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UMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States uqinisekisa inkululeko yenkolo njengelinye lamalungelo ayisisekelo kakhulu entando yeningi yaseMelika. Lesivikelo sibekwe ngokuyinhloko eSichibiyelweni Sokuqala, esiqukethe amalungiselelo amabili ahlukene kodwa avumelanayo: ukumiswa kuka-Claus nohlelo lwe-Free Execreation Claus. Ndawonye, lezizigaba zakha uhlelo lomthetho-sisekelo oluqinisekisa abantu ukuba basebenzise ukholo lwabo ngokukhululekile ngaphandle kokungenela kukahulumeni kuyilapho luvimbela uhulumeni ekusekeleni noma ekumiseni noma kuyiphi inkolo ethile.

Ukuqonda ISichibiyelo Sokuqala Senkolo KaClaus

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sithi: “Isivumelwano ngeke siwenze umthetho mayelana nokumiswa kwenkolo, noma ukunqabela ukusetshenziswa kwayo ngokukhululekile. Lamazwi ayishumi nanhlanu aye aguqula inkululeko engokwenkolo yaseMelika amakhulu angaphezu kwamabili eminyaka, amisa ubuhlobo obuyingqayizivele phakathi kukahulumeni nenkolo ehlukanisa iUnited States kwezinye izizwe eziningi.

Amalungiselelo amabili okuqala eSichibiyelo Sokuqala, esaziwa ngokuthi i - Religion Clauss, asho ukuthi uMkhandlu awuyikwenza umthetho ngokuphathelene nokumiswa kwenkolo noma ukunqatshelwa kwayo mahhala. i-Commiment and Free Execle Clauss yagunyazwa njengengxenye yeBill of Rights ngo - 1791. Nakuba ekuqaleni yayisebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni kuphela, lezisivikelo kamuva zadluliselwa kuhulumeni nakohulumeni bendawo ngemfundiso ehlanganisayo.

Ukumiswa KukaClaus

Ukumiswa kukaClaus kuwumgoqo obekwe eMkhandlwini waseUnited States ovimbela ukumiswa kwemithetho yokumisa inkolo engokomthetho, futhi ngokuchaza, kwenza kube okungekho emthethweni ngohulumeni ukuthuthukisa umbuso ongokwasezulwini noma ukuthuthukisa inkolo ethile enentela.

Inkulumo emisiwe yenqabela uhulumeni ukuba asekele, asekele, noma ahileleke kakhulu enkolweni nasemisebenzini engokwenkolo. lesi simiso siye sachazwa ngokuthi sisho ukuthi uhulumeni kumelwe alondoloze ukungathathi - hlangothi enkolweni, angakuthandi noma angakuthandi ukukholelwa noma umkhuba ongokwenkolo.

Ukuzivivinya Ngokukhululeka KukaClaus

ISichibiyelo seSiphendu sokuQala se-Free Express Claus siyayenqabela i-Congress ekwenqabeni ukusebenzisa inkolo mahhala. Ukuziqeqesha kwakhululekile kuyinkululeko yabantu yokufinyelela, yokubambelela, yokusebenzisa, yokushintsha izinkolelo ngokukhululekile ngokwemithetho kanembeza. Lesivikelo sidlulela ngalé kwenkolelo nje ukuba sihlanganise umkhuba nokuziphatha okungokwenkolo.

I - Free Execree Claus yenqabela ukugxambukela kukahulumeni ngezinkolelo zenkolo, futhi phakathi nemingcele, umkhuba wenkolo ukhululekile.

Ubuhlobo Phakathi KoKhisimusi NoKhisimusi Ababili

I-Free Execle Claus ikhathazekile "ngesipho sikahulumeni," kanti u-Claus oqanjwe yimithetho emisa inkolo engokomthetho ukuthi leyo mithetho isebenza ngokuqondile yini ekuphoqeleleni abantu ukuba bangabheki noma cha." zombili izigaba zivikela izindinganiso ezifanayo, futhi ngokuvamile ukwephulwa komunye kungaba ukwephulwa kwenye.

Nokho, lamazwi amabili ngezinye izikhathi angadala ingxabano. Uma uhulumeni eweqisa ekuvikeleni enye, uzifaka engozini yokwephula enye. Ngokwesibonelo, uma uhulumeni enqaba ukunikeza amasonto izinkonzo ezithile (okunye, umlilo namaphoyisa) isivikelo, lokho kungaphula isigqebhezana sokusebenzisa isikhala sokukhululeka. Uma uhulumeni enikeza izinkonzo eziningi kakhulu emasontweni (mhlawumbe ukulondeka okwengeziwe kwesenzakalo sesonto), ubeka izingozi zokwephula isigqebhezana sokumiswa.

