Table of Contents
Isivikelo esilinganayo yisimiso esiyisisekelo esiqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abantu bathola ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo ngaphansi komthetho. Ihlose ukuvimbela ubandlululo nokuthuthukisa ubulungisa emiphakathini. Ukuqonda ukuthi lesi simiso sihlanganisani kungasiza abantu ukuba baqaphele amalungelo abo nemithwalo yemfanelo, kubanike amandla okusekela ubulungisa nokulingana ekuphileni kwabo kwansuku zonke. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sihlola izisekelo ezingokomlando, izicelo ezingokomthetho, kanye nemiphumela esebenzayo yesivikelo esilinganayo kubantu nemiphakathi eUnited States.
Ukuqonda Isivikelo SikaClaus Esilinganayo
I-Umeal Protection Claus imelela elinye lamalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo abaluleke kakhulu e-Melika. I-gamenti, eyaqala ukusebenza ngo-1868, inikeza "nanoma yimuphi uHulumeni ... ngeke aphike noma yimuphi umuntu ongaphansi kwegunya lakhe isivikelo esifanayo semithetho". Igunya lokuthi abantu abasezimweni ezifanayo baphathwe ngendlela efanayo ngomthetho. Lenkulumo elula kodwa enamandla ilolonge amalungelo omphakathi iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-150 futhi iyaqhubeka ithonya izinqumo ezingokomthetho ezithinta izigidi zamaMelika namuhla.
Lesi sigijimi asisebenzi kohulumeni bamazwe kuphela kodwa sidluliselwe nasenzweni sikahulumeni. Nakuba iSichibiyelo sesihlanu singenayo i-gamethi elilinganayo, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. ichaze ukuthi i-Ceast Proce Claus ifuna isivikelo esifanayo kuhulumeni kahulumeni wezwe. Lencazelo iqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amazinga kahulumeni kumelwe anamathele ezimisweni zokwelapha okulingana nokungavumelani.
Imvelaphi Engokomlando NeSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane
Idluliswa yiSishaya-Mkhandlu uJune 13, 1866. ISichibiyelo seshumi nane savela kwesinye sezikhathi zeziyaluyalu emlandweni waseMelika. Njengoba kwakunjalo ngemva kweMpi Yombango ngo-1868, akungatshazwa ukuthi i-Exlimate Protection Claus ihloselwe ukwenzani: yekani izimemezelo zokungabeki abansundu. Ukulungisa kwakuyingxenye yomzamo wokuqinisekisa amalungelo ezigqila ezisanda kukhululwa futhi kuvusene ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nezifundazwe.
Ukusebenzelana Kwamalungelo Abantu
Inhloso eyinhloko yale nkulumo kwakuwukuqinisekisa ilungiselelo lokulingana elikuMthetho Welungelo Lomphakathi ka - 1866, owawuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izakhamuzi ziyoba nelungelo lokuvikelwa ngokufanayo ngomthetho. Abakhi beSichibiyelo seshumi nane bafuna ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isivikelo esinikezwa yi-Civil Rights Act sasizosekelwa ngomthetho - sisekelo, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukugumbuqela noma ukuvimbela.
Idluliswa yiSishaya - mthetho ngoJune 13, 1866, futhi yagunyaza ngoJuly 9, 1868, iSichibiyelo se - 14 sandisa inkululeko namalungelo ayenikezwe i - Bill of Rights kubantu ababekade begqilazwa. Lokhu kwaveza ukushintshwa okukhulu komthetho - sisekelo waseMelika, kwanda isivikelo sikahulumeni sokuhlanganisa izenzo zikahulumeni nokumisa uhlelo lwamalungelo omphakathi olwaluyosungulwa phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elilandelayo nangalé kwalokho.
Ukwandisa Ngalé Kwenjongo Yangaphambili
Nakuba ekuqaleni i-Umeal Protection Claus yayiklanyelwe ukusingatha ukucwasana ngokohlanga, ukusebenza kwayo kuye kwakhula kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kodwa umbhalo ka-Claus ubhalwe kabanzi futhi uthathelwe phambili enjongweni yawo yokuqala. INkantolo Ephakeme ngokomlando iye yachaza lesi sigqebhezana ukuchaza izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zobandlululo, ekuqaleni igxile ezindabeni zobuhlanga kodwa kamuva yandisa izinga laso lokuhlanganisa ubulili nezinye izigaba.
Sekukonke, iSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane saphawula ukushintshwa okukhulu komthetho - sisekelo waseMelika, ngokusebenzisa kakhulu imingcele engokomthetho emelene nemibuso kunaleyo eyayisetshenziswe ngaphambi kweMpi Yombango. Lokhu kuguqulwa ngokuyisisekelo kwashintsha ukulinganisela kwamandla esimisweni sikahulumeni futhi kwakha amathuba amasha okuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye ngokungemthetho.
Uphawu Lwecala Eliphakeme Lamacala Enkantolo Alimaza Isivikelo Esilinganayo
Incazelo nokusetshenziswa kwe - Aumement Protection Claus echazwe ngezinqumo eziningi zeNkantolo Ephakeme eminyakeni engu - 150 edlule. Lamacala aye akhuluma ngezindaba ezisukela ekuhlukaniseni ngokohlanga kuya ekukhetheni ubulili, amalungelo okuvota, nokulingana kwemishado.
