Inkinga Ekhulayo Yokungashisi Kwezindlu

Ukunqamula i-United States nakuyo yonke indawo, ukukhokha kwezindlu kuye kwavela njengenye yezinselele ezinkulu kakhulu zesikhathi sethu. Ukunyuka kwenani lamanani ezindawo zasekhaya, iholo elishibhile, nokuswelakala kwezindawo zokuhlala kuye kwabangela iphupho lomnikazi wekhaya ukuba abaningi bafinyelele, kuyilapho imithwalo yokuqasha iqeda ingxenye enkulu yemali yasekhaya. Ohulumeni bendawo, amadolobha amancane kuya ezindaweni ezinkulu, bazithola besezingeni elingaphambili lale nkinga. Ngokungafani nezinhlangano zombuso noma imibuso yezwe, abaholi bakubona ukuhlasela kwabantu nsuku zonke, izisebenzi ezisebenza ngokusebenza ngokungenasikhathi eside zikwazi ukuphila eduze nemisebenzi yazo, nezakhamuzi ezihlala isikhathi eside zifudukile. Ezindaweni ezihlala khona ziyazinjululwa, futhi ziyathuthukisa izinhlelo zemisebenzi, futhi zihlele izinhlelo zezindawo zokuthuthukisa izindlu zemisebenzi. Lesi sihloko sihlola izinhlelo zendawo, futhi ziveza imiphumela.

Ukuqonda Ukunethezeka Kwezindlu

Ukutholakala kwezindlu ngokuyinhloko kuhlobene nezindleko zezindlu nemali etholakala ekhaya. I-benkmark evamile, esetshenziswa yi-U.S. Department of House and Urban Development (HUD) kanye nezinye izinhlangano eziningi, ukuthi izindleko zokuhlala ziwukuthi zenza kube nemali yokuqasha noma yokukhokha indlu, izinto ezisetshenziswayo, kanye nentela. (izindleko) akumelwe zidlule ku-30% yemali ekhokhelwa umkhaya. Uma izindleko zidlula kulendawo, imikhaya ibhekana nomthwalo onzima, ngokuvamile iphoqelela ukuhweba ngezinye izidingo ezinjengokudla, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, ukuthutha, intela, intela, nemfundo.

Ngokwe- Isikhungo semali eshibhile se Homes Studies yase Harvard University, inani eliqoshiwe lemikhaya yase-U.S. manje liyizindleko. Ngo-2022, imikhaya eqashayo engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-22 echithelwe imali engaphezu kwengu-30% yemali yayo ehhalayo emakhaya, futhi engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-12 ichithe ngaphezu kwengxenye. Abaninikhaya abagodliwe; intela yempahla, umshuwalensele, kanye nezindleko zokuyilondoloza izindleko ziye zancishwa, ikakhulukazi kubantu abadala abaholayo abaholayo abaholayo. Inhlekelele ayisebenzi imiphakathi yezindawo ezingenisa imali ephansi, imibala, nezindawo zasemadolobheni, kodwa imiphumela yayo engaphandle, ukukhuphuka kwezentengo, ukuchuma, nokuzinza komphakathi.

Izinqubo Eziyinhloko Zokunikeza Ikheli Ngezindlu

Ohulumeni bendawo banethuluzi elinamandla abakwaziyo ukulisebenzisa. Izindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zihlanganisa izinguquko ezilawulayo, izisusa zemali, kanye nobudlelwane obusebenzisa imithombo yomphakathi neyabo siqu. Ngezansi kunamasu asetshenziswa kabanzi, ngokubhekisisa indlela asebenza ngayo.

Ukuzingela Kwezincithakalo

Izimiso zokuhlanganisa izakhiwo (IZ) zifuna ukuba abakhi babeke eceleni ipesenti lamaqoqo emikhankasweni emisha yokuhlala ehholo elingaphansi kweholo elithile. Lezi zimiso zingaba yisibopho noma ngokuzithandela, futhi zivame ukuhlanganisa amalungiselelo okuqinisekisa ukuthi imali iyaqhubeka. IZ isiza ekubangeleni izindawo ezitholakele ezixubile, ukunciphisa ubumpofu obugcwele kuyilapho kwandisa iqoqo lamaqoqo athengwayo ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa umphakathi ngokuqondile.

Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho wezakhiwo ezifakwayo weSan Francisco, udinga abathuthukisi bemisebenzi enezingxenye eziyi-10 noma ngaphezulu ukwenza okungenani isilinganiso esingu-12% sezindawo ezikhokhwayo noma ezisesilinganisweni, noma ukukhokha imali ekhokhwayo ezindaweni eziphansi, noma amanye amadolobha anjenge Boston ne Denver athathe izithombe ezifanayo. Inselele enkulu ukumisa isilinganiso semali esiphezulu ngokwaneleyo ukwenza umehluko ngaphandle kokunqanda ukuthuthuka ngokuphelele. Amanye ama-ocessics (amabhonasi) anikeza izakhiwo ezinde noma iyunithi ezingaphezu kwenani elivamile ezivumela izindleko zabathuthu abaholi. Uban ukucwaninga [[FLT:] iNhlangano ephakeme ngokwaneleyo ukwenza izinhlelo ze-Z ezingakhiqini ezilinganayo ngonyaka wonke ngaphandle kokunciphisa izakhiwo ezinkulu.

Intuthuko Ebizayo Yezindlu

Ngaphandle kwezimfuneko zendawo, ohulumeni bendawo banikeza izisusa eziningi zokukhuthaza abakhi bezakhiwo ukuba bakhe izindlu ezibizayo. Lezi zihlanganisa ukukhokha intela yempahla, izindleko zemvume, izinqubo zokuzihlola ezihleliwe, nokunikeza imali eqondile ezimalini zokukhokha izindlu zendawo. Ngokunciphisa izindleko nezingozi zentuthuko, lezi zisusa zenza kube ngcono ngokwezimali ukuhlanganisa izakhiwo ezibizayo ezidayiswayo kuphela ngentengo yokunelisa.

EDolobheni laseNew York, uhlelo lwentela olungama-421-a (manje ethathelwe indawo yi-Affordcurecuble New York) lwanikeza intengo yempahla enkulu yezentuthuko ezihlanganisa amaqembu angabizi. ESeattle, uhlelo lwe-Multlifal Family Traxiation Exaxasion (MFTE) lunikeza intela yempahla yeminyaka engu-12 ngezakhiwo ezintsha zemikhaya eminingi ezigcinelwa 20% kuya ku 25% yemali ethengwayo. Izinhlelo ezinjalo ziye zanconywa ngokusheshisa ukusungulwa kwezinkulungwane zamakhaya abizayo. Nokho, abagxeki baphawula ukuthi intela intela inciphisa inzuzo yendawo futhi ngeke ngaso sonke isikhathi ikhise ukukhokha imali ehlala isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokuba ibeke izivumelwano zezivumelwano zezivumelwano eziqinile.

Ukuziphatha Okungalawuleki

Ukulawula kwe-rent − ngokuqondisene, ukuqasha intela yokuqasha intela engandisa intela yemali abanikazi bayo ngonyaka, ngokuvamile ibophela ukwenyukela kunani labathengi noma ngamaphesenti amisiwe. Lezimiso zihlose ukuvikela abaqashi abakhona ukuba bangahambi ngezinyawo ezisheshayo, abangakholeki futhi balondoloze iqoqo lezindawo zokuhlala ezikhona ngokwemvelo ezibangwa yimali efinyelelekayo. California, New York, Oregon, namadolobha amaningi anendlela ethile yokuqasha.

Nakuba ukuqasha intela kunganikeza usizo olusheshayo kwabaqashi, izazi zezomnotho zivame ukuphikisana ngemiphumela yayo emide yesikhathi. Ukuhlola kwabacwaningi baseStanford kwathola ukuthi ukuqasha izakhiwo zendlu kunciphisa izakhiwo zokuqasha ngokuguqula abanikazi ukuba baguqulele ezinhlanganweni zezindawo zokuqasha noma eziqashwe ngesikhashana. Ngokuphambene, abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi izimiso ezikhubazekile, njengalezo eziseDolobheni laseNew York, ziye zasiza ekuqiniseni izindawo ezihlala kuzo futhi zivimbele ukuxoshwa kwabantu abaningi. Izindawo zokwakha kumelwe zilinganisele ngokucophelela izivikelo eziyishumi ngezindawo zokulungisa impahla nezakhiwo ezintsha.