Isizinda Nentuthuko Engokomlando

Isisekelo Samakoloni

Umqondo wenkululeko engokwenkolo eMelika unezimpande ezijulile ezingokomlando ezaqala ngaphambi koMthetho-sisekelo. Ngo-1681, iPennsylvania yasungulwa ingenayo inkolo emisiwe futhi inesivikelo senkululeko engokwenkolo. Ngama 1700, amanye amakoloni anikezwa inkululeko engokwenkolo egcwele noma elinganiselwe. Lokhu kuhlola kwakuqala kokubekezelela inkolo kwabeka isisekelo sesivikelo somthetho sisekelo esasizolandela.

Umthetho wabuthelwa uThomas Jefferson ngo-17777 futhi wasungulwa e-Virginia General Assembly ngo-1779. Awuzange udlule u-General Assembly kwaze kwaba ngo-1786. UJames Madison wafeza indima ebalulekile ekuthatheni kwakhe. Umthetho wasusa iSonto laseNgilandi eVirginia futhi waqinisekisa inkululeko yenkolo kubantu bazo zonke izinkolo, kuhlanganise namaKatolika namaJuda kanye namalungu awo wonke amaProthestani.

Ukuhloba Kwamazwe

Ngaphambi kokumiswa kweSichibiyelo Seshumi Nane soMthetho - sisekelo waseUnited States ngo - 1868, iNkantolo Ephakeme ngokuvamile yayithi isivikelo esingaphansi seSigqi Samalungelo Abantu asisebenzi kohulumeni bakahulumeni.

Ngo-1940, iNkantolo Ephakeme yasebenzisa isisho sokuzivivinya sokuzithandela ezindaweni (Cantwell v. Connecticut). Ukwakhiwa kuka-Claus kwafakwa ku-Everson v. Bd., 330 U.S.S. (1947), kuyilapho i-Free Execle Claus Claus yafakwa eCantwell v. Connecticut, 310 U.S. 296, 303 (1940). Lokhu kwasho ukuthi lowombuso nohulumeni bendawo, hhayi nje uhulumeni wezwe, kwakuboshwe yinkolo ka Claus.

Izindinganiso Ezingokomthetho Novivinyo

Uvivinyo Lwe - lemon Lokusungula Amacala Ka - Claus

Iminyaka eminingi, izinkantolo zasebenzisa uhlelo oluqondile ukuze zihlole ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni zaphula yini ukumiswa kuka-Claus. INkantolo Ephakeme yasungula ukuhlolwa kwezingxenye ezintathu ukuze kuhlolwe ukumiswa kwamacala ka-Claus. Imithetho ewumthetho ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala: (1) kumelwe ukuba ibe nenjongo yezwe; (2) kumelwe ibe nomphumela oyinhloko noma oyinhloko ongaqhubeki noma uvimbele inkolo; (3) akumelwe ikhuthaze uhulumeni oweqile kakhulu oyengele enkolweni.

Lolu vivinyo, olwaziwa ngokuthi iLemon ukuhlolwa ngemva kwecala lika-1971 uLemon v. Kurtzman, waqondisa ukumiswa kuka-Clausle jurispruudence amashumi amaningi eminyaka. Nokho, iNkantolo yalahla ukuhlolwa kweLemon kanye nokuhlolwa okuhlobene nayo, futhi esikhundleni salo yathatha indawo ngokucabangela "izenzo zomlando nokuqonda" ezinqumweni zamuva kakhulu.

Izindinganiso Zokuvivinya Umzimba Ezikhululekile: Ukusuka Ebukhalini Obuqinile Kuya Ekungathathi - hlangothini

Indinganiso engokomthetho yokuhlola i-Free Execrose iye yaqala ngokuphawulekayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. INkantolo yaqala ukusebenzisa indinganiso "yokuhlola okungokwezimo" ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zomthetho wamalungelo omphakathi, ifunda i-Free Expression Clause ukuze ifune indawo yokuhlala engokwenkolo ngaphandle kokuba uhulumeni angabonisa isithakazelo esiphoqelelayo nezindlela ezingekhona ezisindayo zokufinyelela leso siphetho.