Brown v. Board of Education: Ending Secovation
Kulesi sinqumo esiyingqophamlando, iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi ukwahlukanisa izingane ezikoleni zomphakathi ngesisekelo sohlanga kwakungekhona umthetho. Yaphawula ukuphela kobandlululo lobuhlanga olungokomthetho ezikoleni zase-United States, iqeda isimiso "sokwehlukana kodwa esilinganayo" esibekwe ecaleni lika-1896 Plesty v. Ferguson.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezingane ezikoleni zomphakathi ngenxa nje yohlanga kuphuca izingane zamathuba amancane emfundo alinganayo, ngisho noma izakhiwo ezingokoqobo nezinye izici ezingokoqobo kungenzeka zilingana. Lesi sinqumo sango - 1954 sasho isikhathi esichithwayo emlandweni wamalungelo omphakathi waseMelika futhi sabonisa amandla e - Ecult Protection Clause okuqeda ubandlululo olungokwezinhlangano.
Isinqumo sikaBrown sagumbuqela amashumi eminyaka esibonelo esingokomthetho esasivumele ukwahlukaniswa ngokohlanga. Esinqumweni sika-71, iNkantolo yathi uma nje izakhiwo zilingana, ukuhlukana kwazo kwanelisa iSichibiyelo se-14. Lesi sinqumo sangaphambili sikaPlesty v. Ferguson ukubusa kwavumela "izakhiwo ezihlukene kodwa ezilinganayo" kodwa uBrown waqaphela ukuthi uqobo lwaso lwabangela ukungalingani.
Virginia Wothando: Ukuvikela Amalungelo Omshado
I-Umeal Protection Claus iphinde yaba yithuluzi ekuvikeleni ilungelo lokushada. Ku-Loving v. Virginia, iNkantolo ePhakeme yakhuluma ngemithetho enqabela ukushada kwabantu bezinhlanga ezihlukene. INkantolo ePhakeme yase-United States esinqumweni savumelanayo yasiphikisa isinqumo seNkantolo yaseVirginia futhi yathi i-Ecult Protection Clause idinga ukucubungwa ngokunelisayo ukuze isebenzise zonke izigaba ezisekelwe ezinhlanga. Lesi sinqumo saphula imithetho emigabeni eminingi eyayinqabe ukushada kwabantu bezinhlanga ezihlukahlukene.
Emashumini eminyaka kamuva, izimiso ezimiswe ngoLovence zazizotshela elinye icala lomshado eliyingqophamlando. ISichibiyelo seshumi nane sidinga uhulumeni ukuba uvume ukushada kwabantu ababili bobulili obufanayo futhi uqaphele ukushada kwabantu ababili bobulili obufanayo lapho umshado wabo uvunyelwe ngokomthetho futhi wenziwe ngaphandle kombuso. Ngo-2015 isinqumo se-Obergefell v. Hodges sandisa ukulingana komshado nemibhangqwana engokobulili obufanayo ezweni lonke.
Amacala Okucwaswa Ngokohlanga
I-Umeal Protection Claus iqalile ukubhekana nokucwaswa kwabesifazane. Kodwa iNkantolo ngokushesha yaqala ukufinyelela isilinganiso esingaphezu kwemfuneko yayo eyisisekelo yokuphathwa ngokulinganayo kwezinhlanga, ikholelwa ukuthi ngokuyinhloko kwakuyisiqondiso sokuba bonke abantu “abasendaweni efanayo" baphathwe ngokufanayo.
KuReed v. Reed, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaqala ukusebenzisa ukuhlaziywa okulinganayo kwesivikelo ekucwaseni ubulili. IGinsburg ne-Women’s Rights Project, Reed v. Reed wamisa iqophelo lesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme esabulala imithetho yokulahla ubulili ezweni lonke. Lelicala kanye nezinye ezalandela zaveza ukuthi imithetho ephatha amadoda nabesifazane ngokungafani kumelwe ibe nesiqinisekiso esiqinile.
Imfundo Nesenzo Esiqinisayo
Ukusetshenziswa kwesivikelo esifanayo ekwamukeleni imfundo kuye kwadala impikiswano enkulu ne-ligitation. Iyunivesithi yezwe ingacabangela ukugqama njengesici esiyisici ekuvumeni kwayo izinqumo, kodwa ingase ingasebenzisi isilinganiso sohlanga. Lesi simiso, esisungulwe eRegents of University of California v. Bakke, sizame ukulinganisela imigomo yezinhlobonhlobo kanye nezingasiselo ezifanayo.
Nokho, izindlela eziqondile ezisetshenziselwa ukufinyelela izinhlobonhlobo zezinto kumelwe zihloselwe ngokucophelela ukuze kugwenywe ukwephula izimiso ezilinganayo zesivikelo.
Izinga Lokuhlola Ngokuhlola Okulinganayo
Izinkantolo zisebenzisa amazinga ahlukene okuhlola lapho zihlola ukuthi umthetho uwephula i-Olincial Protection Clause. Izinga lokuhlola lixhomeke ohlotsheni lohlelo oluhilelekile namalungelo ahilelekile. Ukuqonda lezizindinganiso ezihlukene kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi isivikelo sisebenza kanjani.