Izwe Lomphakathi Lithembana

Imali ephathiswe umphakathi yizinhlangano ezingatholi nzuzo ezithola indawo futhi ziyenze ithembeke, bese iqashelwa abanikazi bamakhaya noma abakhi ukuze iqashiswe ngefa le-odoli. Ngenxa yokuthi indawo ingeyayo yeCLT, izindleko zekhaya zihlukaniswa nentengo yendawo, inciphisa kakhulu inani lokuthenga. Ngokushintshana, abanikazi bamakhaya bayavuma ukubuyisela imithetho egcina amakhaya ekwazi ukuthenga ngokulandelayo.

Ama-clt abonakala ephumelela ekugcineni amathuba athengwayo okuhlala ekhaya. I-Champlain House Trust e-Burlington, eVermont, ingenye yeziNkathi ezindala kakhulu nezinkulu kakhulu e-U.S., ephatha amakhaya abiza imali engaphezu kuka-3 000. Amanye amadolobha, njenge-Atlanta ne Washington, D.C., asungule amaCLT kanye namabhange omphakathi. Ama-CLT ayasiza futhi avimbela ukuvuleka nokulinganisela kwempahla ezindaweni eziqandayo.

Umngane Womphakathi

Izivumelwano zomphakathi (PPPP noma P3s) zihlanganisa imithombo kamasipala, inhloko- dolobha, futhi ngokuvamile ezingakhi nzuzo ukuze kwakhiwe izindlu ezibizayo ngokwesilinganiso. Lokhu kubambisana kungaba nezindlela eziningi: imisebenzi ehlangeneyo lapho idolobha linikela khona indawo kanye nomphathi wesakhiwo wale nkampani; izimemezelo zokukhokha intela lapho idolobha linikezela khona intengo yentengo ephansi yeholo lentela (LIHTC); noma intuthuko exubene nemisebenzi ehlanganisa indawo yezentengiselwano nezindawo ezibizayo.

Isibonelo esiphawulekayo “Ukwakha i-Rent” ubudlelwane e-Austin, eTexas, lapho idolobha lanikela khona iphasela elisele lentuthuko yama-200 emishanguzo etholwa amakhaya athola amaphesenti angu-60 emali eholo lendawo. Umthuthukisi waxhasa isakhiwo ngezibopho zokuchitha intela kanye nezi-4% ze-LIHTC. Ukubambisana okunjalo kungasheshisa isikhathi sokwakha futhi kungenise ulwazi olusho ukuthi ohulumeni bendawo abanalo, kodwa badinga ukuqondisa okuqinile ukuze baqinisekise izinzuzo zomphakathi azinciphiswe.

Amanye Amathuluzi Okusakaza Athola Ukuvikelwa

Ngalé kwamasu amahlanu ashiwo ngenhla, kusetshenziswa ezinye izindlela eziningana ngomasipala abacabanga phambili.

Ukuqeda Nokuqeda Ukuziphilisa Komkhaya Owodwa

IMinneapolis yaba izihloko eziphambili zezwe ngo-2018 ngokuba idolobha lokuqala elikhulu lokuqeda idolobha elihlala umkhaya owodwa, ivumela amaduplexie nama-hith transs kuzo zonke izindawo zokuhlala. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, amadolobha anjengePortland, Oregon, neCharlotte, eNyakatho Carolina, aye alandela izihloko ezilandelayo. Ngokuvumela ukuphakama okukhulu, lezinguquko zandisa ukutholakala kwezindlu futhi zinganciphisa amanani. Izifundo zeMinneapolis zibonisa inguquko engcono ekwakheni kweminde yemikhaya eminingi, nakuba imiphumela igcwele ingathatha iminyaka eminingi ukuba ihambe idla impahla.

Ama - adreat angaphakathi (ADU)

ADUS +S, amagumbi aphansi ezindlu ezinakekelwe umkhaya owodwa − anikeza indlela ephansi kakhulu yokwenezela isilinganiso sokukhuliswa. Amadolobha amaningi akhulule imingcele ebekelwe indawo kanye namasuntswana agunyaziwe we-ATU ukuze akhuthaze ukwakhiwa kwawo. ECalifornia, umthetho kahulumeni manje ufuna amadolobha ukuba avumele i-ADUs, futhi uhulumeni unikeza izinhlelo zokuboleka imali ukuze usize abanini-khaya ukuba bakhokhe imali. ADUs anganikeza iholo eliqashiwe abanikazi bamakhaya kuyilapho ukwandisa ishawo wonke indawo yokuhlala.