Indinganiso ekhona yokubusa imithetho eminingi yamiswa ku-1990's Application v. Smith, lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma khona ukuthi ilungelo lokuzivivinya ngenkululeko alimkhululi umuntu esibophweni sokuvumelana nomthetho 'ovamile nongathathi hlangothi wenkululeko emhlabathini ogunyazwa umthetho (noma ugunyaza) ukuziphatha okugunyazwa yinkolo yakhe (noma ababhali). ’ Lokhu kwaphawula ukushintshwa okubalulekile kwe-Free Exective jurisprudence.

Nokho, ngisho nangemva kukaSmith, umthetho othwesa imithwalo ekhethekile emisebenzini engokwenkolo ungase ubhekwe njengongathathi hlangothi noma usebenza ngokuvamile futhi ngokunokwenzeka uyokwenza ukuba kuhlolwe kakhulu. Uhulumeni "ukhululekile ngokulinganayo ukubeka imithwalo enzima ekuzilolongeni okungokwenkolo" uma nje isimiso sawo singathathi hlangothi futhi sisebenza ngokwezinga elivamile. Uma umthetho kahulumeni ungekhona okungathathi hlangothi noma osebenza ngokuvamile, izinkantolo zesimanje zeFree Execle jurisprude ziyala ukuba zisebenzise ukucubungula okuqinile, okusho ukuthi uhulumeni kumelwe abonise isenzo sawo "Izinzuzo ezingathi shubile futhi uhloselwe ukufinyelela lezozithakazelo.”

Isinyathelo Sokubuyiselwa Kwenkululeko Engokwenkolo

Ukulahlwa kweNkantolo ekuhlolweni okuqinile kwalandelwa ukulahlwa okukhulu komthetho weSishaya-mthetho weSishaya-mthetho weSivumelwano senkululeko Yokukhululeka yenkolo ngo-1993 ukuze izame ukubuyisela ukuhlolwa kwangaphambili. UMthetho wenkolo wenkululeko yokubuyisela waba umthetho ekuphenduleni i-Proligion Division Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith. Isenzo sasiwukuveza ngokulandelana okukhulu ukubusa kuka-1990. Idinga imithetho evimbela inkululeko engokwenkolo ukuthatha ukucubungula ngokuqinile, uhlobo oluphakeme kakhulu lokuhlaziya komthetho. Uma uhulumeni efuna ukulinganisela ukusebenza komthetho wenkolo yomuntu, imithetho kumelwe isekelwe ku "uhulumeni owephula isithakazelo" futhi ithwalwe nge "indlela yomthetho evimbela isigaba sombuso wezwe" engenzeka.

EDolobheni laseBoerne v. Flores, iNkantolo Ephakeme yasilahla lesisenzo esisebenza e-United States, isho ukuthi ngokungafanele yazama ukuthatha indima yeNkantolo Ephakeme ekuchazeni uMthetho-sisekelo, ngaleyondlela ishiye ukuhlolwa kweSmith endaweni yayo. Nokho, i-RFRA iyaqhubeka isebenza ezithandweni zikahulumeni.

IReligious Land Use and Institutial Persons Act, i-Congress eyamukelwa ngemvume efanayo ngo- 2000, ngokuvamile ibizwa ngokuthi umthetho wodade ngenxa yokufana kwawo. Ngokuphawulekayo, yenqabela ohulumeni, noma amanxusa abo, ukubeka "umthwalo ongadingekile" emalungelweni alabo ababoshiwe".

Amacala Aphakeme Enkantolo

Izenzakalo Zokuqala: Ukuchaza Imingcele

Reynolds v. wase - United States (1878)

Ngo-1878, iNkantolo Ephakeme yabizwa okokuqala ukuba ichaze izinga le-Free Execroem Claus eReynolds v. eUnited States, ehlobene nokumangalelwa kwesithembu ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni. INkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukukholelwa kukaReynolds ekutholeni i-havimy, inquma ukuthi ukwenza ngapha kwalokho kunganikeza isivikelo somthetho ngokomthetho sezinkolelo ezingokwenkolo, kuhlanganise nalezo ezidlulele njengomhlatshelo ongabantu.

LeNkantolo yathi: “Imithetho yenzelwe uhulumeni wezenzo, futhi nakuba ingenakuphazamisa izinkolelo nemibono engokwenkolo, ingase ibe nemikhuba. Lokhu kwaveza umehluko obalulekile phakathi kwenkolelo engokwenkolo, ethola isivikelo esiphelele, nokuziphatha okungokwenkolo, okungase kuqondiswe ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile.