Ukucwaninga Okuqinile
Ukucubungula okuqinile kokwahlulela kugcinelwe amacala ahilela imithetho asebenza ngokungenanzuzo emakilasini asolwayo noma aphazamisa ukusebenzisa amalungelo ayisisekelo kanye nenkululeko ngendlela eqondile noma evikeleke ngokuphelele nguMthetho-sisekelo. Ngaphansi kokucubungula okuqinile, uhulumeni kumelwe abonise ukuthi umthetho ufeza isithakazelo sikahulumeni esicindezelayo futhi uhloselwe ngokulinganiselwe ukufinyelela lesosithakazelo. Lena indinganiso efuna okukhulu kakhulu futhi kunzima kakhulu ukuba ohulumeni banelise.
Ukuhlolisisa kusebenza nasekuhleleni izinhlanga, imvelaphi, nenkolo. Kuyasebenza nalapho amalungelo ayisisekelo esengozini, njengelungelo lokuvota noma ilungelo lokuhamba phakathi kwezwe. Imithetho ehlolwa ngokunembe kakhulu ivame ukulahlwa njengengekho emthethweni.
Ukuhlolwa Okuphakathi
Izindawo ezisekelwe ku-Gender zivame ukuhlolwa kancane, indinganiso ephakathi kokuhlolisisa nokuhlola okuqinile nokuhluzekile. Njengoba iNkantolo yayilwa nendlela efanelekile yokuhlola lolu hlobo lwesivikelo esifanayo, amajaji aqale azame ukusebenzisa uvivinyo olunengqondo ngendlela enzima kakhulu (Reed v. Reed); khona - ke afinyelela onqenqemeni lokuba nobulili obungacatshangelwe njengenani elisolwayo (Frontiero v. Richardson); futhi ekugcineni abeka endinganisweni ephakathi eyayibonakala imelela ukuhlehlela okusebenzayo (Craed v. Boren).
Ngaphansi kokuhlola okuphakathi, uhulumeni kumelwe abonise ukuthi ukuhlelwa kwemibono okuphikiswayo kufeza umgomo kahulumeni obalulekile futhi kuhlobene kakhulu nokufinyelela lowomgomo. Lendinganiso idinga kakhulu kunokubukeza okunengqondo kodwa okungaqinile kunokuhlolisisa ngokuqinile.
Ukubukeza Okuyisisekelo Kwe - lapnal
Imithetho eminingi ihlolwa ngokunengqondo, indinganiso yokuhlola elula kakhulu. Ngaphansi kwalendinganiso, umthetho uzogcinwa uma uhlobene ngokufanelekile nesithakazelo esingokomthetho sikahulumeni. Akudingeki ukuba uhulumeni ufakazele ukuthi lomthetho ufeza injongo yawo eshiwo, kuphela ukuthi ungenza kanjalo ngokunengqondo.
Izimiso zezomnotho nemithetho eminingi yezenhlalakahle yezenhlalo ihlolwa ngokunengqondo. Izinkantolo zinikeza ukuzithoba okukhulu ezinqumweni zemithetho lapho zisebenzisa lendinganiso, futhi imithetho ayivamile ukushaywa ngaphansi kokuhlolwa okunengqondo.
Isivikelo Esilinganayo Emsebenzini
Isimiso sokuvikela okulinganayo sidlulela emsebenzini, lapho sihlangana khona nemithetho ehlukahlukene kahulumeni nohulumeni yokucwaswa kwemisebenzi. Nakuba i - Actal Protection Claus ngokwayo isebenza kuphela esinyatheloni sikahulumeni, izimiso zayo ziye zathonya ukusungulwa komthetho wemisebenzi obanzi ngokwengeziwe.
Isihloko VII Nokucwaswa Emsebenzini
Isihloko VII soMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1946 senqabela ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi esekelwe ohlazweni, ebala, enkolweni, ebulilini nasezweni. Nakuba isihlomo u-VII siyisivikelo somthetho-sisekelo, sihlanganisa isimiso esifanayo sokuvikela emsebenzini. Lo mthetho usebenza kubaqashi abazimele, izinyunyana zezisebenzi, nezinhlangano zemisebenzi, unikeza izimiso zesivikelo ezilinganayo ngaphandle kwabadlali bakahulumeni.
Abaqashwa abakholelwa ukuthi baye bacwaswa bangakhalaza nge-Aumelt Opportunity Commission (EOC), ehlola iziphakamiso futhi engase ilethe izenzo zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwamalungelo. Abasebenzi abaphumelelayo bangabuyisa iholo, umonakalo, isijeziso, nezindleko zommeli.
Umsebenzi Womphakathi Oyihlelo
Izisebenzi zikahulumeni zingaletha isivikelo esifanayo ngokuqondile ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Se - 14 lapho zibhekene nokucwaswa. Lokhu kusikisela kungasingatha ukucwaswa okusekelwe ohlazweni, ebulilini, ekudalweni kwesizwe, enkolweni, noma kwezinye izici ezivikelekile.
