Umbhalo Wesethulo

] `Thina bantu base-United States, ngokulandelana ukuze sakhe i-Union ephelele kakhulu, simise ubulungisa, isiqinisekiso sokuvikela kwasekhaya, sinikeza isivikelo esifanayo, sithuthukise i-Welfare, futhi siqinise izibusiso zeNkululeko kithi ngokwethu nePostry, simise futhi simise lomthetho-sisekelo we-United States of America.”[FLT]

Umlando Ongokomlando: Okwenza Inganezelo Ibhalwe

Isiqalo asivelanga endaweni engenalutho. Arttics of Confederation , eyagunyazwa ngo-1781, yashiya uhulumeni wesizwe ubuthakathaka. UKhomishano alukwazanga ukushiya intela ye-levy, ukulawula intengiselwano, noma ukuphoqelela izivumelwano. Amazwe enza njengamazwe azimele, anyathelisa imali yawo futhi abeka izinxushunxushunxushu komunye nomunye. Isiyaluyaluyalu seze sezomnotho nangaphakathi salandela. Ngonyaka ka 1786, iSisha isiphithiso somthetho wezentengiselwano [ saveza ukuhluleka kukahulumeni wesizwe ukubeka phansi ukuvukela kwezikhali eMassachusetts. Izikhulu njengoJames Macedes noAleander Davian babizwa ngokuba nomphumela womhlangano we-'unyaka ka-1966. Umthetho-mthetho-U.

Abakhi bamaflamethi bahlangana ePhiladelphia ngo-1787 benomgomo wokwakha uhulumeni ongcono kakhulu onamandla. − i-Pregget, eyabuthwa nguGouverneur Morris, yenezelwa ukuchaza ngenxa ye lohulumeni omusha wayesungulwa futhi wahloselwe ukufinyelela. Ngokungafani ne-athorication eshwankathelayo, i-Pregtion’s Pregtion imisa izinjongo [ zonke ibhuloso] ezaziklanyelwe ukuzifeza.

Ukugqashula Amabinzana Ayinhloko

“ Thina Bantu”

Lendawo ivulekile ukusuka kwezincwadi ezibusayo zangaphambi. Izihloko zeConfederation zaqala ngokuthi “Kubo bonke labo labo okukhona okuzofika kubo,” ikheli elingokomthetho. Umthetho-sisekelo omusha uqala ngokuthi“ Thina bantu”[ `Sigomela ukuthi ubukhosi busuka ezakhamuzini, hhayi ezindaweni noma enkosini. Lo mshwana uhlanganisa isimiso sobukhosi [, umqondo wokuthi uhulumeni osemthethweni ufuna imvume yababuswayo.

Kodwa “Abantu” ngo 1787 babekude kakhulu nomphakathi wonke. Abesifazane, abagqilazwayo baseAfrika, amaMelika Omdabu, namadoda angenampahla babenqatshelwa kakhulu ekuthatheni iqhaza lezombangazwe. Inkulumo yayiyintengo ephuphayo; kwathatha amakhulu eminyaka ukulwa nomphumela womthetho-sisekelo ukuze kudluliselwe isithembiso se-“Thina bantu” kubantu abaningi. Noma kunjalo, amagama anikeza isisekelo sezinhlangano zamuva . Kusukela kwabaphehlisi benkolo ukuwa ekuphikisani amalungelo alinganayo kwabasekeli bezwe banamuhla besebenzisa ukubekela imithetho engekho mthetho.

I-Federalists zaphikisa ngokuthi “Thina bantu” sihlanganisa isizwe, kuyilapho amasosha alwayo ayecabanga ukuthi angayisusa i-module. Ukuhlehla phakathi kwamandla esizwe nombuso kuhlanganisa wonke uMthetho-sisekelo, kodwa ulimi lwendabuko lubeka abantu ngokusobala esikhungweni sokubusa.

“ Ukuze kwakhiwe i - Union esiphelele”

Izihloko ze-Confederation zabiza leli qembu ngokuthi “ngokuvamile,” kodwa lalikude kakhulu nokuphelele. Inkulumo ethi“” ivuma amaphutha ezihloko nesidingo sokuthuthukisa. Abakhi be-flamers bafuna inyunyana engasingatha ukwahlukana kwangaphakathi, izingxabano zezomnotho, nezinsongo zangaphandle ezazigcina amazwe enziwe anezilinganiso ezinenjongo. [ [abantu abagqitshiwe] kakhulu [iSishaya - mthetho esinemifanekiso elinganiswe ngokulinganayo eNdlungwini, futhi i-ommeleli ye-gedethi elinganayo) kanye nezinsonsolo ezithiwe thi ezithiwe thiwayo zibekwa phansi [[[FLT] (iphawu olugqiwe kakhulu [i-ff1] ngenhla lomuntu nezindlela ezibuhlungu) zatholwa ngokuphelele.

Lo mbhalo futhi waveza ithemba lokuthi ukuhlangana kuyoqhubeka kusuka kwenye indawo. Akuzange kufune ukuphelela ngokushesha, kodwa kwafuna uhlelo lokuqhubekela ekupheleleni ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lowomqondo wokuthuthukisa okuqhubekayo uvumela uMthetho-sisekelo ukuba uvumelane nokulungisa, ukuchaza ukwahlulela, kanye noshintsho lwezenhlalo.

“ Ubulungisa base-Establish”

Ubulungisa, embonweni wabahleli, babusho isimiso semithetho elungile nengakhethi. Ngaphansi kwezihloko, kwakungekho komiti yejaji yesizwe − izinkantolo zombuso zazingabameli bokugcina bezimpikiswano zomthetho, ngokuvamile eziholela ekubekeni imithetho ephikisanayo. UMthetho-sisekelo wakha umthetho [[FLT:] judiary judiary [[FLT]] [[FLT:]] ne[FLT] ubeke izinkantolo eziphansi], [FLT] meartbury v. [185] [1]

“ Ubulungisa be-Establish Justice” futhi busikisela isivikelo esilinganayo ngaphansi komthetho , umqondo ongeke ucaciswe ngokugcwele kuze kube yilapho iSichibiyelo seshumi nane seSichibiyelo sezemfundo se-Givinic seMpi. , iNkantolo ibonise ukubaluleka kwamalungelo emfundo alinganayo ekwazi ukuphikisana ngokususa imvume, ukuvota amalungelo, nokuguqula ukwahlulela komthetho womthetho womthetho. Brown v. Board of Ezemfundo (1954)[FLT] [FLD]], iNkanto ekhombe yaveza ukubaluleka kwethuba elifanayo lokufundisa njengengxenye yenzuzo yomthetho wobulungisa.

“Impicabadala yasekhaya”

Abalimi baseMassachusetts, ababethweswe izikweletu nezintela, babevale izinkantolo futhi besongela izikhali zikahulumeni. Uhulumeni wezwe wawungenawo amabutho noma izimali zokusabela. Ohulumeni boMbuso babehlukene. Ukuhlubuka ekugcineni kwaqedwa amabutho akhokhelwa ngasese, kodwa lesi senzakalo saqinisekisa abaningi ukuthi uhulumeni onamandla kakhulu wawudinga ukulondoloza ukuhleleka.

“ Ukuthula okungalawuleki” kubhekisela ekuthuleni nasekuzinzeni phakathi kwemingcele yesizwe. Umthetho-sisekelo wanika uKhomishane amandla okubiza amabutho “ukusebenzisa imithetho ye-Union, ukucindezela ukuthundeza nokuxosha iziphakamiso” (I-Actle, Ingxenye 8). Futhi wanqabela amazwe ukuba angazifaki empini ngaphandle kwemvume yokuhlangana kwezwe. Kamuva, Umthetho wokulwa we-Inverrection ka-1807 wanika umongameli igunya lokuthumela amabutho esizwe ukuba alungise ukuhleleka phakathi kwesicelo sombuso wawo noma umbusi wayo ohlala ephikisana lapho esetshenziswa emalungelo omphakathi nasemongweni wokubhikizela.

Ukwehluleka kokwenza izinto akukona nje ukungabi khona kwengxabano; ukuba khona kwesimiso esingokomthetho nesisebenzayo sezombangazwe okungaxazulula izingxabano ngaphandle kobudlova. Ukugcizelela kwePregagery ekuthuleni kwasekhaya kugcizelela ukubaluleka kukahulumeni okwaziyo ukugcina ukuthula kuyilapho ehlonipha inkululeko yomphakathi.

“Icebo lesivikelo esivamile”

Isizwe esisha sasongelwa imibuso yaseYurophu, ikakhulukazi iBrithani neSpain, eyayisaphethe isifunda eNyakatho Melika. Izihloko zoMnyango wamazwe zalishiya cishe lingavikelekile: kwakungekho butho elimile, akukho butho lempi lokukhuluma ngalo, futhi ayikho indlela eqinile yokusekela imisebenzi yezempi. UMthetho-sisekelo wakhetha ukuthi ngokunikeza iBhunga lombuso amandla okuphakamisa nokusekela amabutho, ukunikeza nokunakekela ibutho lempi, ukumemezela impi, nokubeka imithetho yempi.

Inkulumo ethi “isivikelo esivamile” isho ukuthi isivikelo siwumthwalo wemfanelo ohlanganyelwe. Asisiwo amazwe ahlukene noma izithakazelo zomuntu siqu; sihlangene sikhokhelwa abakhokhi bentela futhi silawulwa uhulumeni. Le nkulumo iyisisekelo sesimiso sezempi sesizwe, kusukela kuMnyango Wezokuvikela ukuya ku-Secovice Service System. Izimpikiswano ngokusetshenziswa kwemali yokuvikela, ukungenela kwezempi, nokusetshenziswa kwamandla kuyaqhubeka kubekwa esibophekweni sombuso sokulungiselela isivikelo esivamile.

Kubalulekile ukuthi le nkulumo ivela eceleni kwe- “galler Welfare,” isikisela ukuthi ukulondeka nenhlala- kahle kuhlangene. Isizwe esingazivikela ngokwaso kumelwe sinakekele inhlalakahle yabantu baso.

“Philisa i-Welfare”

Lomusho uye waba omunye wemibango ephikiswa kakhulu emlandweni waseMelika. Alexander Hamilton waphikisa incazelo ebanzi ``````````''''''''''' ukuthi uKhongolo-kusebenzisa imali nganoma iyiphi injongo ekhonza inhlalakahle evamile, kuhlanganise nentuthuko yangaphakathi, imfundo, nokusekela izimboni. Jacomason [ uthatha umbono olinganiselwe, ugcizelela ukuthi amandla okusebenzisa inhlalakahle evamile alinganiselwe alinganiselwe emandleni alandela eSiphakathini Isigaba 8.

Emashumini eminyaka, umbono omncane wathonywa. Kodwa phakathi no-New Dec yawo-1930, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaqala ukwamukela incazelo ebanzi, ivumela iSishaya-mthetho ukuba sakhe iNhlalandawo Yezomphakathi, umshuwalense wokungasebenzi, nezinye izinhlelo zikahulumeni ngaphansi kokwehlisa intela nokusebenzisa amandla. [[FLT:] Kuyi-New Dealving v. Davis (37)[[FL]], iNkantolo isekele i-Social Security Act, isholo ukuthi “ukuthuthukiswa kwenhlala kahle" kungumende yenhlangano.