Usizo Lwamazinyo Olusekelwe Kuyi - stenant and Vouchers

Nakuba bevame ukubhekwa njengomthwalo wemfanelo kahulumeni, abanye ohulumeni bendawo baye bamisa izinhlelo zabo siqu zosizo lokuqasha. Ngokwesibonelo, i-District of Local Rent Emedial Program yaseColumbia inikeza abaxhasi emikhayeni engenisa imali ephansi kakhulu, ivala igebe phakathi kwalokho abangase bakukhokhele nokuqasha amakethe. Le zinhlelo zibiza kakhulu kodwa zingabangwa izakhamuzi ezisengozini kakhulu.

Izinselele Ekusingatheni Izindlu Ezingashisi

Naphezu kokusungula nokuzinikezela kwabaholi bendawo, imingcele eminingi ivimbela intuthuko.

Ukulinganisela Kwemali Nokugula

Izindlu ezibizayo ziyabiza. Iqembu elilodwa lingabiza amakhulu ezinkulungwane zamaRandi ukusungulwa, futhi kungadingeka imali yokuxhasa izisebenzi amashumi amaningi eminyaka. Ohulumeni bendawo abaningi bathembela emalini ehlukene kahulumeni (njenge Home Investivement Preveliance Armethop ne Community Development Block Grants), izimali zezindlu zikahulumeni, nemithombo yemali yendawo enjengemali efakwayo noma intela yempahla. Ukuhlelwa kwemali phakathi nokuwohloka kwezomnotho kunganciphisa kakhulu izinhlelo zezindlu.

I-National Low Inhome Infication Coalition ibika ukuthi ezweni lonke kunendlala yezindlu zokuqasha ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-7 zemali eshibhile emikhayeni ehliswayo ephansi kakhulu. Ukulungisa leligebe kungadinga ukutshala imali engaphezulu kakhulu kwezinga lamanje. Amadolobha amaningi aphendukele ezilinganisweni zesibopho esivunyelwe, njengaseSeattle izigidi ezingu-R2, ukuze asungule izimali ezinikezelwe, kodwa izinyathelo ezinjalo azikho ezikhona ngaso sonke isikhathi ngokwezombangazwe.

Ukuphikiswa Komphakathi (Inkolo Yokukhulekela)

Ukumelana nezakhamuzi ezikhona manje − “Not in My Backyard” (NIMBY) umuzwa uhlala ungolunye lwezithiyo ezinkulu kakhulu. Ngisho noma intuthuko entsha ihlanganisa iziteshi ezingabizi, omakhelwane bavame ukumelana nayo, ukuphawula ukukhathazeka ngokuminyana kwezimoto, ukuntuleka kwezimoto, ukugcwala kwesikole, noma ukushintsha kwemiphakathi yendawo ezungezile. Lokhu kuphikisa kungabambezela imisebenzi ngeminyaka eminingi ngokubukezwa kwendawo ezungezile, ukunxusa okungabizi, kanye nokumangalelana.

Ukuze kulwisane ne-NIMBYism, amadolobha aye athatha “ngakwesokudla” asebenzisa leyondawo elinganiselayo ukubukezwa ngokuqondisisa, futhi amanye aye adala“inqubo ye-” elawulayo edlula ukuphikiswa kwendawo. Noma kunjalo, ukubophana nokwakha ukuthembana komphakathi kusabalulekile. Ukukhulumisana okubonisa ukubukeka okusobala ngezinzuzo zezindlu ezibizayo (ezifana nokuhlukahlukahluka kwezomnotho nokuncipha kokungabi namakhaya) kusiza umphakathi ukuba ushintshe umbono.

Ukulinganisela Intuthuko Nezinkathazo Zendawo Ezungezile

Ukuthuthukiswa kwezindlu kungangqubuzana nezifiso zendawo ezungezile. Ukwakha ezindaweni eziluhlaza kungadla indawo evulekile futhi kwandise imoto ehamba ibanga elide, kuyilapho ukukhuliswa kwemfucumfucu kungabhekana nezinkinga ezinjengokususwa kwezindawo ezinsundu noma ithonya ezindaweni ezizwelayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinqubo zokubukeza indawo ezungezile eziqinile, njenge - California Environmental Seact (CEQA), ingahlotshiswa abaphikisi bezindlu ezintsha.

Amadolobha athuthukayo alwela “izimiso zokuhlala ezimayela” ezigxilisa ukukhula eduze nokuphumelela kokuhamba nokuhlela amandla. Ngokwesibonelo, icebo likaMinneapolis elibanzi lihlanganisa kokubili izisulu zezindawo kanye nesimo sezulu esinesifiso sokuvelela. Kodwa ukucindezeleka kuyaqhubeka: abanye abasekeli bezentengiselwano zendawo ezungezile baphikisa ukuthi ukuthuthuka kwezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano ezingakholi kakhulu kungaholela ekuhoxisweni, kunciphe ukusekelwa kwezenhlalo kwezindlela eziluhlaza.

Ukulondoloza Ukulondeka Phakathi Nesikhathi Eside

Ngaphandle kokuqondisa okuqhubekayo, izakhiwo ezingakhokhwa zingabuyela ezivumelwaneni zezentengiselwano ezithengwayo lapho ziphela. Leli tshe eliqinile” liye laholela ekulahlekelweni kwezinkulungwane zezindawo ezingaphansi ezweni lonke. Ukumelana nalokhu, amadolobha anwebela inkathi yokukwazi ukufinyelela eminyakeni engu-99 noma ekuncipheni kwemali, esebenzisa ukuthembana kwezindawo kanye nemithetho yesivumelwano ehlala njalo.

Ngisho nangezivumelwano ezingokomthetho, ukugcinwa kwemithetho kungenisa inzuzo. Amadolobha adinga izimiso eziqinile zokugada ukuze aqinisekise ukuvumelana nesilinganiso semali eholwayo kanye nezigqoko zokuqasha. Kumelwe futhi abe namathuluzi angokomthetho okuphinde abuye asetshenziswe uma abanikazi behluleka ukulondoloza imali. Abanye omasipala, njengeMontgomery County, Maryland, baye banikezela amahhovisi ezindawo zokuhlala ezinokuthengwa ezikwazi ukukhokhela izakhiwo ezithengwa ngokulandelana.

Ukuhlola Izinyathelo Zokuqala Zikahulumeni Wendawo Ophumelelayo

Izibonelo ezilandelayo zibonisa indlela imiphakathi ehlukahlukene eye yahumusha ngayo isimiso saba umphumela wangempela wezwe.

ISan Francisco, eCalifornia

ISan Francisco ithathe isikhathi eside ilwisana nezindleko ezinkulu zokuhlalisa izindlu. Ngaphezu kokuhlanganisa indawo, idolobha lamisa iNgxowa-mali Yezindlu ekhokhelwayo, engenisa intela yokuthuthukisa, intela, kanye nezimali zemali ukuze kuxhaswe izakhiwo. Izakhiwo zedolobha uhlelo lwamakhaya lunikeza usizo futhi ngaphansi kwezezemali ezindlini ezingenisa amakhaya aphansi ukuze kutholakale intela. Njengoba kungu 2023, iSan Francisco yadala amayunithi abizayo angaphezu kuka-30 000 asebenza ngalemisebenzi, nakuba imfuno eqhubekela ukuthunyelwa. Idolobha futhi liqala izinhlelo ze-masting [FLD][FLT]

INew York City, eNew York

Icebo leDolobha laseNew York lihlanganisa ukwakhiwa okusha, ukuvuselelwa kwezindlu zomphakathi, kanye nokulondolozwa ngokwemvelo okuvela kuzo zonke izindlu ezingakwazi ukukhokha. Ngo-2022, izakhiwo zedolobha zase zinikeze izimali ezingaphezu kwama-10,000. Ingxenye yemali ingu yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-20] ukuze yakhiwe noma ilondoloze iyunithi engabizi ngama-200,000 (R10,000) ngo-2026. Icebo lihlanganisa ukwakhiwa kwezindlu zomphakathi, ukulungiswa kwezindlu zomphakathi, kanye nokugcinwa kwazo ngemvelo. Ngo-202222, i-onke amaqoqo athelekayo. I-MH ibilokhu ihlangene futhi inikele ngezinkulungwane zezindawo zaseMpumalanga eMpuma ye-New York.[FLT]

Minneapolis, Minnesota

Ngo-2018, amaMinneapolis asebenzisa i-Minneapolis icebo elibanzi lokususa umkhaya owodwa ezindaweni ezihlukene futhi avumele ukuba uphinde uwenze kathathu edolobheni ngalinye. Icebo ladinga futhi ukuba intuthuko entsha ezindaweni eziphakeme zihlanganisa iziko noma ukunikela emalini yezindlu. Imininingwane yangaphambili kusukela ku 2021-2022% ibonisa ukwanda kwemvume yamaduplexes, ama-hittles, nama-quadplexes uma kuqhathaniswa nemisebenzi yangaphambi kwe-reform. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iMinneapolis yafaka imali eyizigidi ezingu-R3 (R1) ngonyaka eAfford Hollation Fund. Idolobha futhi ligxile ekulondolozeni imvume engaphansi kwezindawo ezikhona ukuze kuvinjelwe imfuculo.

ISeattle, eWashington

I- i-Mantaration Home Affordibility [[[FFLT:1]] yenkambiso, eyamukelwa ngo-2019, ihlanganisa ukuhlanganiswa kwezindawo nezimfuneko ezikhokhelwayo. Kuyi-“mizi yase-urban,” abathuthukisi bemisebenzi yemindeni eminingi yemikhaya kumelwe bahlanganise izilinganiso ezingafikeleleki (ngokubanzi eziyi 5-11% yengqikithi) noma ukukhokha imali emalini elingana nemali elingana nesakhiwo esingunxantathu. Kusukela ekukhiqizeni, i-MOSI iye yaveza amaqoqo angaphezu kuka-500, neshumi lezigidi zemali emali ehhotela intela. Uhlelo luklandwe ngokwenani elikhuphu ezindaweni ezingaphezulu ezingaphezulu kakhulu. [FLD] futhi yandisa intengo yemali ehrentyw [Foc] [Fod]

Ukubheka Phambili: Indlela Yokuzinza

Imali yokuthola indawo yokuhlala akuyona inkinga engaxazululwa ngobusuku obubodwa noma nganoma iyiphi inkambiso eyodwa. Idinga ukugcinwa kwemali, intando yezombangazwe, nokubambisana ezingxenyeni. Ohulumeni bendawo babonisa ukuthi bangaba yizikhungo zokusungula izinto ezintsha, izindlela zokuhlola ukuthi, uma ziphumelela, zingalinganiswa. Amadolobha aphumelela kakhulu ahlanganisa izilinganiso zokuthengiselwa (izinguquko zesakhiwo, izisusa zokuthuthukisa) kanye nezisekelo ezifunwayo (isizabelo sasekhaya, izinhlelo zobuni basekhaya) kanye nezivikeleko ezinamandla.

Imikhuba yokuhlangana ihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwezakhiwo ezihlangene data-driven [1] njengokuthi izindlu zidinga ukuhlolwa nentela yezindawo ezikhona (ukungenela okuqondile). Okunye ukuzuza iqoqo yi- yezindawo zokuhlala lapho omasipala abaningi behlangana khona ukuxoxa ngenkinga eyodwa. Ngokwesibonelo, Izindawo ezikhokhwamayo zezemali i-Promagement Authority iyindikimba yokuqala yesifunda eCalifornia negunya lokukhokha intela ukuze ixhase izindlu ezibizayo ngaphana kwezingu eziyisi 9.

Ekugcineni, ohulumeni bendawo abanakuxazulula ukukhokha izindlu kuphela. Ngokufunda kulezi zibonelo nangokuzivumelanisa nezimo, intuthuko engokweziqu, kanye nokubophana komphakathi kubalulekile. Kodwa izenzo ezithathwayo namuhla emadolobheni kusukela eSan Francisco kuya eMinneapolis zibonisa ukuthi izimiso eziqinile, ezihlelwe kahle zingaba nomehluko osobala. Ngokufunda kulezi zibonelo nangokuzivumelanisa nezindawo zendawo, imiphakathi ingasondela emgomweni wokuthi izakhamuzi zonke zifanelwe indawo ephephile, ehloniphekile, nefanelekelekayo yokuya ekhaya.