Isivikelo esilinganayo sidinga futhi ukuba abaqashi bakahulumeni bakhokhele umsebenzi olinganayo. Izinga lokuthengwa elisekelwe ezicini ezivikelwe njengezobulili noma uhlanga lingase lingqubuzane nesivikelo esilinganayo nemithetho ekhethekile yokucwaswa kwemisebenzi.
Isivikelo Esilinganayo Emfundweni
Imfundo iye yaba indawo eyinhloko yempi yokuvikela izimali ezifanayo, kusukela emacaleni okuhlukana kwawo - 1950 nawo - 1960 kuya ezimpikiswaneni zanamuhla mayelana nokuxhasa isikole nokusithatha isinyathelo sokwamukela.
Ukuhlukaniswa Kwesikole
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezikole zikahulumeni kwakuwukwephulwa kwe-14 yokulungisa futhi ngenxa yalokho kwakungavumelani ne-Provitunion. Ibhodi yesinqumo semfundo ya Brown v. ifuna izifunda ukuba zidiliva izimiso zesikole ezihluzekile, nakuba ukumiswa kwemisebenzi kwabonakala kuyinselele futhi kuphikisana.
Uma iziphathimandla zesikole zihluleka ukuvumela izibopho zazo ngaphansi kokuphathwa kweBrown Board of Education kanye nezinqumo ezihlobene nayo, kungasetshenziswa igunya lokwahlulela. Izinkantolo zinamandla okuhlela amakhambi athile, kuhlanganise nokulawula nokulungisa, ukuze kuqedwe imiphumela yobandlululo lwesikhathi esidlule.
Isihloko IX Nokulingana Kwesizwe
I-Accessing ngo-1868, iSishaya-mthetho nezinkantolo ziye zasebenzisa iSiphendulo se-14 seSiphendulo esilinganayo sika-Claus ezindaweni eziningi zokuphila komphakathi eminyakeni engu-150 edlule. Isihloko I-IX siyisibonelo sendlela isiHlamiso se-14 esiye sachazwa ngayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Isihloko IX, esithakazelisa ngokukhethekile intsha, senqabela izinhlangano ezithola izimali zikahulumeni ezikhipha abafundi ezimisweni zemfundo nezokugijima ngesisekelo sobulili. Lomthetho uye wandisa amathuba aphawulekayo kwabesifazane namantombazane emfundweni nasemidlalweni, nakuba izimpikiswano ziqhubeka ngesicelo sawo esifanele.
Umehluko Okhona Ekoleni
Izinselele zokuvikela ezilinganayo ziye zalethwa futhi ezimisweni zezezimali zesikole ezibangela umehluko ophawulekayo phakathi kwezifunda ezicebile nezimpofu. (Ubumpofu abulona isigaba esisolwayo, futhi imfundo ayilona ilungelo eliyisisekelo.) Ngenxa yalokho, izinselele ezilinganayo zesivikelo zikahulumeni ezingokokuhlukana kwezesikole ziye zahluleka, nakuba eminye imithetho yesifundazwe inikeza isivikelo esiqinile.
Isivikelo Esilinganayo Ezindaweni Zokuhlala
Isimiso sokuvikela okulinganayo sihlanganisa izindlu, lapho sisebenza khona ngokuvumelana noMthetho Wezindawo Zokuhlala Nenkululeko Yomphakathi wokuvimbela ubandlululo ezimakethe zezindlu.
Ukuthatha Isinyathelo Esifanele Sezindlu
I-Fair House Act inqabela ukucwaswa kwezindawo zokuhlala ezidayiswayo, eziqashiwe, nezixhaswayo ezisekelwe ohlangeni, ezweni, enkolweni, ebulilini, ezingeni eliphansi, nasekukhubazekeni. Njengesihloko VII emsebenzini, i-Fair Hosword Act ihlanganisa izimiso ezilinganayo zokuvikela futhi izenze zithathelwe ukuziphatha komuntu siqu emakethe yezindlu.
Ukuphula umthetho weFair Hosley Act kungahlanganisa ukwenqaba ukuqasha noma ukuthengisela amalungu ezifundo ezivikelweyo, ukuphoqelela amagama noma izimo ezihlukene, ukunikeza izinkonzo noma izakhiwo ezihlukene, ukwenza izimemezelo zokukhipha icala ekukhangiseni, noma ukuhlanganyela emikhubeni yokukhokha ngobandlululo. Izindlela zokuphoqelela zihlanganisa izikhalo kuMnyango Wezindlwana Nezentuthuko (URUBHOURN) kanye nokumangalelana ngasese.
Ukuzingela Nendawo Kuyasetshenziswa
Izimiso zokuvikela ezilinganayo ziyasebenza futhi nakuhulumeni osebenza ezindaweni nasezweni ezisebenzisa izinqumo. Imithetho yokuzimela eveza imiphumela yokususa izinhlanga ezincane noma amanye amaqembu avikelwe ingaphazamisa isivikelo esifanayo, ikakhulukazi uma kunobufakazi benhloso yokulahla icala. Nokho, ukufakazela injongo yobandlululo kungaba yinselele, njengoba izimiso ezingathathi hlangothi zingaba nemiphumela ehlukanisayo ngaphandle kwenjongo ecacile yokuhlukanisa.
