangele ukuhlangana kunokuhlukanisa imibuso. Amaphenya nezilinganiso zisebenza ngendlela ehlukile, kanye neqembu eliphikisayo, izinkantolo ezizimele, nezakhiwo zikahulumeni (semazweni anjengeCanada neJalimane) zidlala izindima eziyinhloko.

Ukutadisha indlela ezinye izakhiwo zentando yeningi ezihlola ngayo kanye nezilinganiso ezinganikeza ngayo ukuqonda kokuqinisa izinhlangano zaseMelika. Asikho isimiso esiphelele, kodwa ukuhlaziya okuqhathanisa kusiza ekuboneni amandla nobuthakathaka ezindleleni ezihlukahlukene zokulinganisela amandla kahulumeni nokuvikela amalungelo.

Bheka phambili: Ikusasa Lamasheke Nokulinganisela

Imizamo yegatsha elilodwa yokuvimbela elinye igatsha ukuba libe likhulu icatshangwa ukuthi ivimbela njalo noma iliphi igatsha ekubekeni izinyathelo ezinzima ngokungafanele kwababuswayo. Lokhu kucindezeleka okungapheli kumelela isici, hhayi igciwane, lesimiso saseMelika. AmaFramers aklama uhulumeni ozonzima ukusebenza, odinga ukubambisana nokuvumelana phakathi kwabadlali abahlukene abanemibono ehlukene.

Ikusasa lokuhlola nokulinganisela lixhomeke ekutheni amaMelika ayaqhubeka esibheka njengesibalulekile yini lesi simiso futhi asebenzele ukusilondoloza. Amasheke namazinga ahlala ebalulekile ekulondolozeni ukubusa kwentando yeningi nokulandisa e-United States. Kodwa ukuphumelela kwawo kuxhomeke ezakhamuzini eziqonda indlela isimiso esisebenza ngayo, zihlanganyele ngentshiseko ezizingeni elibuswa ngentando yeningi, futhi zigcine izikhulu zinecala uma ziphula imithetho engokomthetho.

Izinselele ezintsha ziyoqhubeka zivela, kusukela ekushintsheni kwezobuchwepheshe kuya ekusongeni ukulondeka kuya ekushintsheni ekulinganiseni kwembulunga yonke. Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela kumelwe sivumelane nalezi zinselele kuyilapho silondoloza umsebenzi waso oyinhloko wokuvimbela ubushiqela nokuvikela amalungelo. Lokhu kudinga kokubili ukwethembeka ezimisweni zomthetho-sisekelo nokuvumelana nezimo ekusebenziseni lezozimiso ezimweni ezintsha.

Izihluthulelo: Isizathu Sokuba Uzihlole Futhi Uzilinganisele

Ukuqonda amasheke nokulinganisela akuyona nje indlela yemfundo kuphela, kodwa ulwazi olubalulekile kumninikhaya ngamunye ofuna ukuthatha iqhaza ngokuphumelelayo ekubusweni kwentando yeningi nasekuvikeleni amalungelo akhe. Nawa amaphuzu ayinhloko okukhumbula:

  • Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo okuvota: Amasheke namazinga kuyasiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elilodwa elingalinganisela ilungelo lakho lokuvota noma lokulawula ukhetho ukuze kube nenzuzo yabameleli. Izinkantolo zingashaya imithetho yokuvota esemthethweni, uMkhandlu ungakhipha umthetho ovikela amalungelo okuvota, futhi izakhamuzi zingabeka izikhulu ukuba zilandise ngokhetho.
  • Ukukhokha icala kwezikhulu ezikhethiwe: Isimiso sidala izinqubo eziningi zokwenza izikhulu zibe nesibopho sokulandisa, kusukela ekuqondiseni ukwahlulela kuya kukhetho oluvamile. Akukho sikhulu esingaphezulu komthetho, futhi akukho gatsha elingathatha isinyathelo ngaphandle kokucindezelwa.
  • [ Umehluko ekwenzeni izinqumo: ngokufuna abadlali abaningi ukuba bahlanganyele ezinqumweni ezinkulu, amasheke nezilinganiso kwakha amathuba okuhlola nokwenza impikiswano yomphakathi. Lokhu kubonakala kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukuthi yini uhulumeni ayenzayo nokuthi kungani.
  • [ Ukuvinjelwa kokusebenzisa kabi amandla:[ Injongo eyisisekelo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ivimbela noma yimuphi umuntu noma iqembu ekutholeni amandla amaningi kakhulu. Lesivikelo sihlala sibalulekile namuhla njengalapho uMthetho-sisekelo ubhalwa.
  • I-Multiple amaphuzu okuthola ezakhamuzi: Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kwenza izindawo eziningi zezakhamuzi ukuba zisekele izithakazelo zazo futhi zifune ukulungisa izikhalo. Uma elinye igatsha lingayilalela, ungaphendukela kwenye.
  • Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo amancane: Ngokuvimbela amaqembu amaningi ukuba alawule wonke amagatsha ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuhlola nokulinganisela kusiza ekuvikeleni amalungelo eqembu elimbalwa ekubunyaneni kweningi. Izinkantolo zingavikela amalungelo omthetho-mfantu ngisho nalapho engathandwa.
  • [ Incazelo yokucabanga nokuhlehla: Isimiso siphoqelela abadlali abahlukene abanombono ohlukene ukuba basebenze ndawonye, sikhuthaza ukwenza izinqumo nokuvumelana okukhulu.
  • Ukuvumelana nezimo ezishintshayo: Ngenkathi kusekelwe embhalweni womthetho-sisekelo, ukuhlola nokulinganisela kushintsha ngokuprakthiza nangokuchaza, ukuvumela isimiso sixazulule izinselele ezintsha kuyilapho silondoloza izimiso eziyisisekelo.