Everson v. Board of Education (1947)

Lelicala laphawula okokuqala lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yasebenzisa i-Dreament Claus eMthethweni ka-Odalenti. Icala laseNew Jersey lalihilela umthetho owawukhokhela abazali izindleko zokuhamba ukuze bathumele izingane zabo esikoleni, kuhlanganise nezikole zezikhulu zesikole. INkantolo yasekela umthetho, ithola ukuthi awuzange ulahle u-Claussimente ngoba wanikeza inzuzo kubo bonke abafundi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inkolo yesikole sabo.

INkantolo YaseWarren: Izivikelo Eziyandayo

U - Engel v. Vitale (1962)

Izikhulu zikahulumeni zingase zingaqambi umthandazo ongokomthetho futhi zifune ukuba ushiwo kaningi ezikoleni zomphakathi, ngisho noma umthandazo ungathathi hlangothi ngokwezinga eliyikho, futhi ngisho noma abafundi bengase bathule noma bavunywe. Ngo-1962, iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi isimiso sesikole sokuba umthandazo wansuku zonke siphule isimemezelo sokumiswa, ngisho noma lo mthandazo wawungewona amaqembu ahlangene futhi abafundi babengaphoqelekile ukuba bahlanganyele. Lesi sinqumo siye sagxekwa kakhulu abanye abezombangazwe nabaholi benkolo futhi siye saholela emizamweni eminingana engaphumelelini yokuqeda uMthetho-sisekelo.

I - Abington School District ngokuphikisana noSchepp (1963)

Akukho mthetho kahulumeni noma ibhodi yesikole elingafuna ukuba kufundwe izindinyana zeBhayibheli noma ukuba uMthandazo weNkosi ushiwo ezikoleni zomphakathi, ngisho noma abafundi bengase bavunyelwe ukuya noma bathathele isicelo esibhaliwe sabazali babo. Lokhu kugcizelela futhi ukwenqatshelwa kwezenkolo ezikoleni zomphakathi.

USherbert v. Verner (1963)

KuSherbert v. Verner, iNkantolo yagumbuqela isinqumo sikahulumeni sokuncisha abantu umsebenzi izinzuzo zelungu elisebenzayo leSonto lamaSabatha elaphoqelelwa ukuba liphume emsebenzini ngemva kokuba umqashi wakhe amukele umsebenzi wezinsuku eziyisithupha ngesonto, okwakuyofuna ukuba asebenze ngeMigqibelo ngokumelene nemithetho yenkolo yakhe. Njengoba iJaji uWilliam Brennan lasho ngeningi, "ukuvumela ukutholakala kwezinzuzo kulo mqashi ukuba aphule isimiso esiyinhloko sokholo lwakhe.""

UWisconsin v. Yoder (1972)

Kulendaba, iNkantolo Ephakeme yathi abazali bama-Amish babengenakuphoqeleka ukuba bathumele izingane zabo esikoleni somphakathi ngalé kwebanga lesishiyagalolunye, ngoba lokhu kungaphula izinkolelo zabo ezingokwenkolo ngemfundo nomphakathi. INkantolo yathola ukuthi isithakazelo sikahulumeni emfundweni ephoqelelwe asili ngaphezu kwelungelo eliyisisekelo labazali lokuqondisa ukukhuliswa kwenkolo yabantwana babo.

Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)

Lelicala lasungula ukuhlolwa kwezingxenye ezintathu kokuhlola ukunqatshelwa komthetho ka-Claus okwakuzoqondisa izinkantolo amashumi amaningi eminyaka. Icala lalihilela izinhlelo zikahulumeni ezazinikeza ukusekela okungokwezimali ezikoleni zenkolo ngenjongo yemfundo yezwe. INkantolo yashaya izinhlelo, yamisa uhlelo lokuthi imithetho kumelwe ibe nenjongo yezwe, ngokuyinhloko akumelwe iqhube phambili noma ivimbele inkolo, futhi akumelwe ikhuthaze uhulumeni oweqisayo ukuba athonywe inkolo.

I - Shift: Alought Division v. Smith (1990)

Lelicala laphawula inguquko enkulu ku Free Exemory jurisphounce. INkantolo yaveza ukuthi imithetho engathathi hlangothi yomthetho kawonke kawonke awungqubuzani ne - Free Execle Clause ngisho noma befaka umthwalo onzima ongokwenkolo. Icala lalihilela amadoda amabili oMdabu waseMelika axoshwa emisebenzini yawo futhi anqabela izinzuzo zokungasebenzi ngemva kokusebenzisa i-peyinti njengengxenye yenkonzo yenkolo. Isinqumo seNkantolo ayinciphisa kakhulu izinga lesivikelo semikhuba yenkolo ngaphansi kwe-Free Expression Claus Claus, iholela ekuphumeni kweRFRA.

ISonto laseLukumi Babalu Aye v. iDolobha laseHialaah (1993)

INkantolo Ephakeme yasho ukuthi ukubuza ukuthi imithetho esekelwe enkolweni ayipheleli ngokuhlukanisana kwemithetho ekhona. Ukungathathi hlangothi kwemithetho akunqandeki kulemibuzo, ngoba kokubili i-Free Expression Claus kanye nokumiswa kuka-Claus kudlulisa ukucwaswa kobuso. Icala lathi idolobha elithile lalenza umthetho ngokumelene nomhlatshelo wezilwane owenziwa yisonto elisha liphule iSichibiyelo sokuqala.

Izenzakalo Zamuva: Ikhulu Lama - 21

Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc. (2014

IReligious Freedom Reformation Act (RFRA) ivumela ukuba inkampani engenisa inzuzo ivumele izisebenzi zayo ukuba zigodle ukukhokhelwa kwempilo yezokuvimbela inzalo okuthi uma kungenjalo izisebenzi zihloswe yi-Pritient Protection and Affordal Care Act ka-R, esekelwe ekunqabeni okungokwenkolo kwabaphathi benhlangano. Okuvame kakhulu, ukuvikela amalungelo okusetshenziswa kwenkululeko ezinhlangano eziphethwe kakhulu kuvikela inkululeko engokwenkolo yabantu abaziphethe futhi abazilawulayo.

UZiqu - zintathu ongumLuthela, u - Espinoza, noCarson: Isikole Esixhasa UTrilogy

Izinqumo ezintathu eziyinhloko ziye zawushintsha lo mehluko: uZiqu- zintathu weSonto laseLuthela laseColumbia, Inc. v. Comer (207), i-Espinoza kanye noMnyango we-Montanal we-Revenue (2020), kanye noCarson noMakin (2022). Lamacala aqhubeka andisa isimiso sokuthi izinhlangano zenkolo azinakukhishwa ezinhlanganweni ezivamile ezikhona zizuzisa izinhlelo zikahulumeni ngenxa yesikhundla noma ukusetshenziswa kwazo.

INkantolo ePhakeme eCarson v. Makin yanquma ngoJune 2022 ukuthi uhlelo lwembuyiselo yeMaine alunakushiya abazali abathumela izingane zabo ezikoleni zenkolo. Lelicala labonisa ukwanda okuphawulekayo kwesimiso sokuthi ubandlululo olungokwenkolo emphakathini luphula izinhlelo ze-Free Expression Clause.

Isigodi saseBremeton School (2022)

Indaba yomthandazo ezikoleni yaqala ukuvela phambili ecaleni likaKennedy no-Bremeton School District (2022). Esinqumweni sika-584, inkantolo yasekela ilungelo lomqeqeshi webhola likanobhutshuzwayo wesikole somphakathi ukuba ahole iqembu lakhe emthandazweni phakathi nangemva kwemidlalo. INkantolo yanquma ukuthi umthandazo womqeqeshi wawusho isivikelo, nokuthi ukuvinjelwa kwalomthandazo kwenqabe amalungelo oMqeqeshi weSiphendulo sokuqala nesohlangothini lwezenkolo.

Izenzakalo ze - COVID-19

INkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. esinqumweni esihlukene ka-5-4 ngoNov. 25, 2020, yavala i-COVOID-19 ye-New York evimbela imingcele engathi imibuthano yenkolo, isho ukuthi nakuba umbuso wawunesithakazelo esishukumisayo sempilo yomphakathi, imithetho yathinta isikhungo senkululeko engokwenkolo. Lelicala, i-Roma Katolika Diocese of Brooklyn v. Cuomo, labonisa ukuzimisela kweNkantolo ukusebenzisa imithetho ecushelwe kakhulu ethinta imibuthano engokwenkolo ehlukile kwemisebenzi yezwe.

Mahmoud v. Taylor (2025)

Esinqumweni esingu-6-3 esaqanjwa nguJaji Alito, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaguqula isifunda sesine, ikholelwa ukuthi abazali babenelungelo lokuyaleza ngoba ukusungulwa kwezincwadi zezindaba, kanye nesinqumo seBhodi sokugodla izinqumo ezikhethekayo, ngaphandle kwemithetho kuthwese abazali umthwalo ongokwenkolo. INkantolo yaqale yakhuluma ngesimo somthwalo okhona, igcizelela ukuthi iFree Expression Clause ivikela ikhono lokuhlanganyela ezenzweni ezingokwenkolo, futhi "abantu abaningi... bambalwa kakhulu abantu ababalulekile enkolweni kunemfundo engokwenkolo yabantwana babo.""

INkantolo yaphetha ngokuthi isenzo sikahulumeni esiphazamisa kakhulu ukuthuthuka kwengane ngokwenkolo noma sibangela “usongo lwangempela lokululaza" izinkolelo ezingokwenkolo umzali afisa ukuzifaka kumntwana wakhe kufanele zibukezwe ngaphansi kwendinganiso ekhudlwana yomthetho - sisekelo / ukuhlolisisa izihloko zezindawo (h_enore) ukuthi lesisenzo asithathi hlangothi yini futhi sisebenza ngokuvamile.

Izisebenziso ezithandekile

Inkolo Ezikoleni Zomphakathi

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqinisa kakhulu ekugcineni umthandazo neminye imisebenzi engokwenkolo ingekho ezikoleni nasesikoleni esisemthethweni.

Nokho, iNkantolo iye yaqaphela nokuthi akuyona yonke imicikilisho yenkolo ezikoleni enqatshelwe.

Ukuxhasa Kwezimali Kukahulumeni Nezinhlangano Ezingokwenkolo

Nakuba iNkantolo iye yavimbela izikole zokuxhasa imali ngokuqondile ezikoleni zezemfundo, ayizange izivimbele ekusizeni amakholiji nasemayunivesithi enkolo. ETilton v. Richardson (1971), iNkantolo yavumela ukusetshenziswa kwezimali zomphakathi zokwakha izakhiwo ezikhungweni zezemfundo ephakeme. Kwatholakala ukuthi zazingekho "izisulu zokuzingela" ngoba izakhiwo zazingakholwa, ngokungafani nabafundisi ezikoleni ezifundisayo, futhi ngenxa yosizo lwale zenza izimali zomphakathi ezisezikoleni eziphambili, kunokuba kube usizo oluqhubekayo.

Enye yezimpikiswano ezinkulu zamuva ngokulungisa isikole esekelwe ezikoleni zesikole − uhulumeni usiza abafundi ukuba baye ezikoleni ezizimele nezingokwenkolo kakhulu. INkantolo Ephakeme, eZelman, eSimmons-Harris (2002), yasekela ukuthembeka komthetho-mthetho wesikole, isusa inselele ka Claus.

Ukuboniswa Kwenkolo Endaweni Yomphakathi

Umthetho - sisekelo wemiboniso engokwenkolo esendaweni kahulumeni uye waba yindaba ephindaphindwayo. E-Allegheny County ACLU v. Great Pittsburgh, uhulumeni wesifunda wamisa imibukiso emibili phakathi nenkathi kaKhisimusi. Omunye wawuyisiboniso (crèche) futhi omunye wawuwumboniso wangaphandle owawubonisa isihlahla sikaKhisimusi, i-menorah (imelela i-Chanukah) nesibonakaliso sokudumisa inkululeko phakathi nenkathi yeholide. Bakholelwa ukuthi i-crèche yayingabhekwa njengesekela ubuKristu. Enye isiboniso, enezimpawu zezinkolo ezimbili nenkululeko, yayibhekwa njengendlela enengqondo yokugubha iholide ngezici zenkolo namasiko.

Inkululeko Engokwenkolo Ejele

Abantu abaqashelwe balondoloza amalungelo athile enkululeko enkolo, nakuba lokhu kungase kulinganiselwe ngezithakazelo ezingokomthetho zokubhala. IReligious Land Use and Institutive Persons Act inikeza isivikelo esikhethekile sokusetshenziswa kwezenkolo kweziboshwa, inqabela imithwalo enzima engokwenkolo ngaphandle kokuba uhulumeni angabonisa isithakazelo esiqinile esifinyelelwe ngezindlela ezingenzima kakhulu.

