Isisekelo Esihlakaniphile Sezinhlonhlo ZaseMelika Nokulinganisela

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela okuchaza uhulumeni wase-United States asisungulwanga ngokungenalutho. OFata Abasungulwayo bathatha kakhulu emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka efilosofi yezombangazwe, okuhlangenwe nakho kwabo siqu kwamakoloni, nezifundo eziwusizo ekuzameni ukuhluleka ekubuseni. Ukuqonda kwabo okuyisisekelo kwakulula kodwa kunamandla ajulile: amandla kumelwe ahlukaniswe futhi enziwe ukuze avikelwe inkululeko. Lombono, obekwe eMthethweni - sisekelo ka 1787, ulokhu uyindlela i-republic yaseMelika esebenza ngayo, nakuba ibhekene nezilingo ezingapheli ezimpini zezombangazwe ne-Rhoverse.

Umsuka Wemiqondo Yezombangazwe Ekhanyiselwe

Akukho mcabangi oyedwa owathonya isimo sikahulumeni waseMelika kunesazi sefilosofi saseFrance uBaron de Montesquieu. Emsebenzini wakhe we-1748] uMoya woMthetho [, uMontesquieu waveza ukuthi inkululeko yezombangazwe yayidinga ukuhlukaniswa kwemithetho yezomthetho, isikhulu, nemibuso. Waxwayisa ukuthi uma noma imaphi amandla amabili ehlangene ezandleni ezifanayo, inkululeko yalahleka. OwaseMsungulweni wafunda amaMontesquieu. UJames Madineu, ku-[FLT:] u-FLD [4] u-FLT] u-FOLT], u-Montellist, u-Montesquieuth" wakhomba njengesihloko salokhu kungayikhonzilelisa.

John Locke wabuye walololonga ukucabanga kwabasunguli. Izivumelwano Ezimbili zikaHulumeni wamisa isivumelwano somphakathi nomqondo wokuthi uhulumeni ugunyazwe ngokuvumelana kwababuswayo. Locke wagcizelela ukuthi amandla omthetho kufanele abe makhulu kodwa alinganiselwe, nokuthi umphathi kufanele abe negunya lokusebenza kuphela phakathi kwemingcele yomthetho. Lemibono ivela ekunikezeni kukaMthetho wemithetho enikeza imibuso ehlukene nesivikelo sayo esicacile samalungelo abantu ngabanye.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, abasunguli bafunda amarepublic asendulo kanye nesibonelo sikahulumeni waseBrithani oxubene. Babona indlela iRome Republic eyalinganisela ngayo iSigele sePatrician, isifunda esidumile, nezikhulu. Baqaphela isimiso saseBrithani lapho uHulumeni, iNdlu yoLords, ne House of Commons zahlolana khona, futhi balahla ukubusa kwenkosi kanye nobucukubhene bebo bonke bebopha uhulumeni. Umphumela waba yi-Americanthesis: uhulumeni owahlukaniswa ngamagatsha amathathu alinganayo, ngalinye ngezindlela zokumelana nokungenela kwamanye amazwe.

Umklamo Wamasheke Nokulinganisela KuMthetho - sisekelo

Umthetho-sisekelo wakha amagatsha amathathu anemisebenzi ehlukene kodwa anezici ezihambelanayo. Izinqubo eziqondile ezivumela igatsha ngalinye ukuba lihlole ezinye zibekwe kwizihloko I, II, ne III. Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo kuyisihluthulelo ekuqondeni indlela isimiso esasiklanyelwe ngayo ukuvimbela noma yimuphi umzimba ukuba ungalawuli.

  • Iziphetho ezisemthethweni kuBuphathi: uKhongolo lulawula izintambo zezikhwama zemali, kumele luvumele ukumiswa komongameli nezivumelwano (i-Senate), lungathatha indawo yezindawo ngevoti eyisithathu ezimbili, lunamandla okungayenzisa futhi lususe uMongameli nezinye izikhulu, futhi lungahlola izenzo zezikhulu.
  • Iziphetho ze-ligislative kuyi-Judia: zinquma isakhiwo sezinkantolo zikahulumeni (ngaphandle kweNkantolo Ephakeme, emiswe nguMthetho-sisekelo), zingamisa inani lamajaji, zivume okwahlulela, futhi zingakhipha abahluleli bamazwe.
  • Izibalo ezisebenzayo kuyi-Legislative: UMongameli angakhipha noma imuphi umthetho odluliswa yiKhongolo, futhi angabiza uMkhandlu ukuba ube seqenjini elikhethekile. Umongameli ongumsizi ukhonza njengoMongameli weSigele, efaka amavoti okwephula uthayi.
  • Ihlola i-Judiciary: uMongameli umisa amajaji kahulumeni, kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, futhi unamandla okuthethelela izono zamacala kahulumeni (ngaphandle kokungagunyazi).
  • Ukuhlola kwe-judicial eMthethweni naseButhweni: ngokuhlola kokwahlulela, izinkantolo zingamemezela imithetho noma izenzo zokuphatha ezingavumelani ne-progastitual(a amandla uMthetho-sisekelo ongawaniki ngokuqondile kodwa wamiswa yiNkantolo Ephakeme burybry v. Madison (1803).