Ukufuna Amalungelo Nokuhlanganyela Kwezombangazwe
Ilungelo lokuvota nokuhlanganyela enqubweni yezombangazwe liyisisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi, futhi ukuvikela okufanayo kunendima ebalulekile ekulondolozeni lamalungelo.
Umuntu Omunye, Ungumsebenzi Omunye
Ukusetshenziswa kokuqala kwanamuhla kwe - Excalime Protection Claus emthetho wokuvota kwaba seBaker v. Carr (1962), lapho iNkantolo yanquma khona ukuthi izigodi ezazithumela abameleli esishaya umthetho wesifundazwe saseTennessee zazingasetshenziswa kahle (nabanye abashaya imithetho ababemelela inani lezakhamuzi ngokuphindwe kayishumi kunabanye) kangangokuthi baphula i - Externible Protection Claus.
Lesi sinqumo samisa "umuntu oyedwa, i-vote eyodwa" isimiso, esifuna ukuba izigodi zezishaya-mthetho zilingane cishe emphakathini. Lesi simiso siqinisekisa ukuthi ukuvota komuntu ngamunye kuthwala cishe isisindo esifanayo, sivimbela abanye abavoti ukuba babe nethonya elingalinganiyo elisekelwe endaweni abahlala kuyo.
Ubandlululo Lobuhlanga Luyachuma
INkantolo Ephakeme yanquma eNicon kanye noHerndon (1927) ukuthi iSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane sasinqabela ukunqatshwa kwevoti esekelwe emncintiswaneni.
I - Voing Rights Act ka - 1965 yanikeza ezinye iziqondiso zokuvimbela ukucwaswa kohlanga ekuvoteni, nakuba izinqumo zamuva nje zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zalinganisela amanye amalungiselelo ayo. Ukuvikelwa okulinganayo kuseyithuluzi elibalulekile lemikhuba yokuvota ebekela inselele ukucwasa kwezinhlanga ezincane.
Ubulungisa Bobugebengu Nesivikelo Esilinganayo
Izimiso zokuvikela ezilinganayo zisebenza kuso sonke isimiso sokwahlulela sobugebengu, kusukela kumaphoyisa nokumangalelwa kuya ekugwetshweni nasekuboshweni.
Ukuphoqelela Ubandlululo
Izinhlangano eziqapha imithetho kumelwe zisebenzise imithetho ngokulinganayo futhi azinakuyisebenzisa ngokukhetha imithetho esekelwe ohlwini lohlanga noma kwezinye izici ezivikelwe.
Ukukhethwa kwe Jury
Isivikelo esilinganayo sivimbela ukukhishwa kwejaji elihloselwe ubulili noma ubulili. INkantolo Ephakeme iphethe ukuthi abashushisi abanakusebenzisa izinselele zokuzikhulula ukuze bakhiphe abajaji ngenxa nje yohlanga lwabo, futhi lesi simiso siye sadluliselwa ekuhlukaniseni ubulili. Abalweli abakholelwa ukuthi abameleli bejaji babengafunwa ngokufanelekile bangaphakamisa izinselele ezifanayo zokuvikela.
Ukujezisa
Umehluko ophawulekayo wezinhlanga ukhona lapho kugwetshwa ngecala lobugebengu, amaMelika nawaseHispanic athola izigwebo zesilinganiso eside kunabamangalelwa abamhlophe ngenxa yobugebengu obufanayo. Nokho, izinselele ezifanayo zokugweba ukucwasa ngokuvamile ziye zahluleka ukunikeza ubufakazi obungekho bobandlululo lwangamabomu umahluleli noma umshushisi.
Ukulinganiselwa Nezinselele Zokuvikelwa Ngokulinganayo
Nakuba i - Fighteal Protection Claus iye yaba ithuluzi elinamandla lokuthuthukisa amalungelo omphakathi, inemingcele ebalulekile ethonya ikhono layo lokulungisa zonke izinhlobo zokungalingani.
Imfuneko Engaqondile
Okunye ukulinganiselwa okuphawulekayo ukuthi ukwephulwa kwesivikelo okulinganayo ngokuvamile kudinga ubufakazi benhloso yokukhipha icala, hhayi nje umphumela wobandlululo. Ukuthatha lezi zimo ezimbili, indaba kaDavid ibuza icala likaMcClisteskey, isivikelo samalungelo omphakathi kanye namalungelo omphakathi lapho i-Compalime Protection Claus ithuluzi elisetshenziswayo ukuthuthukisa lezozinkulumo, ilinganiselwe ekhonweni lawo lokubekela inselele izindlela eziqinile zokungalingani kohlanga, lokho namuhla esivame ukubhekisela kuko ngokuthi ubuhlanga.
Izindlela eziningi zokungalingani ezibangelwa ukungathathi hlangothi ezibangelwa ukungathathi hlangothi kwezinhlangano ezithile, hhayi ukucwaswa okusobala, kuyaqhubeka kubangelwa yimithetho elawulayo evimbela amaqembu athile, hhayi ukucwaswa.