Umsebenzi Nezindawo Zokuhlala Ezingokwenkolo

Ukuhlangana komthetho wemisebenzi nenkululeko engokwenkolo kuye kwaveza amacala amaningi abalulekile. Abaqashi kufanele bavumelane nemikhuba yenkolo yezisebenzi ngaphandle kokuba ukwenza kanjalo kungadala ubunzima obungadingekile. Inkonzo, eqashelwa iNkantolo Ephakeme, ivimbela izinkantolo ekuphazamiseni izinqumo zemisebenzi eziphathelene nezikhonzi nabanye abaholi benkolo.

I-Pream and Free Execress stative macala amangalelwa abefundisi emasontweni abo, ethi baphulwa ngokwephula imithetho yokucwasa ngemisebenzi. Lesi simiso sivikela inkululeko yezinhlangano zenkolo ekukhetheni abaholi bazo abangokomoya.

Izinkinga Nezimpikiswano Zesikhathi Esizayo

Amalungelo Enkululeko Enkolo

Enye yezindawo eziphikisana kakhulu ezinhlalweni zenkululeko engokwenkolo zanamuhla ihilela izingxabano phakathi kwezimfuneko zenkululeko engokwenkolo nemithetho evikela abantu ekucwaseni ngenkululeko.

Isinqumo se Hobby Lobby kanye namacala alandelayo kuye kwaqokomisa ukungezwani phakathi kokuphikisa okungokwenkolo ekunikezeni izinkonzo ezithile noma izinzuzo nezimiso ezimelene nokucwasana. Izinkantolo ziyaqhubeka zilwisana nendlela yokuxazulula lezingxabano ngezindlela ezibonisa kokubili inkululeko engokwenkolo nezimiso zokulingana.

Izikole Zezincwadi Zenkolo

U-Oklahoma Attorney General Gentner Drummond wathi ibhodi yesikole somthetho wesikole sombuso wesikole yaphula umthetho-mthetho kahulumeni nomthetho we-Oklahoma lapho ivumela isivumelwano ne-St. Isidore yaseSeville Jenear Charter School Inc. Ukumisa isikole sezwe esihloselwe, umthetho wesikole somthetho wenkolo. St. Isidore wahlela ukuqhuba isikole somthetho wesikole njengesikole sobuKatolika. Inkantolo yezwe yavuma ukuthi, "izindleko zezimali zikahulumeni zeSt. Isid's zenza ukusetshenziswa kwemali kahulumeni ukuze kuzuze futhi kusekelwe isonto lamaKatolika," futhi leyo iphula izitebhishongo ze-'uhlu lombuso.

Amalungelo Abazali Nemithetho Yesikole

Izenzakalo zamuva nje zikhulume ngamalungelo abazali okulawula ukuchayeka kwemfundo yezingane zabo kwenye ingxenyana ephikisana nezinkolelo zazo ezingokwenkolo. Icala likaTaylor limelela intuthuko ephawulekayo kulendawo, liqinisekisa ilungelo labazali lomthetho sisekelo lokuqondisa ukukhuliswa kwezingane zabo ngokwenkolo ngisho nasezikoleni zomphakathi.

Ukukhohliswa Kwentela Engokwenkolo

Imibuzo ephathelene nokuthi iziphi izinhlangano ezifanelekela ukukhulula intela engokwenkolo iyaqhubeka ivela. I-Wisconsin Labor & Industry Review Commission yamaKatolika inxusa iCantities yeNkantolo Ephakeme kaWisconsin isekela isinqumo sokuncishwa kwentela yokuswela umsebenzi kahulumeni. Inkantolo yathi iMacariste (ingalo yesifunda samaKatolika) ayizange "isebenziselwe ngokuyinhloko izinjongo zenkolo" njengokudingeka kwentela ngaphansi komthetho wezwe, nemisebenzi yayo, kunalokho, yayiwukuba "izentengiselwanono zobuzwe nezezwe" esikhundleni sezenkolo.

Ukuchazwa Okuhlaziyayo Kwenkululeko Engokwenkolo

Incazelo eguquguqukayo yenkululeko engokwenkolo yeNkantolo Ephakeme iveza izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngokulinganisela phakathi kwamalungelo abantu nezithakazelo zikahulumeni. Indlela yeNkantolo yokusingatha izikhalo zenkululeko engokwenkolo iye yashintsha ngokuphawulekayo phakathi namashumi eminyaka, kusukela ekuhlukaniseni okuqinile kwekhulu lama-20 kuya ekufuneni indawo yokuhlala ngokwengeziwe eminyakeni yamuva.