Ukuhlehla Okukhulu Nokungavumelani Nenkolo

I-Constitution of the Communical Convention ka-1787 yacishe yawa ngenxa yendaba yokumelelwa. Izifunda ezinkulu zazifuna ukumelelwa abantu bazo zombili izindlu zomkhandlu; izifunda ezincane zazifuna ukumelelwa okufanayo. Kukhulu] Ukuhlehla [, okuhlolwa nguRoger Sherman, wasungula umthetho wendlu womthetho we-bimear: iNdstrives short omelele abantu (ovumelana nabantu) neSigebe sombuso ngasinye (ovumelana nezifunda). Lesi sakhiwo ngokwaso siyinhlawulo: izimali eziqalayo nokungagunyazikhokhelo, nakuba iSigebe sinikeza iseluleko nokuvuma izivumelwano nokuhlelwa kwezivumelwano. Izindlu ezimbili zisebenza ngokuhlolana nokunye ukuhlanganisa umthetho, nokuphoqanda nakunye.

I - Veto EnguMongameli: Ithuluzi Elizimele

I-veto header yayingesinye sezindlela zokuhlola ezaziphikiswana kakhulu ku-Mhlangano. Ezinye izihambeli zezesaba ukuthi ziyokwenza uMongameli abe yinkosi enkulu kakhulu. Abanye, kuhlanganise no-Alexander Hamilton, baphikisa ngokuthi kwakubalulekile ukuvikela igatsha eliphethe ekuphathweni kwemithetho. Abasunguli banika uMongameli uNo.[[[FLT:]], Hamilton wachaza ukuthi i-vetoto isebenza njenge-"empence" futhi njenge-"aster" ifuna ukukhohlakala kwemithetho emibi. Fibreda] kusetshenziswe ngomlando owezikhathi ezingu-10] kuphela, njengoba kuboniswe ngomlando.

Ukuphoqelela: Inhlekelele Eyinhloko Yezombangazwe

Ukukhokha isigwebo kuyithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu loMthetho-sisekelo lokubeka izikhulu zikahulumeni icala. Indlu yabameleli inamandla okuphela (iletha amacala), kuyilapho iSigele sisingatha ukuqulwa kwecala futhi, ngevoti lesithathu, singaboshwa futhi sisuswe. Abasunguli bavumela ukukhonzwa komthetho waseBrithani kodwa bawenza ukuba usebenze irepublic. Benza izisekelo zokungagunyazi "Isizathu, ukufumbathisa, noma ezinye izigebengu eziphakeme kanye nezigebengu ezingaphezulu""""a amazwi ashiya ngamabomu afiphele ukuze bafihle ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla.

Umlando wokungagunyazi kwembula kokubili amandla nemingcele yale nqubo. UMongameli u-Andrew Johnson waqashelwa ngo-1868 ngenxa yokwephula umthetho we-Office Act, kodwa wakhululwa ngevoti eyodwa. UMongameli uRichard Nixon wasula ngo- 1974 ngemva kwezikhulu zeKomiti yeNdlu Yesimemezelo ezagunyazwayo zokuvinjelwa kobulungisa, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla, nokudelelwa kweSishayamthetho. UMongameli uBill Clinton wabekwa imvume ngo-1998 nyaka ngenxa yokungalungisi futhi ukuvinjelwa kobulungisa kodwa walahlwa yiSigele. Umongameli uDonald Trump wahonald Trump wagwetshwa kabili (209 no-202) kodwa wahozwa zombili izikhathi. Lezi zibonisa ukuthi ukungalungisi komthetho, kanye nokungathembekile kwakhe kungathi kulungile ngenqubo yezomthetho.

Amaphaphaphu ohlelo-kuhlela: Umsunguli wezokuvikela

Ukunxenxa izifundazwe ukuba ziguqule uMthetho-sisekelo, u-Alexander Hamilton, uJames Madison, noJohn Jay babhala uchungechunge lwezincwadi ezingu-85 manje ezibizwa ngokuthi amaPhepha adwetshwayo. Lemidwebo iseyincazelo eqinisekile yomklamo woMthetho-sisekelo, ikakhulukazi isimiso sawo sokuhlola nokulinganisela.