Isiphetho: Indima Yakho Ekulondolozeni Ukubusa Kwentando Yeningi

Amasesha nama-aspectric amelela okungaphezu nje komklamo womthetho-sisekelo wokuhlakanipha, qhano neqiniso eliyisisekelo ngokwakheka kwabantu kanye namandla ezombangazwe. Njengoba uJames Madison aqaphela, uma abantu babeyizingelosi, akukho hulumeni odingeka. Njengoba singezona izingelosi, sidinga izimiso ezivimbela ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla kuyilapho sisavumela uhulumeni ukuba usebenze ngokuphumelelayo.

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sivikela ivoti yakho ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elingalawula okhethweni noma linciphise amalungelo okuvota ngaphandle kokubheka amagatsha. Kuqinisa izwi lakho ngokudala amaphuzu amaningi okungenela kwezakhamuzi nokuthatha imvume. Kukhuthaza ukulandisa ngokufuna ukuba izikhulu ziphendule okhethweni oluningi kanye nezindlela zokwengamela.

Kodwa isimiso sisebenza kuphela uma izakhamuzi zikuqonda, zikubheka njengokubaluleka, futhi zihlanganyela ngenkuthalo ekukulondolozeni. Izakhiwo zomthetho-sisekelo zibalulekile, kodwa azizibulali. Zixhomeke ezikhulwini ezihlonipha imithetho yezimiso nezakhamuzi ezibheka izikhulu njengezinecala uma zingakwenzi.

Izindaba zakho zokuvota azikona nje kuphela ukukhetha ukuthi yimaphi umkhandlu olawula uhulumeni, kodwa zokulondoloza isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela ngokwaso. Abazosekela abazobonisa inhlonipho ngemithetho elawulayo namalungelo ezinhlangano. Hlanganisa kunoma iziphi izigaba, kusukela emabhodini esikole endawo kuya ku-Congress. Zigcine wazi ukuthi wonke amagatsha kahulumeni akwenzayo. Xhumana nabameleli bakho ukuze udlulisele imibono yakho. Sekela izinhlangano ezizimele ezibeka icala likahulumeni.

Impilo yentando yeningi yaseMelika ixhomeke ezakhamuzini eziboshelwe ukuqonda indlela uhulumeni wazo osebenza ngayo nokuthi kungani uhlelwe ngayo. Izithiyo nezinga lokulinganisela akuzona izithiyo zokulawula okuphumelelayo,(-) ayizona izivikelo ezibalulekile zenkululeko nentando yeningi. Ngokuqonda nangokusekela lesi simiso, usiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni uyaqhubeka elandisa kubantu abakhonzayo.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngendlela uhulumeni asebenza ngayo kanye nendima yakho kuyo, vakashela i-website ye-official kahulumeni emagatsheni kahulumeni , hlola imithombo yezezimali evela eSibonelo seZinqulwini se-National [, funda ngemisebenzi [[FLT:] 4] [[FLT]] , hlola [ izinqumo zeNkantolo zeNkantolo , bese uhlola izenzo zegatsha [[FLT:]] ezithiweyo]. Hlalisayolwazi, uhlala uhleli, futhi uhlola amalungelo akho angokokusetshenziswa kakhulu.