Isenzo Sikahulumeni
I - Act elingana ne - Finec Protection Claus isebenza kuphela esinyatheloni sikahulumeni, hhayi ekucwaseni ngasese.
Lokhu kulinganiselwa kusho ukuthi isivikelo esifanayo asinakukusingatha ngokuqondile ukucwaswa amabhizinisi, izinhlangano zezenhlalo, noma abantu ngabanye, ngaphandle kwalapho ukuziphatha kwabo kuhlobene kakhulu nezenzo zikahulumeni kangangokuthi kungabhekwa njengokuthatha isinyathelo sikahulumeni.
Isivikelo Esilinganayo Nezinkinga Zangesikhathi Esidlule
Isivikelo esifanayo siyaqhubeka siguquka njengoba izinkantolo zikhuluma ngezinhlobo ezintsha zobandlululo nokuqonda okushintshayo kwezenhlalo kokulingana.
LGBTQ amalungelo
Isivikelo esifanayo siye safeza indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni amalungelo eLGBTQ, kusukela ekushayeni imithetho enqabela ubuhlobo obufanayo bobuhlobo bokuziphatha okuhlangene nokuqaphela ukulingana komshado. Izinkantolo ziyaqhubeka zilwisana nemibuzo elinganayo ehlobene namalungelo okuvikela ahlobene nokuthola amalungelo ahlangene, kuhlanganise nokungena ezindlini zokugezela, ukuhlanganyela kwezemidlalo, nokubandlululwa emsebenzini nasezindaweni zomphakathi.
Ukufuduka Nemvelaphi Yesizwe
Izimiso zokuvikela ezilinganayo ziyasebenza ekuqiniseni ukufuduka nezimiso ezithinta abafuduki.
Amalungelo Okudideka
Nakuba ubandlululo lokukhubazeka ngokuyinhloko lubhekiswa ngemithetho enjenge-Melika enoMthetho wokukhubazeka, izimiso ezilinganayo zokuvikela ziyasebenza futhi. Izinkantolo ziye zathi ukukhubazeka akulona iqoqo elisolekayo, ngakho imithetho ethinta abantu abakhubazekile ibukezwa ngokunengqondo kuphela. Nokho, i-ADA inikeza isivikelo esiqinile kakhulu kunesivikelo esilinganayo kuphela ebesingadingeka.
Indlela Ukuvikelwa Okulingana Ngako Okukuthinta Ngayo Ukuphila Kwakho Kwansuku Zonke
Isivikelo esifanayo asisona nje isimiso somthetho esingavamile, kodwa sithinta ukuphila kwabantu nemiphakathi yansuku zonke kulo lonke izwe.
Ukutholakala Kwezinkonzo Zomphakathi
Isivikelo esilinganayo siqinisekisa ukuthi izinkonzo zikahulumeni zikhona kubo bonke ngemibandela elinganayo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukukwazi ukufinyelela izikole zomphakathi, imitapo, amapaki, ezokuhamba, nezinye izinkonzo ezilungiselelwe uhulumeni. Ohulumeni abanakuziphika izinkonzo noma banikeze izinkonzo eziphansi ezisekelwe ohlangeni, ebulilini, noma kwezinye izici ezivikelwe.
Ukwelashwa Okufanele Izikhulu Zikahulumeni
Isivikelo esilinganayo sidinga ukuba izikhulu zikahulumeni ziphathe abantu ngokungakhethi nangokulinganayo. Lokhu kusebenza ekuxhumaneni namaphoyisa, izicelo zemvume, ukungena ezinkantolo, kanye nakho konke okunye ukusebenzelana nezinhlangano zikahulumeni.
Isivikelo Emithethweni Ekhipha Ubandlululo
Isivikelo esilinganayo sivimbela izifunda nezindawo ekumiseni imithetho ehlukanisayo kumaqembu athile. Ngisho noma umthetho wobandlululo uthandwa ngabavoti, ungalahlwa njengesephula umthetho uma uphula isivikelo esifanayo. Lo msebenzi owephula umthetho uvikela amalungelo amancane ekubuseni okukhulu.
Ukusekela Isivikelo Esilinganayo Emzaneni Wakini
Abantu ngabanye nezinhlangano zomphakathi bangathatha izinyathelo eziqinile zokuthuthukisa isivikelo esifanayo nokusingatha ubandlululo emiphakathini yazo.
Yazi Amalungelo Akho
Ukuqonda amalungelo akho okuvikela alinganayo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuwamisa. Zijwayeze ngemithetho kahulumeni ne-omthestani emelene nobandlululo, futhi wazi ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zokuziphatha eziphazamisa isivikelo esifanayo. Izinhlangano eziningi zamalungelo abantu zinikeza imithombo yemfundo kanye nempahla yakho ekwaziyo ukuyisebenzisa.
Ukucwaswa kwedokhumende
Uma ubhekene nobandlululo noma ulubone, bhala ngokucophelela. Gcina amarekhodi ezenzo zobandlululo, izinqubo, noma izenzo. Qaphela izinsuku, izikhathi, izindawo, nofakazi. Le mibhalo ingaba bucayi uma unquma ukubhala isikhalo noma icala.