Umhleli No. 51: Inkolelo Yokufuna Ukuvelela

Mhlawumbe indaba edume kakhulu, u-Federalist No. 51, ebhalwe nguMadison, iqukethe ukulunga okuvamile kwemibuso ehlukene: "Umbuso kumelwe wenziwe ukuze ulwe nokuvelela." uMadison waphikisa ngokuthi ngenxa yokuthi abantu abazona izingelosi, uhulumeni kumelwe ulawule izikhonzi futhi uzilawule. Indlela yokwenza lokhu iwukunikeza igatsha ngalinye "indlela yomthetho sisekelo nezisusa zomuntu siqu ukumelana nokungenela kwezinye iziphakamiso zezinye." Wachaza ukuthi amagatsha kufanele ahlelwe ngendlela yokuthi ngalinye linentando yalo, ngokumiswa okuvela emithonjeni ehlukene futhi linemigomo ehlukile. Lokhu kwazisa okuziphana ngokwako kungahlanganiswa ukuze kuvikelwe inkululeko (8) e-iebomuntrogogame.

Umbangi Wezokulwela Izwe No. 10: Ukulawula Amaqiniso ERepublic Enkulu

Ku u-Federalist No. 10, uMadison wasingatha inkinga yamaqembu-amaqembu , amaqembu ahlanganiswe nesithakazelo esifanayo emalungelweni abanye. Waphikisa ngokuthi irepublic enkulu enamaqembu amaningi ancintisanayo ingenza kube nzima nganoma yisiphi isigaba ukuba silawule. Isimiso sokumelelwa nokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso singahlunga umbono womphakathi futhi sibeke imiphumela yezenzo zobushiqela. Lendaba yabeka isisekelo sokuqonda indlela imishini nokulinganisela okusebenza ngayo hhayi nje phakathi kwamagatsha kodwa phakathi komphakathi wonke.

Izenzakalo Eziwuphawu Ezachazayo Ziyahlola Futhi Ziyalinganisela

Marbury v. Madison (103): Judicial Review

Icala elilodwa elibaluleke kakhulu emthethweni-mthethweni waseMelika, Marbury v. Madison wamisa isimiso sokubukeza [ komthetho wecala ] amandla eNkantolo ePhakeme okumemezela izenzo zeKhondlu engqungquthela engangqubuzani. Isinqumo sokubhalela iNkantolo ehlangene, uMahluleli uJohn Marshall wacabanga ukuthi uMthetho-Constitution ungumthetho ophakeme wezwe, futhi uyisibopho somthetho wejajidiary ukulichaza. Ngakho, uma umthetho ungqubuzana nomthetho womthetho, iNkanto engokomthetho. Lesinqumo sanikeza iNkathi yeSikhathi seSishaya-Geneauni i-Greast provice in ihlola enamandla eqenjini ophethe amagatsha, yenza iNkathi yegatsha alinganayo.

Intsha ewuMhlophe weTube Co v. Sawyer (1952): Ukulinganisela Ukubusa

Phakathi neMpi yaseKorea, uMongameli uHarry Truman wakhipha umyalo wokubamba izigayo zensimbi ukuze zivimbele ukuhlasela okungaphazamisa ukukhiqizwa kwempi. INkantolo Ephakeme yakhipha umyalo ongekho emthethweni, iphethe ukuthi uMongameli wayengenalo igunya lomthetho-sisekelo noma umthetho lokuthatha isinyathelo esinjalo. UMahluleli Robert Jackson wenza umbono odumile owenziwe umongameli ezifundeni ezintathu: lapho uMongameli esebenza ngokucacisa noma ngemvume egunyazweni elingokomthetho eKhonsele (igunya elikhulu), lapho uMongameli ethatha isinyathelo sokuthatha isinyathelo sokuhlanganisa (indawo yokushona kwelanga), nalapho uMongameli ethatha isinyathelo esiphikisana nentando yentando yentando yecala esemthethweni yentando yeSishayamthetho (ukuphakama kakhulu). Lo hlelo luhlala lusebenza ngendlela ejwayelekile ukuze kuhlolwe amandla obubanzi kanye nokuhlola.