Namuhla, inkulumo ethi “i-Welfare" ikhonjiwe ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene nokunakekelwa kwempilo, izakhiwo, imfundo, nenqubo yezomnotho. Ayinikezi amandla angenamkhawulo . Ukusebenzisa imali kudinga ukuba izindleko zikahulumeni zibe zenzuzo“” hhayi ezomphakathi noma ezendawo noma ezethule. Kodwa ivumela uhulumeni ukuba axazulule izinkinga zezwe ngezinhlelo ze-fiscal. Ulimi lukahulumeni lusikhumbuza ukuthi injongo kahulumeni ihlanganisa ukuthuthukisa inhlalakahle yezakhamuzi zakhe.

“ Sitholele Izibusiso Zenkululeko Nenhlalayenza Yakho”

Inkululeko kwakuyisimemezelo esikhuthazayo seNguquko yaseMelika. Abahleli baqonda ukuthi inkululeko ingalahleka uma uhulumeni eba nonya noma uma inyunyana iwohloka. “Izibusiso” zisikisela ukuthi inkululeko iyisipho esifanele ukuvikelwa, hhayi imvume yokuphithizela. I-Pregage iqinisekisa ukuthi “ithu nezizukulwane zethu,” yenza inkululeko isibopho esishintshashintsha izizukulwane.

UMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala wavikela inkululeko ethile .writ ye-habeas corpus, ukunqatshelwa kwemithetho yecala ye-avertice ne-ex compo, ukuqulwa kwecala ngabahluleli (kodwa yayingahlanganisi umthetho wamalungelo. Lokhu kushiyeka cishe kwanqanyulwa i-ratiation. Abalwa ne-Federali babefuna isivikelo esicacile sokukhuluma, ukuvinjelwa, ukuvinjelwa, ukuvotelwa, namanye amalungelo. Umphumela wawuyi-BB of Rights [[ (intemple yokuqala yeshumi), i-antempss), i-oyise ngo1791. Intengo egunyazweyo kamuva iqedwe isivikelo esilinganayo, ukuvolwa, amalungelo okukotshwayo, nokunye ukuvolwa okuqhubekayo.

“ I-postrity” ibonisa ukuthi abahleli babecabanga ngezizukulwane ezizayo. Babefuna ukuba abantwana babo nabazukulu baphile ngenkululeko. Lombono obheke phambili uye washukumisela amaMelika ukuba alwele amalungelo omphakathi, andise idemokrase, futhi avikele izindinganiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezisongela abantu bangaphandle nasekhaya. Ukulwela , ukuncishiswa kwabesifazane, amalungelo omphakathi, kanye nokulinganisa komshado [[ bonke basekelwe esithembisweni senkululeko yezizukulwane.

“ Qedela futhi umise loMthetho - sisekelo”

Inkulumo yokugcina iyisenzo sokudala. “Ordain” isho umyalo ohloniphekile, onegunya;“ ukumiswa” kusho ukumiswa unomphelo. Bonke, bamemezela ukuthi abantu bawumthombo wegunya lomthetho-sisekelo. I-Pregagery ayisho ukuthi “umbuso umisiwe” noma“iSishaya-Mkhandlu umisiwe.” Isho ukuthi [Thina bantu ... simisa futhi simise. Lokhu kwenza ukuba uMthetho-sisekelo ube yisivumelwano esihlangene phakathi kwezakhamuzi, hhayi isivumelwano phakathi kwezizwe eziphethe.]

Inqubo yokuhlelwa kwendlela yabonisa lokhu. Kunokuba ivunyelwe yizishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni, uMthetho-sisekelo wathunyelwa emihlanganweni ekhethekile ehlanganisayo esifundeni ngasinye. Lemihlangano yakhethwa ngokuqondile abantu, igcizelela ngokwengeziwe ubukhosi obuthandwayo. Imfuneko yokuthi isishiyagalolunye kweziyishumi nantathu zishaya iRayith_rather kunezingatho zeNhlokozo, zenza uhulumeni omusha ube nokwenzeka. Ngemva kokuhlanganisa, ulimi lwe-Pregnigtion yasho ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wawuwumthetho othandwayo [FLT] [FLD:3] [ictle] [ictle], (iqekelelwa kuzo zonke izikhulu]), kuzo zonke izindawo.

Isizathu Sokuba Isiqalo Sisebalulekile

Isiqalo asiwona umthombo wamandla angaphansi. INkantolo Ephakeme ibambelele ngokungaguquguquki ukuthi ayinakusetshenziswa njengemvume ezimele yegunya. United States v. Curtiss-Wright Transport Corp. (1936], iNkantolo yaphawula ukuthi isiqalo “sichaza izinjongo zomthetho-mthetho,” kodwa amandla eSishayamthetho kumelwe atholakale emzimbeni wencwadi. Kodwa iPreggys ihlala iyisiqondiso esibalulekile sokuchaza. Inikeza ilens yokufunda umbhalo woMthetho-sisekelo, isiza abahluleli nezakhamuzi ukuba baqonde imigomo engaphezulu ehloselwe ukufinyelela.

Ezimpikiswaneni zanamuhla, i-Preggy ibizwa ukuba iphikisane ngendima efanelekile kahulumeni. Abaxhasi bakahulumeni onamandla bakhomba ku- “general Welfare” kanye no-“ukhuselo oluvamile.” Abameli bamalungelo ezwe bagcizelela ukuthi isiqalo sesiqalo samalungelo ezwe siqala ngokuthi“ Thina Bantu,” hhayi ukuthi “Thina Zwe,” futhi baqaphele ukuthi iSichibiyelo seSikhawu seSiphakamiso seshumi sinegunya kuhulumeni noma kubantu. I-Preagetle ivela futhi ezimithethweni [[[FLT:]] nezinqumo zemithetho, lapho abakhi besebenzisa khona ulimi lwaso ukuze bathethelele umthetho omusha.

Ngalé kwenkantolo, i-Pregagery iyinsinga yesisekelo somphakathi. Ishiwo izingane zesikole, zicashunwe izazi zezombangazwe, futhi ziboniswe ezakhiweni zomphakathi. Imigomo yazo eyisithupha “‘ ukubekwa phansi, ubulungisa, ukuthokomala, ukuvikela, inhlalakahle, inkululeko (h___ukusho amazwi afingqiwe enjongo yobuzwe. Ukuqonda iPreggey kusho ukuqonda lokho iMelika efuna ukuba yikho, ngisho nalapho ihluleka.

Isiphetho: Umbono Ohlala Njalo

Isethulo soMthetho-sisekelo simane singumshoshaphansi, kodwa sithatha umoya walo lonke leliphepha. Lisikhumbuza ukuthi uhulumeni awusona isiphetho ngokwawo, kodwa uyithuluzi lokufinyelela imigomo ehlanganyelweyo. Abasunguli babazi ukuthi “i-Union ephelele kakhulu” ayinakuqedwa. Banikeza izizukulwane ezizayo uhlelo lokuqhubeka zilwela ubulungisa, ukuthula, isivikelo, inhlalakahle nenkululeko.

Ngazo zonke izikhathi lapho amaMelika ephikisana ngobukhulu bukahulumeni, ukungenela kwezempi, inkambiso yezomnotho, noma amalungelo omphakathi, aphikisana ngencazelo yesihloko. Amazwi awo ayasebenza namuhla njengangonyaka ka-1787. Ngokuqonda lokho i-Preagery ekushoyo ngempela, izakhamuzi zingahlanganisa izinhloso eziyisisekelo nezinselele zentando yeningi yanamuhla (*) futhi ziqhubeke nomsebenzi wokumisa nokumisa isibopho esiphelele ngokwengeziwe kithi nakubantwana bethu.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka izinqolobane zesizwe zezinqolobane zomthetho-sisekelo, i-Cornell Information ye-Pregnational Institute ye-, kanye [[FLT:] ne-Jacom Madison’s ephawulo eMhlanganweni woMthetho-sisekelo.