Ukukhononda Kwamafayela
Izinhlangano ezihlukahlukene zisingatha ukukhononda kobandlululo kuye ngomongo wendaba. I-EOC isingatha ukucwaswa kwemisebenzi, i-HUD isingatha ukucwaswa kwezindlu, futhi i-Derrement of Education’s Office for Civil Rights isingatha ukucwaswa kwemfundo. Izifunda eziningi futhi zinezinhlangano ezizimele zamalungelo abantu. Ukukhononda kungabangela uphendlo futhi kungaholela ekulweni.
Izinhlangano Zamalungelo Omphakathi Zisekela
Izinhlangano ezinjenge-ACLU, iNaACP Legal Defense Fund, i-Lambda esemthethweni, kanye nezinye eziningi zisebenza ukuze ziqinisekise isivikelo esifanayo nge-litigation, ukuqashwa kwezemfundo. Ukusekela lezinhlangano ngeminikelo, ngeminikelo, ngezisebenzi zokuzithandela, noma ngokuhlanganyela emikhankasweni yazo kusiza ekuvikeleni okulinganayo wonke umuntu.
Hlanganyela Ebuqasheni Bendawo
Yiba khona emihlanganweni yomkhandlu wedolobha, imihlangano yesikole, nezinye izigigaba zikahulumeni wendawo. Khuluma lapho ubona izinqubo noma imikhuba yokucwasa. Sebenzela omakhelwane namaqembu omphakathi ukuba basekele ukuphathwa okulinganayo nezimiso ezihlanganisa indawo. Ukuba umkhandlu kwasendaweni kungaba ngcono kakhulu ngoba izikhulu zendawo zivame ukufinyeleleka futhi zisabelele kakhulu kunezikhulu zikahulumeni noma zikahulumeni.
Ikusasa Lesivikelo Esilinganayo
Isivikelo esifanayo siyaqhubeka siguquka njengoba kuvela izinguquko zomphakathi nezinhlobo ezintsha zobandlululo. Ulimi olubanzi lwesimiso luvumela izinkantolo ukuba zilusebenzise ezimweni abahleli beSichibiyelo seshumi nane abangalindele.
Izindaba Ezivusayo
Icala lokuvikela elilinganayo esikhathini esizayo lingase lixazulule ukucwaswa kwemithetho ye-algorithm, lapho izimiso zamacomputer zenza khona izinqumo ezinemiphumela ehlukanisayo. Njengoba ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa kufeza indima ekhulayo emsebenzini, ekubolekeni, ekugwebeni ubugebengu, nakwezinye izindawo, kuyophakama imibuzo yokuthi isivikelo esilinganayo sikhona yini futhi sisebenza kanjani ekwenzeni izinqumo ezizenzekelayo.
Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kungase kuphakamise nezinkinga ezilinganayo zokuvikela, njengoba ukulimala kwendawo ezungezile ngokuvamile kuthinta imiphakathi ethola imali encane nemiphakathi enemibala ephansi. Abameleli bangase basebenzise isivikelo esifanayo ezimisweni ezivivinya ukungcoliswa komoya noma izingozi zendawo ezungezile ezindaweni ezithile.
Impikiswano Eqhubekayo
Izimpikiswano ziyaqhubeka ngobukhulu obufanele nokusetshenziswa kwesivikelo esifanayo. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi kungachazwa incazelo eqinile engalungisa ukungalingani kokwakheka nokwehlukana, kuyilapho abanye besekela indlela elinganiselwe yokuthatha imingcele egxile ekukhetheni ngenhloso. Lezimpikiswano zizohlela indlela isivikelo esilingana ngayo emashumini eminyaka azayo.
Ukwakha Imiphakathi Elinganayo
Nakuba isivikelo esingokomthetho sibalulekile, ukwakha imiphakathi elingana ngempela kudinga okungaphezu nje kokuwasebenzisa njengagunyaza amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo, kudinga ukuzibophezela kubantu ngabanye, ezinhlanganweni nasezinhlanganweni ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuhlanganiswa nokuhleleka.
Ukuthuthukisa Abefundisi Abavamile
Imiphakathi ingathatha izimiso ezingaphezulu kwezimfuneko ezingokomthetho zokuthuthukisa ukulingana. Lokhu kungahlanganisa imikhuba yokuqasha abantu, ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuthola izindlu ezibizayo, ukuxhasa kwesikole okungalinganiyo, nezinhlelo zokubhekana nobandlululo olungokomlando. Izinyathelo ezithathayo zingasiza ekumiseni amathuba alinganayo ngisho nalapho izimfuneko ezingokomthetho zizodwa zingabaphoqeleli.
Imfundo Nokuqaphela
Ukufundisa amalungu omphakathi ngesivikelo esifanayo namalungelo omphakathi kusiza ekwakheni isiko lokulingana. izikole, imitapo yezincwadi, izikhungo zomphakathi, nezinhlangano zokholo kungaletha izinhlelo eziphathelene nomlando wamalungelo omphakathi, izindaba zesivikelo ezilinganayo zamanje, nendlela yokuqaphela nokusingatha ukucwaswa. Ukuqapha okukhulu kwenza imiphakathi iqaphe ngokwengeziwe ngokucwasana nokusekela ukulingana.