I - United States v. Nixon (1974): Ukulinganisela Ilungelo Lokuqondisa

Phakathi kwehlazo laseWatergate, uMongameli Nixon waveza ilungelo eliphelele lokuvimba amakhasethi aqoshiwe kanye namaphepha ophenyo lobugebengu. INkantolo Ephakeme yavumelana ngazwi linye yakwenqaba ukusho kwakhe, iphethe ngokuthi ukugomela kukamongameli ilungelo kumelwe kunikeze izidingo ezithile zesimiso somthetho wobugebengu. Isinqumo saphoqelela uNixon ukuba alalele, okwaholela ekukhutshweni kwamakhasethi aveza ukuhileleka kwakhe ekuhlolweni kwesembozweni futhi ekugcineni ukuyeka kwakhe. Leli cala libonisa ukuthi ukuvuma kwejaji kungahlola ngisho nomongameli ngesikhathi salo esinamandla kakhulu.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Esimisoni Samakebhe Nokulinganisela

Umbono wabasunguli wohulumeni ozilungisayo uye wakhuthazelela amakhulu amabili eminyaka, kodwa ubhekene nobunzima obukhulu ekhulwini lama-21. Ukuwohloka kwezombangazwe, ukukhula kwamandla aphethe, kanye nendima eyandayo yemali kwezombangazwe konke kubekela inselele ukuphumelela kwesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela.

Ukuphakama KoMbuso Ophethe

Kusukela i-New Deparence, uKhongolo-mfutho luye lwanika izinhlangano zegatsha ezinkulu igunya lokubeka umthetho. Lezi zikhungo zihlanganisa imisebenzi yemithetho, yezikhulu, neyokwahlulela ngezindlela abaQaphi be-Nzalo ababengase bazithole zikhathaza ngazo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Nkantolo Ezungezile ibhala imithetho (legislative), iphoqelela ukuba ziphoqelelwe (ukubulala), futhi zifake izimpikiswano (izezezehlulelo). INkanto ephakeme ikhiphe izinqumo eziningana zokumisa amandla embonini, ikakhulukazi iWest Virginia v. [FLT] [252], eyasebenzisa "imfundiso yezentengiselwano" ukukhipha ukumiswa okusobala phambi kokuba izinhlangano zezentengiselwano yezentengo yeze yezombangazwe nezombangazwe.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezigaba Nokuhlalwa Kwezigele

Imithetho yeSigele ivumela idlanzana ukuba livimbele umthetho nge-nfilbuster, edinga ukumiswa okukhulu kwamavoti angu-60 ukuze kuqedwe impikiswano. Lomthetho wawungeyona ingxenye yomklamo wabaqali .[1] UMthetho-sisekelo wawudinga nje iningi ukuba lidlulise umthetho. Umphumela uwukuthi i-Relivbuster isiyisekisi elikhulu, kodwa abagxeki bayiphikisayo iholela ekuvulekeni kwe-rockbock kanye nokungasebenza kahle. Inqubo yokuqinisekisa ama-mine ejaji ibuye ibe yi-de, futhi nayo yomine, kanye nezigaba zombili ezisebenzisa amasu eprocedational ibambeneocraticss. Umphumela yisimiso lapho ihlola ngokwayo ingaba yizikhali zokuvinja.

Ukwanda Kwezimiso Eziqondisayo Nesenzo Esingekho

Abaholi babo bobabili abantu baye basebenzisa kakhulu iziyalezo zokuqondisa, i-actranda, nezimemezelo zokudlulisa iziKhongolo. Nakuba iziyalezo eziphethe ziyithuluzi elisemthethweni, zingagumbuqelwa umongameli olandelayo noma zishaywe izinkantolo. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekutheni "iphaphazamiso" lapho izinguquko ezinkulu zishintshwa njalo lapho i-White House ishintsha izandla, kululaza ukuzinza nokubusa komthetho. Abasunguli balindele ukuba i-Congress ibe igatsha eliyinhloko, kodwa i-presidea yanamuhla iye yaba isikhungo sezenzo zikahulumeni.

Ukuphakama Okuhlala Njalo Kombono Wabasunguli

Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela siseyisivikelo sentando yeningi yaseMelika. Siye sasinda empini yombango, ekucindezelekeni kwezomnotho, nasemahlazweni obumongameli. Abasunguli baqonda ukuthi awukho uhulumeni ophelele, kodwa babekholelwa ukuthi ngokuhlukanisa amandla nangokunika igatsha ngalinye indlela yokumelana nayo, bangadala iRiphabliki ehlala njalo.

Kuzakhamuzi namuhla, isifundo sicacile: lesimiso sidinga ukuqapha. Amahlola nokulinganisela kuphela uma igatsha ngalinye lizimisele ukuqinisa amalungelo alo futhi lapho umphakathi unikeza izikhulu umthwalo wokulandisa. UMthetho-sisekelo awuzihloli ("ihlola) abantu. Abasunguli banikeza izizukulwane zesikhathi esizayo amathuluzi; kuxhomeke esizukulwaneni ngasinye ukuba ziwasebenzise.

Imithombo Yangaphandle Yokutadisha Ngokujule