Iningi le-Roberts Court elisadla ngoludala libonakala linesifiso esinganeliseki samacala enkolo, ikakhulukazi lawo ahilela i-Free Express. Ezinye izazi ezilandela izinqumo zenkolo yeNkantolo zikholelwa ukuthi iningi likhuphule leyo nkulumo ngaphezu komthetho ngokubonisa ukungakhathaleli kakhulu ngohulumeni obambene nenkolo.

Izicelo Ezingokoqobo ZamaMelika

Amalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Ngaphansi kwemisho yamahhala, abantu benkolo banelungelo lokulandela ukholo lwabo ngokubalekela isikhundla somphakathi noma ngokusekela imithetho evumelana nezindinganiso zabo. Izigaba zenkolo zeSichibiyelo Sokuqala — ukumiswa nokusetshenziswa kwaso — zivikela ilungelo labantu bazo zonke izinkolo nezinkolelo ukuba basebenzise noma iyiphi inkolo, ngaphandle kokugxambukela kuhulumeni. Lomthetho sisekelo wenza ukuba kube khona ukuthula phakathi kokuhlukana okujulile okungokwenkolo nokungavumelani emlandweni wethu. Naphezu kokugqashuka kwezenkolo nezingxabano, iUnited States namuhla iyaqhubeka iyikhomba isibindi nempumelelo yenkululeko engokwenkolo, ngenxa yeSichibiyelo Sokuqala.

Ukuchaza Inkolo

Lapho kuchazwa iSichibiyelo Sokuqala, ngezinye izikhathi kuyadingeka ukuba kuchazwe inkolo. ngokuvamile izinkantolo ziye zanikeza incazelo ebanzi yaleligama.

Ngo - 1965, iNkantolo Ephakeme yandisa umqondo wenkolo ovikelwe ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala ecaleni elalihilela umuntu owenqaba ukumelana nokwenqaba okubangelwa unembeza noMuntu Ophakeme oyedwa.

Imingcele Emkhubeni Ongokwenkolo

Nakuba inkolelo engokwenkolo ithola isivikelo esiphelele, ukuziphatha okungokwenkolo kungase kutholwe umthetho onengqondo. Inkantolo yaqhubeka yenanela uReynolds ecaleni lika-1890 u-Davis v. Beason: "Nakuba kungenzeka ukuthi inkolo ikhululekile, kumelwe itholwe imithetho yezephulamthetho zezwe, idluliselwe ezivumelweni ezibhekwa ngokufanele njengezindaba ezingokomthetho wokujezisa."

Uhulumeni angase aqondise ukuziphatha okungokwenkolo lapho enesithakazelo esiphoqelelayo futhi esebenzisa izindlela ezingekho ezivimbelayo ezitholakalayo, ikakhulukazi lapho imithetho ihlasela umkhuba ongokwenkolo ngokuqondile.

Bheka Phambili

Izinqumo zamuva zeNkantolo Ephakeme zisikisela ukuthambekela kokuzivumelanisa nezindlela ezingokwenkolo ezizosetshenziswa uhulumeni ezibandlulula ngisho nangezinye izindlela.

Imibuzo eyisihluthulelo ayikaphendulwa, kuhlanganise nendlela yokulinganisela inkululeko engokwenkolo namanye amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo, izinga izinhlangano zenkolo ezingakusho ngalo ukuthi zikhululiwe emithethweni evamile esebenzayo, nendima efanelekile yenkolo ekuphileni komphakathi. Njengoba umphakathi waseMelika uqhubeka uhlukahluka kakhulu ezinkolelweni nasemikhubeni yawo engokwenkolo, izinkantolo ziyoqhubeka zicwengisisa ukusetshenziswa kweNkolo uClauss ezimweni ezintsha.

ISichibiyelo sokuqala senkululeko engokwenkolo sisalokhu siyisisekelo senkululeko yaseMelika. Ngokuvimbela kokubili ukumiswa kwenkolo nokuphazanyiswa kwayo ngokukhululekile, uMthetho-sisekelo unikeza indawo yenkolo ebanzi nonembeza womuntu ngamunye. Ukuqonda lezi sivikelo nemingcele yazo kubalulekile kubo bonke abantu baseMelika abafuna ukusebenzisa inkululeko yabo engokwenkolo kuyilapho behlonipha amalungelo abanye.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngeSichibiyelo Sokuqala nenkululeko engokwenkolo, vakashela i- Constitution Anconote ethathwe eMtatsheni weSishaya-mthetho noma Inkululeko yeForum, enikeza imithombo emikhulu yamalungelo eSichibiyelo sokuqala kanye nokusebenza kwayo emphakathini wanamuhla.