Izindawo Zokwakha Izikole
Uma abantu bezizinda ezihlukahlukene bebambisana ekuxazululeni ubandlululo futhi bekhuthaza ukulingana, bangafinyelela ngaphezu kwanoma yiliphi iqembu elisebenza lodwa. Ukwakha ikholiji kusiza abantu ukuba baqonde ukuthi izinhlobo zobandlululo zihlangene kanjani.
Imithombo Yemfundo Ethé Xaxa
Kunemithombo eminingi yalabo abafuna ukufunda okwengeziwe ngesivikelo esifanayo nangamalungelo omphakathi.
Imithombo Engokomthetho
I-Legal Information Institute eCornell Law School inikeza ukufinyelela ngokukhululekile ezinqumweni zeNkantolo Ephakeme, izimiso, nezincazelo zomthetho [ku- https://wwww.corell.edu. ISikhungo soMthetho-sisekelo sinikeza izinto zokufundisa ngomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo namalungelo osemthethweni ku-https.[//constitutioncenter.org.
Izinhlangano Zamalungelo Omphakathi
Izinhlangano ezinjenge-American Civil Liberties Union ( https://www.aclu.org), iNaACP Legal Defense Fund, ne-Brennan Center for Justice this thiage thiage mayelana nezindaba zamanje zamalungelo abantu, eziqhubekayo ze-ligitation, namathuba okuthola imvume yokuzilawula. Lezi zinhlangano zivame ukunikeza ulwazi-iziqondiso zakho zamalungelo esizwe kanye nezinye izinto zokufundisa.
Imithombo Kahulumeni
Izinhlangano ze-Federal njenge-Aumeter Accounting Opportunity Commission, i-Derrement of House and Urban Development, ne-Dervince of Education for Civil Rights zinikeza ukwaziswa ngokuqeda ukukhononda nokuqonda amalungelo akho. IZibonelo zesizwe (https:/www.archives.gov) inikeza imibhalo engokomlando nezincwadi mayelana neSiphendulo sezentengiselwano seshumi namashumi amane namashumi amane namashumi amabili.
Isiphetho: Isivikelo Esilinganayo Njengesimiso Esiphilayo
Incazelo ye - Auncility Protection Claus ibiyindaba yempikiswano enkulu, futhi ishukumisela inkulumo eyaziwayo ethi "Ubulungisa Obuphelele Ngaphansi koMthetho". Lenkulumo, ebhalwe esakhiweni seNkantolo Ephakeme, ithatha ithemba lesivikelo esifanayo, ayisho lokho nje umthetho oyikho manje, kodwa ukuthi kufanele ulwele ukuba yikho.
Isivikelo esifanayo sisaqhubeka. Nakuba kuye kwenziwa intuthuko enkulu kusukela ngo-1868, ukungalingani kuyaqhubeka ngezindlela eziningi. Ukuthola isivikelo esifanayo kudinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo, ukuqapha, nokuzibophezela kubantu ngabanye, imiphakathi, nezinhlangano. Ngokuqonda izimiso zesivikelo ezifanayo nokusebenza ukuze kuqiniswe, wonke umuntu anganikela ekwakheni umphakathi onobulungisa nonokulingana.
I - Foundation Protection Claus inikeza amathuluzi anamandla okubekela inselele ubandlululo nokuthuthukisa ubulungisa, kodwa la mathuluzi aphumelela kuphela lapho abantu bewasebenzisa.
- Ukuthola imfundo efanele namathuba emfundo alinganayo
- Amathuba omsebenzi alinganayo nesivikelo ekucwaseni emsebenzini
- Ukuvikelwa ekucwaseni izindlu, ukuboleka imali nezindawo zomphakathi zokuhlala
- Amalungelo okuvota alinganayo nokuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe
- Ukuphathwa ngokufanele abaqaphi bomthetho nesimiso sokwahlulela kobugebengu
- Ukufinyelela ezinkonzweni zikahulumeni ngemibandela elinganayo
- Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo ayisisekelo kungakhathaliseki uhlanga, ubulili noma ezinye izici
- Izinhlelo zomphakathi ezikhonza zonke izakhamuzi
- Ukulandisa ngezikhulu zikahulumeni ezikhethayo
- Amakhambi angokomthetho lapho amalungelo okuvikela alinganayo ephulwa
Ukuqonda isivikelo esifanayo kunika abantu amandla okuqaphela lapho amalungelo abo ephulwa futhi bethatha isinyathelo sokuzivikela bona nabanye. Kusiza futhi amalungu omphakathi ukuba asebenze ndawonye ukuze akhe izindawo ezihlukene, ezingenabunkungu lapho wonke umuntu enethuba lokuphumelela khona. Isimiso sesivikelo esifanayo, esifakwe eSiphendulweni seshumi nane eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu - 150 edlule, siyaqhubeka sibumba umthetho nenhlangano yaseMelika, sisingatha izinselele ezintsha kuyilapho siqhubeka sifeza isibopho saso esiyisisekelo: ukuthi bonke abantu bafanelwe ukwelashwa okulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho.